Secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi . While all mycotoxins are of fungal origin, not all toxic compounds produced by fungi are called mycotoxins.
Introduction to the science of plant pathology, its objectives, scope and historical background. Classification of plant diseases, symptoms, signs, and related terminology. Parasitic causes of plant diseases (fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma, protozoa, algae and flowering parasitic plants), their characteristics and classification. Non-parasitic causes of plant diseases. Infection process. Survival and dispersal of plant pathogens. Plant disease epidemiology, forecasting and disease assessment. Principles and methods of plant disease management. Integrated plant disease management.
Secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi . While all mycotoxins are of fungal origin, not all toxic compounds produced by fungi are called mycotoxins.
Introduction to the science of plant pathology, its objectives, scope and historical background. Classification of plant diseases, symptoms, signs, and related terminology. Parasitic causes of plant diseases (fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma, protozoa, algae and flowering parasitic plants), their characteristics and classification. Non-parasitic causes of plant diseases. Infection process. Survival and dispersal of plant pathogens. Plant disease epidemiology, forecasting and disease assessment. Principles and methods of plant disease management. Integrated plant disease management.
Foodborne illness, more commonly referred to as food poisoning, is the result of eating contaminated, spoiled, or toxic food. The most common symptoms of food poisoning include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Nursing Path,
MOVING TO THE SIDE OF THE BED,
HELPING THE PATIENT TURN ON HIS SIDE,
RAISING SHOULDERS OF THE HELPLESS PATIENT,
RAISING THE SHOULDERS OF TH SEMI HELPLESS PATIENT,
MOVING THE HELPLESS PATIENT UP IN BED,
MOVING THE SEMI HELPLESS PATIENT UP IN BED,
HELPING THE SEMI HELPLESS: PATIENT RAISE HIS BUTTOCKS,
ASSISTING THE PATIENT TO A SITING POSITION ON THE SIDE OF THE BED,
ASSISTING THE PATIENT TO GET OF BED AND INTO A CHAIR
Foodborne illness, more commonly referred to as food poisoning, is the result of eating contaminated, spoiled, or toxic food. The most common symptoms of food poisoning include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Nursing Path,
MOVING TO THE SIDE OF THE BED,
HELPING THE PATIENT TURN ON HIS SIDE,
RAISING SHOULDERS OF THE HELPLESS PATIENT,
RAISING THE SHOULDERS OF TH SEMI HELPLESS PATIENT,
MOVING THE HELPLESS PATIENT UP IN BED,
MOVING THE SEMI HELPLESS PATIENT UP IN BED,
HELPING THE SEMI HELPLESS: PATIENT RAISE HIS BUTTOCKS,
ASSISTING THE PATIENT TO A SITING POSITION ON THE SIDE OF THE BED,
ASSISTING THE PATIENT TO GET OF BED AND INTO A CHAIR
Many nurses have difficulty with drug calculations. Mostly because they don’t enjoy or understand math. Practicing drug calculations will help nurses develop stronger and more confident math skills. Many drugs require some type of calculation prior to administration. The drug calculations range in complexity from requiring a simple conversion calculation to a more complex calculation for drugs administered by mcg/kg/min. Regardless of the drug to be administered, careful and accurate calculations are important to help prevent medication errors. Many nurses become overwhelmed when performing the drug calculations, when they require multiple steps or involve life-threatening drugs. The main principle is to remain focused on what you are doing and try to not let outside distractions cause you to make a error in calculations. It is always a good idea to have another nurse double check your calculations. Sometimes nurses have difficulty calculating dosages on drugs that are potentially life threatening. This is often because they become focused on the actual drug and the possible consequences of an error in calculation. The best way to prevent this is to remember that the drug calculations are performed the same way regardless of what the drug is. For example, whether the infusion is a big bag of vitamins or a life threatening vasoactive cardiac drug, the calculation is done exactly the same way.
