Ocean waves ppt
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The document discusses ocean waves, including how surfers care about breaking wave height to determine the best places to surf. It explains that breaking wave height depends on water depth and can be calculated using formulas involving wave height and period as well as water depth. The document provides resources for learning more about ocean waves and their properties.
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Ocean waves lecture
Ocean waves are characterized by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. Amplitude refers to the height of the wave from still water level to the crest. Wavelength is the distance between two identical points on successive waves. Frequency is the number of waves passing a fixed point per second, while period is the time for one full wave cycle. Wave height depends on factors like fetch (distance over water the wind blows) and breaking occurs when the wave steepness exceeds about 1/7. Breaking waves can be spilling, plunging, or surging.
Ocean Waves.ppt
1. A surface wave is an oscillating disturbance that moves across the sea surface without transferring mass.
2. Key wave parameters include crest, trough, wavelength, wave height, amplitude, wave period, and frequency.
3. Wave energy is directly proportional to the square of the wave height and depends on water density and gravity. Significant wave height refers to the average height of the largest third of waves.
Motion in the ocean
Waves are disturbances that move through or over the surface of a fluid, usually caused by winds, earthquakes, gravitational pull, or volcanoes. Waves are generated by a force and restored to their original level by a restoring force, such as surface tension or gravity. Individual water molecules move up and down in vertical orbits as a wave passes through without moving forward or backward. Wave characteristics include crest, trough, height, wavelength, period, frequency, and speed. Wave size depends on wind speed, duration, and fetch. Longer period waves travel faster than shorter waves.
Coastal environment
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It defines coastal zones and features such as the littoral zone, beach, foreshore, and backshore. It describes factors that influence coastal areas like lithology, geological structures, processes, sea level changes and human impacts. Coastal processes discussed include waves, tides, storm surges, wave refraction, and marine erosion. The summary discusses key coastal landforms and how they are formed by coastal processes.
Beach Profiles
Beaches have three main components - the nearshore, foreshore, and backshore. The nearshore extends seaward of the shoreline and contains sand bars formed by sediment deposition as wave energy is lost. The foreshore is the area between low and high tide marks affected daily by swash and backwash, depositing and returning sediment. The backshore lies beyond the foreshore and contains dunes, with sediment transported there during storms. Key beach features include berms, ridges and runnels, cusps, spits, and bars, formed by processes like deposition, swash action, and longshore drift.
Chapter 2 wave and tides with examples
1. Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium, such as water. They can be regular (single frequency/height) or irregular/random (variable frequency/height).
2. Important wave parameters include wavelength, period, frequency, speed, height, amplitude, and water elevation.
3. Ocean waves are classified based on their period/frequency and include capillary, gravity, and infragravity waves.
4. Wind generates waves by transferring energy and momentum to water. Wave characteristics depend on wind speed, fetch (distance over which wind blows), and duration. Fully developed seas occur when energy input balances dissipation.
Waves notes
This document discusses different types of waves, including their causes, characteristics, and behaviors. It defines key wave terminology like crest, trough, wavelength, and period. Wave size is determined by wind strength, duration, and fetch. Deep water waves travel in orbits while shallow water waves feel the bottom and change shape as they reach shore. Breakers come in spilling, plunging, and surging types. Longshore currents move sand along beaches, while rip currents pull water back out to sea. Tsunamis and rogue waves present unique wave hazards.
Coastal sediments full
Coastal sediments are formed by the breakdown of rocks into grains from waves, currents, and tides. In tropical areas, shells and skeletons of marine organisms create white sand beaches, while volcanic ash and lava produce black sand beaches. Coastal sediments come from coastal erosion, rivers, glaciers, storms, tidal currents, and changes in water levels. Sediments are classified as clastic from rock erosion or biogenic from marine organisms. They are also cohesionless solid grains or cohesive clay minerals. Sediment transport along the coast includes longshore drift parallel to the shore and onshore-offshore movement perpendicular to the shore. This shaping of sediments forms coastal landforms such as spits, tombolos,
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Ocean waves lecture
Ocean waves are characterized by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. Amplitude refers to the height of the wave from still water level to the crest. Wavelength is the distance between two identical points on successive waves. Frequency is the number of waves passing a fixed point per second, while period is the time for one full wave cycle. Wave height depends on factors like fetch (distance over water the wind blows) and breaking occurs when the wave steepness exceeds about 1/7. Breaking waves can be spilling, plunging, or surging.
