An ocean current is a continuous movement of ocean water generated by forces acting on the ocean. There are two main types of ocean currents: surface currents, which are parts of large rotating systems influenced by factors like wind and Coriolis effect; and deep water currents, also called thermohaline circulation, which are density driven and move more slowly in a north-south direction. Ocean waves are the forward movement of water caused by oscillation, with characteristics like crest, trough, wavelength and period. Coastlines are shaped by erosion processes from ocean waves and currents, forming features such as wave-cut cliffs and platforms.
It describes about the formation of Islands,about the formation of coral reef. It describes about the ocean currents, their origin and all other concepts related to oceanography.
It describes about the formation of Islands,about the formation of coral reef. It describes about the ocean currents, their origin and all other concepts related to oceanography.
this presentation is all about weathering, erosion, & mass wasting. this may be simple, but it is good for the eyes, and the information is short but complete. :))
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL RAINFORESTS. DEFORESTATION ON THE AMAZONGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL RAINFORESTS. DEFORESTATION ON THE AMAZON. It contains: tropical rainforests, average rainfall in Brazil, rainforest ecosystems, disadvantages of human intervention, rainforest water cycle, rainforest nutrient cycle, rainforest soils, vegetation layers, fan palms, buttress roots, lianas, strangler figs, case study, humans and the Amazon.
A theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithosphere plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle.
this presentation is all about weathering, erosion, & mass wasting. this may be simple, but it is good for the eyes, and the information is short but complete. :))
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL RAINFORESTS. DEFORESTATION ON THE AMAZONGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: TROPICAL RAINFORESTS. DEFORESTATION ON THE AMAZON. It contains: tropical rainforests, average rainfall in Brazil, rainforest ecosystems, disadvantages of human intervention, rainforest water cycle, rainforest nutrient cycle, rainforest soils, vegetation layers, fan palms, buttress roots, lianas, strangler figs, case study, humans and the Amazon.
A theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from the interaction of rigid lithosphere plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle.
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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2. An ocean current is a
continuous, directed
movement of ocean water
generated by the forces
acting upon the ocean.
Types of ocean
currents are surface
currents and deep
water currents which is
also known as
thermohaline
circulation.
3. Surface Ocean current
are parts of huge, slowly moving, circular whirls.
Gyre is a large system of rotating ocean currents.
Causes: Solar activity, Gravity, Wind, and Coriolis effect.
4. Deep oceanic circulation
deep-ocean currents differ
from surface currents.
Density driven, move slower
than surface current.
Usually move in north-south
direction, they cross the
equator.
Referred to as a
Thermohaline circulation,
because it is controlled by
differences in temperature
(thermo) and salinity
(haline).
More salt-increases density
of water, & cold water-more
dense than warm water.
5. Vertical Circulation of Ocean
Water: Upwelling and
Downwelling
Two types of vertical water
movement:
Shallow vertical circulation-
referred to as wind-induced
circulation
Vertical circulation- due to
density changes in temperature
and salinity causing water to
sink. Upwelling and
Downwelling describe the
vertical movements of water
masses.
6. Downwelling is the transferring of warm surface water to
depth.
Upwelling is the rising of colder water from deeper layers
to replace warmer surface water.
3 types of upwelling: Polar, Coastal, and Equitorial.
7. Horizontal Movement of Ocean Water: Tidal Currents
Tidal Currents. Are horizontal movement of water that
accompanies the rise and fall of tides. Tidal flats are areas
affected by tidal currents. Tidal deltas are created from the
deposited sediments on the entrance of the inlet due to the
tidal currents.
Tides. Are daily rise and fall in the elevation of the ocean surface
at a specific location. Caused by the gravitational attraction of
the Moon and, to a lesser extent, by the sun.
8. Spring Tide occurs during
new moon and full moons
where the sun and moon
are aligned and their
gravitational forces cause
high and low tides.
Neap Tide occurs when the
difference between high
and low tide is least, this
happens at the first and
third quarters of the moon,
when the gravitational
forces of the moon and sun
are at right angles.
9. 3 types of tides are:
1. Semidiurnal.
Characterized by two high
and two low tides each
tidal day and relatively
small differences in the
high and low water
heights.
2. Diurnal. Has a single high
and low water height each
tidal day.
3. Mixed. Has two high and
two low waters each day
and is characterized by a
large inequality in high
water heights, low water
heights, or both.
10. Forward movement of ocean water:
Waves
Ocean wave. Is the forward movement of
the ocean’s water due to the oscillation
of water particles.
Wave Trains. Are waves that travel in
groups.
The wind-generated wave is a surface wave
which has crests and troughs.
Crest. Is the peak of the wave.
Trough. Is the lowest point of the wave.
Wavelength. Is the distance between two
crests or two troughs.
Wave height. Is the vertical distance
between the trough of a wave and the
following crest.
Period of the Wave. Is the time gap
between successive waves.
Fetch. Is the distance travelled by the wind
across the open water.
11. Wind-generated wave produces two types of waves:
1. Waves of oscillation. Water particles move in circular orbits.
2. Waves of translation. Water formed near the shore as waves of
oscillation break and form surf.
Ocean wave can cause erosion due to wave impact, pressure, and
abrasion.
12. Shoreline Deposition and Erosion
Features produced by Shoreline
erosion include:
Wave-cut cliff. Is a narrow flat area
often found at the base of a sea cliff
or along the shoreline of a lake, bay,
or sea.
Wave-cut platform. Is flat, bench-
like surfaces left behind by receding
cliffs.
Sea Arch. Is formed when a headland
is eroded and two caves from
opposite sides unite.
Sea Stack. Is formed when the roof of
a sea arch collapses.
13. Types of Coastline
Coastline is the area where
land meets the ocean.
Emergent Coastline. Is the
result from a rise in land
surface elevation relative to
sea level.
Submergent Coastline. Is
created when sea level
rises or the land adjacent
to the sea subsides.