Asepsis is the state of being free from disease-causing contaminants (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) or, preventing contact with microorganisms.
Acid base imbalances nursing care plan & managementNursing Path
Acid–base imbalance is an abnormality of the human body’s normal balance of acids and bases that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the normal range (7.35 to 7.45).
Medications need to be safe and effective. Doctors, nurses, nurse practitioners and a few other professionals are trained in how to safely give you medication. Administration of medications requires understanding how the medication is entering your body. It also requires knowledge of when the medication needs to be administered, possible side effects, and toxicity. Training for professionals also includes proper storage, handling, and disposal of medications.
Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence Nightingale to the present day, where many nurses now work as researchers based in universities as well as in the health care setting.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Infectious Disease / Microbiology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1IDM
Bio303 Lecture 1 The Global Burden of Infection and an Old Enemy, MalariaMark Pallen
The Global Burden of Infection and an Old Enemy, Malaria. In this lecture I will survey the global burden of infection, including its human and economic costs, and examine the problem of neglected tropical diseases before focusing on one of the most serious infectious threats to humanity: malaria, outlining its evolutionary origins, impact on human health and wealth and the steps taken to control and treat this infection.
See also Bio303 Facebook page
Essay on Population | Population Essay for Students and Children in .... An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Robert Malthus .... Essay on Population problem: For class 12th ( English Special) - YouTube. Essay on world population day - Expert Custom Essay Writing Service You .... School Essay: Short essay on population. Increase In Population Essay Topics. Essay on Population Growth and Its Effects in English. 008 Over Population Cause And Effect Of Overpopulation Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Population Growth Essay | Essay on Population Growth for Students and .... Write an essay on World Population Day | Essay Writing | English - YouTube. Teaching A Diverse Population Free Essay Example. 018 Essay On Population Example An The Principle ~ Thatsnotus. Essay websites: Over population essay. An essay on population growth. School essay: World population essay. World Population Growth - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com.
CDC estimates renewed in 2011 indicate that each year roughly .docxtroutmanboris
CDC estimates renewed in 2011 indicate that each year roughly 1 in 6 Americans (or
48 million people) gets sick. 128,000 are hospitalized. And, 3,000 die of foodborne
diseases. According to the 2011 estimates, the most common foodborne illnesses are
caused by the bacteria Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, and Campylobacter, and
by the virus Norovirus.
1
A century ago, typhoid fever, tuberculosis and cholera were common foodborne
diseases. Ina few isolated cases botulism wiped out entire families. Improvements in
food safety, such as pasteurization of milk, safe canning, and disinfection of water
supplies have conquered those diseases. However, new foodborne infections have
taken their place. For example in 1972 we first described Campylobacter and its
foodborne illness. In 1982 we first described E. coli O157:H7 foodborne illness. In
1996, the parasite Cyclospora suddenly appeared as a cause of diarrheal illness
related to Guatemalan raspberries. In 1998, a new strain of the bacterium Vibrio
parahemolyticus contaminated oyster beds in Galveston Bay and caused an epidemic
of diarrheal illness in persons eating the oysters raw.
2
3
In the US, the USDA is responsible for ensuring safety of meat, poultry, and some
egg products.
4
The US FDA is responsible for all others foods including seafood and coordinating
retail and foodservice operations.
.
The CDC is responsible for the ship sanitation program or cruise ship food safety and
for all epidemiological functions regarding foodborne illness. Most of the data
presented in this presentation comes from the US CDC.
5
There are over 250 different food pathogens identified to date. However, most are
rarely encountered and little data is available on them. There are 31 more highly
known foodborne pathogens. Most of these pathogens are tracked by local, state,
and federal public health officials. Data in 2006 shows that Norovirus causes
approximately 40% of all foodborne illnesses. The remaining four pathogenic viruses
are not tracked in this figure. Bacteria including 21 different bacterial pathogens
makes up 23% of all foodborne illnesses. Five different parasite pathogens account
for just 1% of foodborne illnesses. Chemicals cause approximately 5% of foodborne
illnesses. At least 29% of foodborne gastroenteritis illnesses have no cause. This may
be due to insufficient data or unidentified pathogens. There is no data on potential
foodborne pathogens causing non‐gastroenteritis symptoms.