Ocean Waves.ppt
1. A surface wave is an oscillating disturbance that moves across the sea surface without transferring mass.
2. Key wave parameters include crest, trough, wavelength, wave height, amplitude, wave period, and frequency.
3. Wave energy is directly proportional to the square of the wave height and depends on water density and gravity. Significant wave height refers to the average height of the largest third of waves.
Motion in the ocean
Waves are disturbances that move through or over the surface of a fluid, usually caused by winds, earthquakes, gravitational pull, or volcanoes. Waves are generated by a force and restored to their original level by a restoring force, such as surface tension or gravity. Individual water molecules move up and down in vertical orbits as a wave passes through without moving forward or backward. Wave characteristics include crest, trough, height, wavelength, period, frequency, and speed. Wave size depends on wind speed, duration, and fetch. Longer period waves travel faster than shorter waves.
Coastal environment
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It defines coastal zones and features such as the littoral zone, beach, foreshore, and backshore. It describes factors that influence coastal areas like lithology, geological structures, processes, sea level changes and human impacts. Coastal processes discussed include waves, tides, storm surges, wave refraction, and marine erosion. The summary discusses key coastal landforms and how they are formed by coastal processes.
Beach Profiles
Beaches have three main components - the nearshore, foreshore, and backshore. The nearshore extends seaward of the shoreline and contains sand bars formed by sediment deposition as wave energy is lost. The foreshore is the area between low and high tide marks affected daily by swash and backwash, depositing and returning sediment. The backshore lies beyond the foreshore and contains dunes, with sediment transported there during storms. Key beach features include berms, ridges and runnels, cusps, spits, and bars, formed by processes like deposition, swash action, and longshore drift.
Chapter 2 wave and tides with examples
1. Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium, such as water. They can be regular (single frequency/height) or irregular/random (variable frequency/height).
2. Important wave parameters include wavelength, period, frequency, speed, height, amplitude, and water elevation.
3. Ocean waves are classified based on their period/frequency and include capillary, gravity, and infragravity waves.
4. Wind generates waves by transferring energy and momentum to water. Wave characteristics depend on wind speed, fetch (distance over which wind blows), and duration. Fully developed seas occur when energy input balances dissipation.
Waves notes
This document discusses different types of waves, including their causes, characteristics, and behaviors. It defines key wave terminology like crest, trough, wavelength, and period. Wave size is determined by wind strength, duration, and fetch. Deep water waves travel in orbits while shallow water waves feel the bottom and change shape as they reach shore. Breakers come in spilling, plunging, and surging types. Longshore currents move sand along beaches, while rip currents pull water back out to sea. Tsunamis and rogue waves present unique wave hazards.
Coastal sediments full
Coastal sediments are formed by the breakdown of rocks into grains from waves, currents, and tides. In tropical areas, shells and skeletons of marine organisms create white sand beaches, while volcanic ash and lava produce black sand beaches. Coastal sediments come from coastal erosion, rivers, glaciers, storms, tidal currents, and changes in water levels. Sediments are classified as clastic from rock erosion or biogenic from marine organisms. They are also cohesionless solid grains or cohesive clay minerals. Sediment transport along the coast includes longshore drift parallel to the shore and onshore-offshore movement perpendicular to the shore. This shaping of sediments forms coastal landforms such as spits, tombolos,
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This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It describes how waves, currents, erosion and deposition shape coastlines. Key points include:
- Waves erode cliffs and platforms while deposition builds beaches, spits and bars.
- Longshore drift transports sediment parallel to the shore, while rip currents carry it seaward.
- Refraction of waves around headlands forms bays. Erosion of headlands produces arches, stacks and tunnels.
- Coral reefs develop in warm, tropical waters where calcium carbonate precipitation exceeds dissolution. Atolls form as islands submerge, leaving ring-shaped reef structures.
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1) Beach processes like sediment erosion, accretion, and equilibrium that can be affected by coastal developments.
2) Properties of sediment particles like size, shape, density that influence transport.
3) Forces that drive sediment transport including currents, waves, and their interaction.
