Botulism is caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It was first recorded in Germany in 1793 and several nations weaponized it starting in the 1930s. The botulism toxin is extremely lethal even in small amounts and causes paralysis beginning with the cranial nerves. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and supportive care like mechanical ventilation. While the toxin can cause illness, it also has therapeutic uses for treating muscle spasms and disorders.
Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that produces botulinum toxin. It is an anaerobic spore-former commonly found in soil. It causes botulism poisoning upon ingestion of its toxin, which can occur through three main types: foodborne, infant, and wound botulism. Foodborne botulism results from eating improperly canned or preserved foods containing the toxin. Infant botulism typically affects babies under 6 months from ingesting spores. Wound botulism enters through a wound. Symptoms include blurred/double vision, weakness, and trouble swallowing. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and prevention focuses on food safety practices and wound
- Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that produces botulinum toxin, which causes the flaccid paralysis seen in botulism.
- It exists as rod-shaped bacteria 0.5-2.0 micrometers wide and 1.6-22.0 micrometers long that form oval, subterminal endospores.
- The bacterium produces seven types of potent neurotoxins (A-G) that inhibit the release of acetylcholine at motor neuron synapses, preventing muscle contraction and causing paralysis.
This document summarizes Clostridium botulinum, which is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that produces the potent neurotoxin botulinum toxin. It causes the illness botulism in humans through foodborne transmission or wound infection. The botulinum toxin works by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. Symptoms vary depending on exposure but include double vision, difficulty swallowing and breathing. Diagnosis involves testing for the toxin in samples. Treatment utilizes an antitoxin to neutralize the circulating toxin.
Botulism is caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It causes paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine at nerve endings. There are three main types: foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. Foodborne botulism results from ingesting preformed toxins in improperly canned or cooked foods. Wound botulism occurs when wounds are infected. Infant botulism usually affects children under 1 from ingesting spores. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, paralysis starting with eyes and face. Treatment focuses on supportive care, antitoxin, and preventing further paralysis. Proper food preservation and handling can prevent botulism.
There are four medically important Clostridium species: C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile. C. tetani causes tetanus through toxins that block inhibitory neurotransmitters. C. botulinum causes botulism by toxins blocking acetylcholine release. C. perfringens can cause gas gangrene or food poisoning depending on entry site, and produces toxins and enzymes damaging tissues. C. difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis through toxins that damage intestinal cells when normal flora is suppressed.
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum under anaerobic conditions. There are three main types - food-borne from contaminated food, wound from infected wounds, and infant which occurs when a baby consumes botulinum spores. The toxin causes paralysis beginning with facial muscles and spreading to limbs and breathing muscles. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antitoxins to prevent further damage from the toxin. Prevention strategies target food preparation practices and proper wound care.
- Clostridium botulinum is a rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium found in soil that produces botulinum toxin. It forms spores which allow it to survive unfavorable conditions.
- The toxin acts by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. There are 7 types of toxin (A-G) which cause different forms of botulism in humans and animals.
- Botulism results from ingesting foods containing preformed toxin, with symptoms beginning 18-24 hours later such as visual disturbances, difficulty swallowing and speaking. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and supportive care.
Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that produces botulinum toxin. It is an anaerobic spore-former commonly found in soil. It causes botulism poisoning upon ingestion of its toxin, which can occur through three main types: foodborne, infant, and wound botulism. Foodborne botulism results from eating improperly canned or preserved foods containing the toxin. Infant botulism typically affects babies under 6 months from ingesting spores. Wound botulism enters through a wound. Symptoms include blurred/double vision, weakness, and trouble swallowing. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and prevention focuses on food safety practices and wound
- Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that produces botulinum toxin, which causes the flaccid paralysis seen in botulism.
- It exists as rod-shaped bacteria 0.5-2.0 micrometers wide and 1.6-22.0 micrometers long that form oval, subterminal endospores.
- The bacterium produces seven types of potent neurotoxins (A-G) that inhibit the release of acetylcholine at motor neuron synapses, preventing muscle contraction and causing paralysis.
This document summarizes Clostridium botulinum, which is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that produces the potent neurotoxin botulinum toxin. It causes the illness botulism in humans through foodborne transmission or wound infection. The botulinum toxin works by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. Symptoms vary depending on exposure but include double vision, difficulty swallowing and breathing. Diagnosis involves testing for the toxin in samples. Treatment utilizes an antitoxin to neutralize the circulating toxin.