6
This slide shows the percentage change in the 2010 illnesses versus 1998. Note that
Yersinia, E. coli O157:H7, Shigella, Listeria and Campylobacter are all down from 27 to
57 percent. However Vibrio has jumped 115% and Salmonella is up 3%.
7
This chart shows the costs, in billions, of foodborne illness to just five states –
California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Pennsylvania. In fact, contaminated food
products caused more deaths e.
Founders of epidemiology and thier contributionsShareef Ngunguni
The document is a foundation to epidemiology. It describes at least well known contributes to epidemiology.More preciously,the article entails the details of the epidemiologists. Spelling errors may persist and your feedback may be submitted to the email address attached.
Similar to Waterborne Pathogens in Historical and Social Contexts (20)
Psychosocial care of coronavirus disease 2019Nursing Path
The novel Coronavirus (nCoV) epidemic in 2019 -2020 has recently emerged. The route of transmission is not totally known, although it is known that it can spread from person to person, and local health care systems may be ill-equipped to handle a large-scale outbreak.
The blood electrolytes—sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate—help regulate nerve and muscle function and maintain acid-base balance and water balance. ... Thus, having electrolytes in the right concentrations (called electrolyte balance) is important in maintaining fluid balance among the compartments
Hospital infection control programs can help healthcare organizations monitor and improve practices, identify risks and proactively establish policies to prevent the spread of infections
Outcome-based education (OBE) is an educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes). By the end of the educational experience, each student should have achieved the goal.
Assessment is part of the everyday activities of nursing professionals. Assessment is the only way by which a teacher can know how successful his teaching was and what areas in teaching need improvement.
A mental health disorder characterised by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities.
The term "anxiety disorder" refers to specific psychiatric disorders that involve extreme fear or worry, and includes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder and panic attacks, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, selective mutism, separation anxiety, and specific phobias.
Selection and organization of learning experienceNursing Path
Curriculum is the educational design of learning experiences for the students. Curricular experiences include course content as well as learning activities. The selection and organization of curricular experiences must also reflect the philosophy of the school. The identifying and organizing of curricular experiences begins with the analysis of curriculum objectives. The most commonly used approach in selecting learning experiences is the logical approach in which the process is treated as content in curriculum development.
Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing.
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs spontaneously is also known as a miscarriage.
The enterobacteriaceae basic properties.ppsx xNursing Path
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella, and Shigella.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) nursing care plan and managementNursing Path
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease of unknown cause in which there is a loss of motor neurons (nerve cells controlling muscles) in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and the motor nuclei of the lower brain stem.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
8. Vibrio cholerae
• Symptoms
– toxins lead to watery diarrhea (rice stools)
– symptoms within hours
1/19/2017 8www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
9. Vibrio cholerae
• Symptoms
– toxins lead to watery diarrhea (rice stools)
– symptoms within hours
• Transmission
– contaminated water, food (fish, shellfish), swimming
– feces of asymptomatic and sick human carriers.
– no person-to-person transmission
1/19/2017 9www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
10. Vibrio cholerae
• Symptoms
– toxins lead to watery diarrhea (rice stools)
– symptoms within hours
• Transmission
– contaminated water, food (fish, shellfish), swimming
– feces of asymptomatic and sick human carriers.
– no person-to-person transmission
• Infectious Dose (in healthy adults)
– 108-1011 cells (ID50)
– antacids lower ID (= more susceptible to infection)
1/19/2017 10www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
11. Vibrio cholerae
• Symptoms
– toxins lead to watery diarrhea (rice stools)
– symptoms within hours
• Transmission
– contaminated water, food (fish, shellfish), swimming
– feces of asymptomatic and sick human carriers.