4) Formulas to calculate bed load, suspended load, and total sediment transport under currents, waves, and combined conditions.
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The document discusses different types of river deltas, which are areas of sediment deposited at river mouths where flowing water enters a slower body of water. Deltas form when the river's sediment load deposition rate exceeds the erosion rate in areas where rivers discharge into seas or lakes with little wave action. Common delta types include arcuate deltas with rounded edges, cuspate deltas resembling teeth, and bird's foot deltas with many branching sediment-bounded channels fanning out.
ocean tide ppt pragati.pptx
Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun and the centrifugal force of the Earth's rotation. They occur as long waves in the ocean and cause regular rises and falls in sea level. There are two high tides and two low tides each day for most places, known as semi-diurnal tides. Spring tides with the highest ranges occur when the Sun and Moon are in alignment, while neap tides have lower ranges when they are at right angles. Tides are important for navigation, fishing, power generation and can impact coastal erosion and flooding.
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Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
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Ocean sediments originate from various sources and accumulate on the ocean floor. The main sources are weathering of continental rocks, volcanic eruptions, biological activity, chemical processes within the ocean crust and seawater, and impacts from extraterrestrial objects. Sediments are classified based on their origin, size, and composition. The most abundant sediment types are terrigenous sediments derived from weathering of land areas, and biogenous sediments composed of the remains of marine organisms.
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River landforms - braiding
Braided rivers have multiple intertwining channels that diverge and converge around sediment islands. They form in areas with high sediment loads where the river flow speed varies greatly. Braiding occurs when high velocity rivers carry large amounts of sediment, which deposits and causes the main channel to split into several smaller channels that braid around islands as the river seeks new paths to the mouth. Examples include the Rakaia River in New Zealand and the Son-Kul River in Kyrgyzstan.
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Ocean wave!!
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This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It describes how waves, currents, erosion and deposition shape coastlines. Key points include:
- Waves erode cliffs and platforms while deposition builds beaches, spits and bars.
- Longshore drift transports sediment parallel to the shore, while rip currents carry it seaward.
- Refraction of waves around headlands forms bays. Erosion of headlands produces arches, stacks and tunnels.
- Coral reefs develop in warm, tropical waters where calcium carbonate precipitation exceeds dissolution. Atolls form as islands submerge, leaving ring-shaped reef structures.
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Deltas are landforms formed at river mouths where sediment is deposited as the river enters a sea or lake. They are fan-shaped areas that can span hundreds of kilometers. The Indus River Delta in Pakistan covers 40,000 square kilometers and has a complex network of distributaries. Deltas form as rivers slow down at their mouths, causing sediment to flocculate and settle, building up over time. Different types of deltas include bird's foot, arcuate, and cuspate shapes, depending on factors like tidal influence. Deltas provide fertile land and resources but are also at high risk of flooding and channel migration due to their unstable sediments.
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This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It begins with defining terms related to waves and wave action. It then explains processes of marine erosion and how they can shape cliff coastlines and form wave-cut platforms. It describes how waves can transport and deposit sediment. Landforms like spits, bars, and salt marshes are discussed along with their formation. Finally, it covers coral reef types and theories about their formation, and how sea level changes can impact coral reefs.
Sea level changes
Sea level change can occur through two main processes: isostatic and eustatic. Isostatic changes are local and caused by land height changes, while eustatic changes are global and caused by ocean water volume changes. During ice ages, water is stored in glaciers causing eustatic sea levels to drop; melting then causes levels to rise. Coastlines can emerge from isostatic uplift or submerge through subsidence. Emergent coasts may have raised beaches and cliffs, while rias and fjords form in submerged areas. Sea level changes impact coastal ecosystems and infrastructure through flooding and erosion.
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This document summarizes beach processes and coastal sediment transport. It discusses:
1) Beach processes like sediment erosion, accretion, and equilibrium that can be affected by coastal developments.
2) Properties of sediment particles like size, shape, density that influence transport.
3) Forces that drive sediment transport including currents, waves, and their interaction.
4) Formulas to calculate bed load, suspended load, and total sediment transport under currents, waves, and combined conditions.
Delta formation
The document discusses different types of river deltas, which are areas of sediment deposited at river mouths where flowing water enters a slower body of water. Deltas form when the river's sediment load deposition rate exceeds the erosion rate in areas where rivers discharge into seas or lakes with little wave action. Common delta types include arcuate deltas with rounded edges, cuspate deltas resembling teeth, and bird's foot deltas with many branching sediment-bounded channels fanning out.
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Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun and the centrifugal force of the Earth's rotation. They occur as long waves in the ocean and cause regular rises and falls in sea level. There are two high tides and two low tides each day for most places, known as semi-diurnal tides. Spring tides with the highest ranges occur when the Sun and Moon are in alignment, while neap tides have lower ranges when they are at right angles. Tides are important for navigation, fishing, power generation and can impact coastal erosion and flooding.
The Ocean Waves
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Ocean sediments
Ocean sediments originate from various sources and accumulate on the ocean floor. The main sources are weathering of continental rocks, volcanic eruptions, biological activity, chemical processes within the ocean crust and seawater, and impacts from extraterrestrial objects. Sediments are classified based on their origin, size, and composition. The most abundant sediment types are terrigenous sediments derived from weathering of land areas, and biogenous sediments composed of the remains of marine organisms.
River Landform
Rivers have distinct features along their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides, eroding vertically. Meanders begin to form in the middle course as the river erodes more horizontally and widens the valley floor. In the lower course, the river flows through a wide, flat floodplain with features like oxbow lakes formed from abandoned meander loops.
River landforms - braiding
Braided rivers have multiple intertwining channels that diverge and converge around sediment islands. They form in areas with high sediment loads where the river flow speed varies greatly. Braiding occurs when high velocity rivers carry large amounts of sediment, which deposits and causes the main channel to split into several smaller channels that braid around islands as the river seeks new paths to the mouth. Examples include the Rakaia River in New Zealand and the Son-Kul River in Kyrgyzstan.
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Delta
1. Deltas form where rivers enter bodies of standing water, depositing large amounts of sediment. They are common features where large rivers meet the ocean.
2. Deltas consist of a delta plain, delta front, and prodelta. The delta plain is the subaerial region with distributary channels, the delta front is the shallow underwater region where mouth bars form, and the prodelta is the deepest region where fine sediments settle out.
3. Deltas are classified based on dominant hydrodynamic processes, including river-dominated, tide-dominated, and wave-dominated deltas which have characteristic morphologies and sedimentary structures.
composition of seawater
The document discusses the composition of seawater. It notes that seawater is composed primarily of sodium and chloride ions. Other major ions include magnesium, sulfate, and bicarbonate. Seawater also contains minor and trace elements. Gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and argon are dissolved in seawater through diffusion and wave action. Salinity measures the dissolved solids in seawater and averages around 35,000 parts per million. Temperature and salinity influence seawater density, with higher salinity and lower temperatures resulting in higher density. The pH of seawater ranges from 7.5 to 8.4. Turbidity is caused by particles that reduce water clarity. Composition
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Ocean powerpoint presentation
The document provides a lesson plan for teaching students about life under the sea, including the ocean food chain, different marine habitats and animals, and facts about ocean geography. The lesson aims to help students learn to recognize ocean plants and animals, understand the ocean food chain, and acknowledge that sea life is part of the global ecosystem. Materials needed include computers and a movie to enhance the learning experience.
Oleaje
Este documento contiene una lista de lugares a lo largo de la costa cantábrica de España, incluyendo ciudades como Pasajes, Zumaya, Getxo, Bermeo, San Sebastián, Santander, Gijón, Avilés, Luarca y La Coruña, que aparentemente experimentaron condiciones climáticas adversas durante una tormenta en el mar Cantábrico en 2008.
L3.ap longshore drift and deposition
The document summarizes various coastal erosion processes that shape coastlines:
1) Attrition occurs as waves carry rocks that knock against each other, breaking them down into smaller pieces over time.
2) Abrasion involves the dissolving of limestone by carbonic acid in seawater and the expansion of salt crystals in the rock causing it to disintegrate.
3) Hydraulic action is the wearing away of cliffs by sand, shingle and boulders hurled against them powerfully by wave action.
4. longshore drift
Longshore drift is the process where coastal sediments such as sand are transported parallel to the shoreline due to the breaking of incoming ocean waves at an angle. This transport of sediments shapes coastlines over time through erosion and deposition, building up beaches on the down-drift side. Longshore drift has significant impacts on coastal erosion and beach replenishment efforts.