– no person-to-person transmission
• Infectious Dose (in healthy adults)
– 108-1011 cells (ID50)
– antacids lower ID (= more susceptible to infection)
• Survival Outside Human Hosts
– biofilms
– zooplankton, shellfish
– viable non-culturable state
1/19/2017 11www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
12. Vibrio cholerae
• Detection, Monitoring Programs
– Culture:
• Alkaline Peptone Water (for enrichment, 6-8 hrs @ 37oC)
• Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Sucrose Agar (small yellow colonies)
• Kligler Iron Agar (no gas, red slant/yellow butt)
• Leucine Slants (purple slant/purple butt, no gas, no H2S)
• Agglutination test for positive colonies to ID strain
– DNA-based detection
• rfb (O antigen), ctxA,ctxB (cholera toxin)
• Control and Treatment
– Proper water sanitation (chlorination, solar)
– Rehydrate symptomatic individuals
– Antibiotic (tetracycline) treatment
– Vaccine (only moderately effective)
– Exposure to O1 does not protect against O139
1/19/2017 12www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
13. Salmonella
• WHO: 1,400,000 instances of salmonellosis in
USA
• Salmonella costs per year
US $3,000,000,000
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14. Salmonella
• WHO: 1,400,000 instances of salmonellosis in USA
• Salmonella costs per year
US $3,000,000,000
• Nomenclature evolves (old, new names co-exist...)
– the latest: S. bongori and S. enterica
1/19/2017 14www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
15. Salmonella
• WHO: 1,400,000 instances of salmonellosis in USA
• Salmonella costs per year
US $3,000,000,000
• Nomenclature evolves (old, new names co-exist...)
– the latest: S. bongori and S. enterica
• 2,300 serotypes (S. enterica Typhimurium, etc)
– wide host range (humans, cattle, horses, rodents, cats, dogs,
birds, reptiles)
1/19/2017 15www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
16. Salmonella
• WHO: 1,400,000 instances of salmonellosis in USA
• Salmonella costs per year
US $3,000,000,000
• Nomenclature evolves (old, new names co-exist...)
– the latest: S. bongori and S. enterica
• 2,300 serotypes (S. enterica Typhimurium, etc)
– wide host range (humans, cattle, horses, rodents, cats, dogs,
birds, reptiles)
• Multi-drug resistant S.e.Typhimurium DT104
1/19/2017 16www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
17. Salmonella
• WHO: 1,400,000 instances of salmonellosis in USA
• Salmonella costs per year
US $3,000,000,000
• 2,300 serotypes (S. enterica Typhimurium, etc)
– wide host range (humans, cattle, horses, rodents, cats, dogs,
birds, reptiles)
• Multi-drug resistant S.e.Typhimurium DT104
• Most common diseases caused by Salmonella:
– gastroenteritis (self-limiting, 2-5 days)
– enteric/typhoid fever (incubation 1-10/7-14 days, lasts 2-3 wks)
– septicemia (incubation12-36 hrs, may lead to chronic infection)
– symptoms and disease manifestation differ in hosts
1/19/2017 17www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
20. Mary Mallon
237 other “healthy” carriers in NY at the same time
(none of the 237 were ostracized like Mary
Mallon)1/19/2017 20www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
22. Salmonella
Most “commonly-used” bioterrorism agent
1939. Japanese Imperial Army contaminated rivers on
the Manchurian border
1972. “Order of the Rising Sun” obtains S. Typhi to
contaminate water supplies in Midwest
1/19/2017 22www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
23. Salmonella
Most “commonly-used” bioterrorism agent
1939. Japanese Imperial Army contaminated rivers on the
Manchurian border
1972. “Order of the Rising Sun” obtains S. Typhi to contaminate
water supplies in Midwest
1984. Rajneesh Cult. Successfully contaminates restaurants in
Dalles, OR in an attempt to thwart local elections
1/19/2017 23www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
26. Salmonella
• Transmission
– Human-to-human (S. Typhi)
– Pets (often asymptomatic carriers)
– Contaminated foods, milk, drinking water
– Eggs and poultry (S. Enteriditis)
1/19/2017 26www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
27. Salmonella
• Transmission
– Human-to-human (S. Typhi)
– Pets (often asymptomatic carriers)
– Contaminated foods, milk, drinking water
– Eggs and poultry (S. Enteriditis)
• Infectious Dose (in healthy adults)
– 20-100 cells …. 1 mln cells
1/19/2017 27www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
28. Salmonella
• Transmission
– Human-to-human (S. Typhi)
– Pets (often asymptomatic carriers)
– Contaminated foods, milk, drinking water
– Eggs and poultry (S. Enteriditis)
• Infectious Dose (in healthy adults)
– 20-100 cells …. 1 mln cells
– mice become infected only after normal gut flora is killed!