Waves
This document summarizes key concepts about waves, including:
1. There are two types of waves - transverse waves where displacement is perpendicular to direction of travel, and longitudinal waves where displacement is parallel.
2. Wave properties include amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, and speed. The frequency is the number of waves passing per second, while speed is the distance traveled per second.
3. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that travel via vibrations in air or other materials. Electromagnetic waves like light can travel through empty space.
4. Wave phenomena include reflection at boundaries, refraction when speed changes, interference from adding or subtracting waves, and diffraction spreading waves passing through openings.
Physics (waves)
Wave energy refers to capturing the energy from ocean surface waves to generate electricity. Larger waves contain more power but other factors like wave speed, wavelength, and water density also determine wave power. Wave power levels vary depending on the location, with some areas having consistently strong waves suitable for wave energy conversion. While wave energy is a renewable source that produces no emissions, the variable nature of wave strength can sometimes result in inconsistent energy production. Devices must also be able to withstand harsh ocean conditions.
Ice age powerpoint
The Little Ice Age was a 500 year period from the 13th century where temperatures were 4 degrees colder than today due to less solar radiation. Crop failures led to widespread famines and famine-related diseases caused many deaths, with some parents killing their children to preserve food. The bubonic plague, also known as the black death, killed one third of Europe's population as decaying bodies spread the disease among mice and people. Agriculture adapted by growing hardier crops better suited for colder conditions and introducing turnips and clovers for cattle, which helped recover populations after famines.
Night background ppt
Elie Wiesel's memoir Night recounts his experiences during the Holocaust as a teenage boy. He describes being sent to the Nazi concentration camps of Auschwitz and Buchenwald in 1944 with his father. By the end of the war in 1945, Wiesel had lost his mother and sister in Auschwitz, and his father died shortly before Buchenwald was liberated. Wiesel wrote Night to bear witness and ensure that the horrors of the Holocaust would never be forgotten.
La olas
Este documento explica qué son las olas, cómo se forman y cuáles son sus características principales. Las olas son ondas mecánicas que se propagan a través de un medio material como el agua o el aire, transmitiendo energía. Se forman principalmente por la acción del viento sobre el agua y dependen de factores como la velocidad y duración del viento, la distancia sobre la que sopla y la profundidad del agua. Las olas no transportan el agua en sí, sino que producen un movimiento circular de las partículas.
Study on design of 2d ocean wave maker
This document describes a study on designing a 2D ocean wave maker. It presents the wavemaker theory for plane waves produced by a paddle. The key points are:
1) The governing equations and boundary conditions for linear water wave theory are described, including the Laplace equation, kinematic and dynamic free surface boundary conditions, and bottom and lateral boundary conditions.
2) The boundary value problem is solved using separation of variables. This results in a dispersion relationship for progressive waves and an equation relating wave numbers of standing waves to the wavemaker frequency.
3) The velocity potential solution is a superposition of progressive and decaying standing waves. The coefficients are determined by satisfying the lateral boundary condition at the wavemaker.
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Este documento presenta un estudio del clima marítimo en Arrieta, Lanzarote. Calcula la altura de ola mediante el análisis de datos de oleaje de 11 años aleatorios. Calcula la probabilidad de no excedencia para 8 direcciones y determina que la dirección Norte es la más desfavorable. Aplica los métodos exponencial, Weibull y Gumbel para hallar las variables reducidas y concluye que el método de Gumbel tiene menor error, por lo que utilizará su recta de aproximación para comparar alturas de ola con probabilidades
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Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters between 15 and 200 latitude from the equator when low pressure systems allow warm, humid air to rise and condense. They have a circular structure with counterclockwise spinning winds in the Northern Hemisphere that can be hundreds of miles wide. Hurricanes strengthen over warm ocean waters but weaken when making landfall or interacting with strong upper level winds or cooler waters. They can cause extensive wind damage, flooding from heavy rains, and storm surges that become especially destructive during high tides.
History of Ocean Adventures
This document provides a brief history of notable figures and expeditions that advanced ocean exploration from the 1500s to present day. It describes Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's leadership of the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe in the 1500s. In the 1700s, Benjamin Franklin mapped the Gulf Stream current. Charles Darwin in the early 1800s described how coral reefs form and introduced the theory of natural selection. The multi-year Challenger Expedition in the late 1800s conducted the first truly oceanographic research cruise. More recent pioneers include Jacques Cousteau who developed modern SCUBA gear and Sylvia Earle who is a renowned marine biologist and conservationist.
Impacts of Temperature and Salinity on Marine Animals
Marine animals are either ectothermic or endothermic, with ectothermic animals like fish having body temperatures dependent on their environment while endothermic animals like mammals and birds can regulate their internal temperatures. All marine animals also must regulate salt levels in their bodies through osmoregulation as temperature and salinity of water can impact animals' physiology and survival.
Plankton PowerPoint
Plankton are tiny organisms that drift or float in the waters of seas, lakes, and rivers. They can be either autotrophs, which produce their own food through photosynthesis (phytoplankton like diatoms and dinoflagellates), or heterotrophs, which consume other organisms for food (zooplankton like tiny crustaceans). Phytoplankton are the base of the oceanic food web and are found in the photic zone where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Some phytoplankton can bloom rapidly and be dangerous. Plankton play an important role in marine ecosystems.
Introduction to biological oceanography notes
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in biological oceanography, including evolution, causes of evolution, and evidence of evolution. It defines evolution as change over time that occurs between species through processes like mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, and non-random mating. The document also discusses concepts like overproduction, competition, genetic variation, adaptation, natural selection, speciation, classification, and the criteria used to place organisms into kingdoms.
Marine flowering plants
This document summarizes three groups of marine flowering plants: seagrasses, mangroves, and salt marsh grasses. Seagrasses grow in coastal waters and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Mangroves are woody trees found in tropical and subtropical intertidal zones that reproduce sexually. Salt marsh grasses are found along coasts and reproduce sexually and asexually. All three play an important role as nursery habitats for young marine organisms.
Marine algae
This document provides information about marine algae. It describes the different parts of an algae's thallus including the holdfast, blade, and stipe. It notes that algae can have air bladders to assist with buoyancy. It states that algae are autotrophs that belong to the kingdom Protista or Plantae. There are three main types of algae - green algae, red algae, and brown algae - which differ in their pigments, habitats, and examples. It compares key differences between algae and land plants such as their access to water, support structures, anchoring mechanisms, and reproductive organs.
Fisheries notes
This document summarizes key concepts regarding fisheries management. It defines important terms like fish stocks, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and mechanisms for harvesting fish. It discusses challenges like bycatch, overfishing, and factors contributing to declining fish populations. Strategies for conservation are outlined, such as gear restrictions, catch limits, and protecting essential fish habitat. The document also reviews agencies and laws involved in fisheries management, such as the Magnuson-Stevens Act and its goals of preventing overfishing while achieving sustainable yields.
Light in the ocean
Most life in the oceans depends on sunlight that autotrophs are able to capture through pigments to photosynthesize and produce food. Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, allowing autotrophs to live at varying depths where certain wavelengths penetrate deepest. The rate of photosynthesis must exceed the rate of respiration for phytoplankton to survive, setting a compensation depth above which they can thrive. Coastal waters often have higher turbidity than the open ocean due to sediment and inputs that cloud the water and limit sunlight penetration.
Some equipment used by chemical oceanographers
This document describes several pieces of equipment used by chemical oceanographers to sample and measure various water parameters. It discusses Niskin and Nansen bottles, rosettes, thermometers, hydrometers, refractometers, CTDs, Secchi disks, DO meters, SONAR, and side scan SONAR, and provides brief explanations of how each tool is used.
Composition of seawater
The document summarizes the chemical composition of seawater. It states that seawater is mostly water, but also contains all naturally occurring elements on Earth. The main ions found in seawater are 55% chloride, 31% sodium, 8% sulfate, 4% magnesium, and 1% each of calcium and potassium. These ratios remain relatively constant in oceans around the world according to the law of constant proportions. Exceptions can occur where rivers meet the sea since river water contains more calcium. Salt enters the oceans through weathering that carries eroded rocks and minerals into rivers and seas, and also through underwater volcanic vents. Salt is removed through sea spray, sediment deposits that bind minerals, and biological activity of marine life.