1/19/2017 28www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
30. Escherichia coli
Lee W. Riley
University of Berkeley
1/19/2017 30www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
31. Escherichia coli
• Normal flora of human GI
• Uropathogenic E. coli. 90% of all UTI
• Enterovirulent E. coli serotypes
– Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC).
– Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC=VTEC) O157:H7.
Bloody diarrhea. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS).
– Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Travelers diarrhea (cholera-
like).
– Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Diarrhea in newborn
nurseries.
– Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC). Acute and chronic
diarrhea in children
1/19/2017 31www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
32. Annual Cost of
Pathogenic E. coli
O157:H7
cases
Non O157:H7
STEC cases
O157:H7 costs Non O157:H7
costs
No medical care 35, 632 17, 816 N/A N/A
Physician visit 24, 983 12, 492 $ 6, 900, 000 $ 3, 400, 000
Hospitalized, survived 1790 895 $ 32, 900, 000 $ 16, 500, 000
Deaths 52 26 $ 1, 500, 000 $800, 000
Chronic illness, HUS 46 23 $ 36, 500, 000 $18, 500, 000
Total 60, 615 30, 308 $659, 000, 000
(includes lost
productivity)
$ 329, 700, 000
(includes lost
productivity)
Source: Economic Research Service, USDA, Oct. 20, 2000.1/19/2017 32www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
35. Legionella pneumophila
• Symptoms
– appear within 2-10 days after exposure
– Legionnaire’s disease: pneumonia. Also affects nervous, GI, urinary systems.
Highly fatal.
– Pontiac fever: flu-like, self-limiting, mild non-pneumonic
• Transmission
– no known human-to-human transmission
– inhaling or injecting droplets with bacterial cells
• Survival Outside Human Hosts
– aquatic biofilms
• naturally in hot springs, rivers, etc
• cooling towers, any warm water reservoirs
• hot tubs, AC units (mostly industrial)
– amoebae (symbiont or pathogen)
– Cyanobacteria
– Legionella longbeachea. Potting soil
1/19/2017 35www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
36. Legionella pneumophila
• Detection, Monitoring Programs
– Culture: Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar + L-cysteine +
Fe.
• 5 days @ 37oC
• cannot use carbohydrates
– PCR. Commercial kits available
– Serological methods (most common)
• monoclonal antibodies seem more specific
• no single antiserum is used routinely to ID all Legionella
• Direct fluorescent antibody staining
– rapid (2-4 hrs)
– specific. Rarely cross react with Pseudomonas.
– sensitivity improved by sample quality, # bacteria
1/19/2017 36www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
37. Legionella pneumophila
• Control and Prevention
– Legionella are ubiquitous. Monitoring is nearly impossible
– copper-silver ionization for hot water
– super heat/flush cycles (>50-60 oC for >30 min)
– UV
– Hyperchlorination (1-2 ppm residual)
– Monochloramine seems to be more effective than chlorine
• more stable?
• penetrates biofilms?
– personal protection while servicing exposed equipment
– stop smoking!
1/19/2017 37www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in