Salinity notes
Salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved ions in water, measured in parts per thousand (‰). Average ocean salinity is 35‰ but it varies depending on evaporation, precipitation, and water sources. Salinity is higher in enclosed seas like the Red Sea (40‰) and Mediterranean Sea (38‰) due to limited freshwater input and high evaporation. It is lower in semi-enclosed seas connected to oceans by narrow straits, like the Black Sea (18‰) and Baltic Sea (8‰), which receive more freshwater from rivers. Temperature, pressure, and density can also impact ocean salinity.
Properties of seawater
Water is a polar molecule with slightly positively and negatively charged ends, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. This polarity gives water properties of adhesion, sticking to other substances, and cohesion, sticking to other water molecules. Water has relatively low viscosity and density compared to other liquids, with density highest at 4°C and lower in seawater due to salt content. Its solid form, ice, floats due to having a less dense crystalline structure. Water also has a high specific heat capacity, requiring a lot of energy to change its temperature, which allows oceans to act as a heat buffer for the planet.
12 plate tectonics notes
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how convection currents in the asthenosphere cause tectonic plates to move horizontally at the surface. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new seafloor is created, convergent boundaries where plates move together and seafloor is destroyed forming trenches and volcanic islands, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other forming faults. Examples given are the San Andreas fault and the Ring of Fire around the Pacific plate.
9 zonation in the ocean
The document describes different zones of the ocean based on depth.
The Neritic Zone extends from the shoreline to depths of less than 200 meters over the continental shelf. The Oceanic Zone is the area beyond 200 meters depth and further offshore. The Photic Zone, also known as the Euphotic Zone, extends from the surface to a depth of around 200 meters where sunlight is available for photosynthesis. Below the Photic Zone are the Disphotic Zone from 200-1000 meters with low light, and the Aphotic Zone below 1000 meters with no light.
Sea turtles
There are 8 species of sea turtles that visit areas like Long Island, including the Kemp's Ridley turtle, which is the most endangered with only 400-500 individuals remaining today from a population of 42,000 in 1947. Sea turtles have a three-chambered heart, scales, and lay eggs on land that incubate for around 2 months before hatchlings head to the water. They face numerous threats including humans, predators, habitat loss, and getting caught in fishing nets or ingesting plastic waste which has led to all species being endangered or threatened.
Whales
Whales evolved from land mammals and are related to horses and sheep. They have adaptations like blubber for insulation and temperature regulation, blowholes for breathing, and streamlined bodies. Whales communicate using echolocation and songs, have excellent hearing, and can slow their heart rates while diving. There are two main types of whales: toothed whales that hunt for food and baleen whales that filter feed krill. Whaling nearly wiped out many whale species until laws like the Marine Mammal Protection Act and International Whaling Commission were passed to regulate and protect whales.
Fish morphology
This document discusses the diversity of body shapes and tail fin morphologies in fish and how these adaptations help fish survive in their environments. It describes the main body shapes as fusiform for fast open water swimmers, compressiform for quick bursts of speed, and depressiform for bottom-dwelling fish. It also outlines different tail fin shapes including homocercal forms that are rounded, truncate, forked, or lunate and the heterocercal tail of sharks, and explains how each tail type relates to the fish's swimming ability, speed, maneuverability and environment.
Meet the arthropoda
This document provides an overview of arthropods, which are segmented invertebrates with jointed appendages and an external skeleton. It describes their anatomy, including a chitinous exoskeleton, jointed limbs, segmented bodies, and open circulatory and nervous systems. Arthropods reproduce through external fertilization and development of planktonic larvae. The phylum includes two subphyla: chelicerates like sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, and crustaceans such as lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. Arthropods are mostly benthic or epifaunal and found worldwide, representing the largest number of species on Earth.
Crustaceans
Crustaceans are arthropods in the subphylum Crustacea and include crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, copepods, krill, isopods, and amphipods. They have a jointed exoskeleton and specialized appendages for locomotion, feeding, breathing through gills, and sensing the environment. Crustaceans can be predators, scavengers, or filter feeders. They have separate sexes and males release sperm packets for females to store until fertilizing their eggs, which hatch externally.
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- 63. HOW MUCH DID YOU LEARN? http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/motion/wav