Botulism is caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It causes paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine at nerve endings. There are three main types: foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. Foodborne botulism results from ingesting preformed toxins in improperly canned or cooked foods. Wound botulism occurs when wounds are infected. Infant botulism usually affects children under 1 from ingesting spores. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, paralysis starting with eyes and face. Treatment focuses on supportive care, antitoxin, and preventing further paralysis. Proper food preservation and handling can prevent botulism.
There are four medically important Clostridium species: C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile. C. tetani causes tetanus through toxins that block inhibitory neurotransmitters. C. botulinum causes botulism by toxins blocking acetylcholine release. C. perfringens can cause gas gangrene or food poisoning depending on entry site, and produces toxins and enzymes damaging tissues. C. difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis through toxins that damage intestinal cells when normal flora is suppressed.
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum under anaerobic conditions. There are three main types - food-borne from contaminated food, wound from infected wounds, and infant which occurs when a baby consumes botulinum spores. The toxin causes paralysis beginning with facial muscles and spreading to limbs and breathing muscles. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antitoxins to prevent further damage from the toxin. Prevention strategies target food preparation practices and proper wound care.
- Clostridium botulinum is a rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium found in soil that produces botulinum toxin. It forms spores which allow it to survive unfavorable conditions.
- The toxin acts by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. There are 7 types of toxin (A-G) which cause different forms of botulism in humans and animals.
- Botulism results from ingesting foods containing preformed toxin, with symptoms beginning 18-24 hours later such as visual disturbances, difficulty swallowing and speaking. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and supportive care.
Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus.
Clostridial toxins: Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficileRavi Kant Agrawal
1. Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile are anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria that can cause disease. C. perfringens produces several toxins that can lead to gas gangrene, while C. difficile toxins cause diarrhea.
2. The diseases they cause depend on the toxins produced, with C. perfringens type A commonly causing food poisoning and C. difficile toxins causing diarrhea. Gas gangrene from C. perfringens occurs when tissues are damaged allowing the bacteria to proliferate and release toxins.
3. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to life-threatening conditions like gas gangrene. Proper handling and
Pneumococcus, or Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause pneumonia. It appears in pairs under the microscope (diplococci) and each pair is enclosed in a polysaccharide capsule. It grows best at 37°C in an atmosphere containing carbon dioxide. On blood agar plates it forms alpha-hemolytic colonies. The capsule protects it from phagocytes and allows it to attach to cells in the nasopharynx before migrating to the lungs. This can cause lobar pneumonia in adults and bronchopneumonia in children. Diagnosis involves finding the bacteria in sputum or other samples through microscopy, culture, and serological tests. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin and
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
Botulism is caused by a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. It causes descending flaccid paralysis beginning with cranial nerves. There are several forms of transmission including foodborne (from contaminated foods), wound, and intestinal (from spore ingestion). Clinical manifestations include nausea, blurred vision, weakness, and respiratory failure. Diagnosis involves detecting toxin in samples or through electromyography. Treatment requires intensive care including ventilator support and administration of botulism antitoxin to prevent progression of paralysis.
This document discusses Salmonella, including its isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical activities, epidemiology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical diseases, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Salmonella was first isolated in 1885 and causes diseases like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness in humans. It is a gram-negative rod found in the intestines of animals and can contaminate foods. Diagnosis involves culturing specimens from blood, feces, urine or vomit. Treatment includes antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin.
Salmonella food poisoning is caused by ingesting contaminated food or drink containing Salmonella bacteria. Common symptoms include sudden onset of vomiting, fever, headache, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Salmonella infection usually affects the gastrointestinal system, causing acute enteritis and colitis. While most cases resolve without treatment within a week, in severe cases the bacteria can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream, bones, or fluid surrounding the brain. Salmonella food poisoning is typically caused by contaminated meat, eggs, milk, or produce and can be prevented by properly handling and cooking foods.
Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can form dormant endospores. The document focuses on Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. It describes the morphology, cultural characteristics, virulence factors, and methods of diagnosis and prevention of B. anthracis. Key points include that B. anthracis forms encapsulated, non-motile rods and terminal spores. The anthrax toxins are composed of lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen, which combine to cause disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology. Prevention for humans involves vaccination with anthrax toxoid and occupational hygiene, while animals are vaccinated with attenuated spore
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that causes the disease tetanus. It forms spores that allow it to survive in environments without oxygen. The spores can enter the body through wounds and germinate under anaerobic conditions, producing a toxin that travels along the nervous system to the spinal cord. This toxin blocks neurotransmitters and causes painful muscle spasms, starting with the jaw and potentially leading to death if the respiratory muscles are affected. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture studies, and biochemical tests to identify the bacterium, as well as animal inoculation experiments. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, and vaccines to prevent further cases.
Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. It causes symptoms like difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and potentially death. Symptoms begin between 6 hours to 10 days after infection and include constipation, tiredness, loss of muscle control. Foodborne transmission is most common through under-processed home canned foods, cured meats, fish. Prevention methods include boiling home canned foods 10 minutes before eating and ensuring all foods are well cooked to high enough temperatures to kill spores.
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It is divided into resident and transient flora. The resident flora consists of microorganisms regularly found in a given area, while the transient flora inhabits areas temporarily. The four major phyla that make up most of the human microbiota are Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The normal flora varies across body sites like skin, mouth, respiratory and GI tracts. Maintaining the balance of the normal flora is important for health.
Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by eating food contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria or its toxins. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea within 2-6 hours. S. aureus is commonly found on human skin and can produce enterotoxins that cause vomiting when ingested. Foods at high risk are those that require handling and are left at room temperature. Proper food handling and sanitation can help prevent contamination and outbreaks.
Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that can cause gas gangrene. It is commonly found in soil and the intestines of humans and animals. C. perfringens has several toxins that allow it to cause tissue damage and gas formation. It most frequently causes gas gangrene after introduction into crushed or devitalized tissues via wounds contaminated with soil or feces. Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, crepitus (gas bubbles in tissues), and a foul-smelling discharge. Laboratory identification involves culture, microscopy, and toxin detection. Treatment involves antibiotics, wound debridement, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
This document discusses Clostridium botulinum and botulism. It covers the classification, morphology, toxins produced, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and prevention of botulism in humans and animals. Botulism is caused by a potent toxin produced by C. botulinum which prevents the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions. There are three main forms - foodborne, infant, and wound botulism. The toxin is extremely lethal and botulinum toxin has been developed as a biological weapon due to its high toxicity.
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It infects epithelial cells in the genital tract, eyes, and respiratory system. C. trachomatis has two forms - infectious elementary bodies and metabolically active reticulate bodies. It undergoes a life cycle within host cells involving endocytosis, replication of reticulate bodies, and release of new elementary bodies. Genital infection is often asymptomatic but can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women. Diagnosis is via nucleic acid amplification tests on genital specimens. Treatment is with antibiotics but prevention requires safe sex practices and partner treatment.
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic, spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium found in soil, intestines, feces and contaminated wounds. It produces an exotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes the acute disease tetanus, resulting in painful muscle rigidity and spasms. Tetanus spores can survive for years until entering the body through a wound, where they germinate and release the toxin that is carried through the bloodstream to nerve cells.
- Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of humans and animals. However, some strains of E. coli can cause illness, including diarrhea.
- E. coli that causes diarrhea is divided into six groups that produce diarrhea through different pathogenic mechanisms, such as the production of heat-stable or heat-labile toxins. One group, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), commonly causes travelers' diarrhea.
- In addition to diarrhea, E. coli can cause other illnesses like urinary tract infections, wound or blood infections, and even sepsis. The type of specimen collected for testing depends on the suspected infection.
- Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that can cause gas gangrene. It produces several potent toxins and enzymes.
- It forms central or subterminal spores and appears as large bacilli on microscopy. It turns meat pink on culture but does not digest it. It causes target hemolysis on blood agar.
- Gas gangrene is a serious infection caused by C. perfringens that involves muscle tissue necrosis and gas formation. It presents with increasing pain, edema, and tissue blackening. Other Clostridium species such as C. septicum can also cause gas gangrene.
Botulism is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria under low-oxygen conditions. There are several forms of botulism including foodborne, infant, and wound botulism. Symptoms include double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. Diagnosis involves physical examination showing neurological signs and testing of feces, vomit, food, or wound samples. Treatment focuses on antitoxin administration and respiratory support, while prevention centers on proper food handling and wound care.
Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium bacteria. There are several types of botulism including foodborne, wound, infant, and intestinal. Foodborne botulism occurs when toxins are ingested in contaminated food while wound and intestinal botulism occur when spores enter wounds or the intestines. Symptoms include muscle weakness that can impact breathing. Diagnosis involves tests on blood, stool, and spinal fluid. Treatment requires antitoxin and supportive care. Prevention focuses on proper food handling and hygiene to avoid conditions that allow bacterial growth and toxin production. Any suspected cases of botulism require immediate investigation and response due to the risk of outbreaks.
Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus.
Clostridial toxins: Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficileRavi Kant Agrawal
1. Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile are anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria that can cause disease. C. perfringens produces several toxins that can lead to gas gangrene, while C. difficile toxins cause diarrhea.
2. The diseases they cause depend on the toxins produced, with C. perfringens type A commonly causing food poisoning and C. difficile toxins causing diarrhea. Gas gangrene from C. perfringens occurs when tissues are damaged allowing the bacteria to proliferate and release toxins.
3. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to life-threatening conditions like gas gangrene. Proper handling and
Pneumococcus, or Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause pneumonia. It appears in pairs under the microscope (diplococci) and each pair is enclosed in a polysaccharide capsule. It grows best at 37°C in an atmosphere containing carbon dioxide. On blood agar plates it forms alpha-hemolytic colonies. The capsule protects it from phagocytes and allows it to attach to cells in the nasopharynx before migrating to the lungs. This can cause lobar pneumonia in adults and bronchopneumonia in children. Diagnosis involves finding the bacteria in sputum or other samples through microscopy, culture, and serological tests. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin and
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
Botulism is caused by a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. It causes descending flaccid paralysis beginning with cranial nerves. There are several forms of transmission including foodborne (from contaminated foods), wound, and intestinal (from spore ingestion). Clinical manifestations include nausea, blurred vision, weakness, and respiratory failure. Diagnosis involves detecting toxin in samples or through electromyography. Treatment requires intensive care including ventilator support and administration of botulism antitoxin to prevent progression of paralysis.
This document discusses Salmonella, including its isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical activities, epidemiology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical diseases, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Salmonella was first isolated in 1885 and causes diseases like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness in humans. It is a gram-negative rod found in the intestines of animals and can contaminate foods. Diagnosis involves culturing specimens from blood, feces, urine or vomit. Treatment includes antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin.
Salmonella food poisoning is caused by ingesting contaminated food or drink containing Salmonella bacteria. Common symptoms include sudden onset of vomiting, fever, headache, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Salmonella infection usually affects the gastrointestinal system, causing acute enteritis and colitis. While most cases resolve without treatment within a week, in severe cases the bacteria can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream, bones, or fluid surrounding the brain. Salmonella food poisoning is typically caused by contaminated meat, eggs, milk, or produce and can be prevented by properly handling and cooking foods.
Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can form dormant endospores. The document focuses on Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. It describes the morphology, cultural characteristics, virulence factors, and methods of diagnosis and prevention of B. anthracis. Key points include that B. anthracis forms encapsulated, non-motile rods and terminal spores. The anthrax toxins are composed of lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen, which combine to cause disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology. Prevention for humans involves vaccination with anthrax toxoid and occupational hygiene, while animals are vaccinated with attenuated spore
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that causes the disease tetanus. It forms spores that allow it to survive in environments without oxygen. The spores can enter the body through wounds and germinate under anaerobic conditions, producing a toxin that travels along the nervous system to the spinal cord. This toxin blocks neurotransmitters and causes painful muscle spasms, starting with the jaw and potentially leading to death if the respiratory muscles are affected. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture studies, and biochemical tests to identify the bacterium, as well as animal inoculation experiments. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, and vaccines to prevent further cases.
Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. It causes symptoms like difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and potentially death. Symptoms begin between 6 hours to 10 days after infection and include constipation, tiredness, loss of muscle control. Foodborne transmission is most common through under-processed home canned foods, cured meats, fish. Prevention methods include boiling home canned foods 10 minutes before eating and ensuring all foods are well cooked to high enough temperatures to kill spores.
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It is divided into resident and transient flora. The resident flora consists of microorganisms regularly found in a given area, while the transient flora inhabits areas temporarily. The four major phyla that make up most of the human microbiota are Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The normal flora varies across body sites like skin, mouth, respiratory and GI tracts. Maintaining the balance of the normal flora is important for health.
Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by eating food contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria or its toxins. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea within 2-6 hours. S. aureus is commonly found on human skin and can produce enterotoxins that cause vomiting when ingested. Foods at high risk are those that require handling and are left at room temperature. Proper food handling and sanitation can help prevent contamination and outbreaks.
Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that can cause gas gangrene. It is commonly found in soil and the intestines of humans and animals. C. perfringens has several toxins that allow it to cause tissue damage and gas formation. It most frequently causes gas gangrene after introduction into crushed or devitalized tissues via wounds contaminated with soil or feces. Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, crepitus (gas bubbles in tissues), and a foul-smelling discharge. Laboratory identification involves culture, microscopy, and toxin detection. Treatment involves antibiotics, wound debridement, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
This document discusses Clostridium botulinum and botulism. It covers the classification, morphology, toxins produced, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and prevention of botulism in humans and animals. Botulism is caused by a potent toxin produced by C. botulinum which prevents the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions. There are three main forms - foodborne, infant, and wound botulism. The toxin is extremely lethal and botulinum toxin has been developed as a biological weapon due to its high toxicity.
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It infects epithelial cells in the genital tract, eyes, and respiratory system. C. trachomatis has two forms - infectious elementary bodies and metabolically active reticulate bodies. It undergoes a life cycle within host cells involving endocytosis, replication of reticulate bodies, and release of new elementary bodies. Genital infection is often asymptomatic but can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women. Diagnosis is via nucleic acid amplification tests on genital specimens. Treatment is with antibiotics but prevention requires safe sex practices and partner treatment.
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic, spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium found in soil, intestines, feces and contaminated wounds. It produces an exotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes the acute disease tetanus, resulting in painful muscle rigidity and spasms. Tetanus spores can survive for years until entering the body through a wound, where they germinate and release the toxin that is carried through the bloodstream to nerve cells.
- Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of humans and animals. However, some strains of E. coli can cause illness, including diarrhea.
- E. coli that causes diarrhea is divided into six groups that produce diarrhea through different pathogenic mechanisms, such as the production of heat-stable or heat-labile toxins. One group, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), commonly causes travelers' diarrhea.
- In addition to diarrhea, E. coli can cause other illnesses like urinary tract infections, wound or blood infections, and even sepsis. The type of specimen collected for testing depends on the suspected infection.
- Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that can cause gas gangrene. It produces several potent toxins and enzymes.
- It forms central or subterminal spores and appears as large bacilli on microscopy. It turns meat pink on culture but does not digest it. It causes target hemolysis on blood agar.
- Gas gangrene is a serious infection caused by C. perfringens that involves muscle tissue necrosis and gas formation. It presents with increasing pain, edema, and tissue blackening. Other Clostridium species such as C. septicum can also cause gas gangrene.
Botulism is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria under low-oxygen conditions. There are several forms of botulism including foodborne, infant, and wound botulism. Symptoms include double vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. Diagnosis involves physical examination showing neurological signs and testing of feces, vomit, food, or wound samples. Treatment focuses on antitoxin administration and respiratory support, while prevention centers on proper food handling and wound care.
Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium bacteria. There are several types of botulism including foodborne, wound, infant, and intestinal. Foodborne botulism occurs when toxins are ingested in contaminated food while wound and intestinal botulism occur when spores enter wounds or the intestines. Symptoms include muscle weakness that can impact breathing. Diagnosis involves tests on blood, stool, and spinal fluid. Treatment requires antitoxin and supportive care. Prevention focuses on proper food handling and hygiene to avoid conditions that allow bacterial growth and toxin production. Any suspected cases of botulism require immediate investigation and response due to the risk of outbreaks.
Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that produces botulinum toxin. It causes the flaccid muscular paralysis seen in botulism. There are 7 toxin types (A-G) produced that are heat sensitive but can remain dormant as spores for decades. The toxin works by blocking acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions, causing descending paralysis beginning with cranial nerves and bulbar palsies. Diagnosis involves detecting toxin in serum, stool or foods through mouse bioassays. Treatment requires antitoxin administration and respiratory support if needed. Prevention focuses on proper food canning and wound care.
This document discusses different types of food poisoning including salmonella, staphylococcal, and botulism food poisoning. Salmonella food poisoning is caused by ingesting contaminated meat, poultry, or eggs. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and vomiting with an incubation period of 12-24 hours. Staphylococcal food poisoning results from preformed toxins in foods and causes sudden vomiting and diarrhea. Botulism is the most serious type, caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, and can be fatal if not treated with antitoxins. Proper food handling, sanitation, and refrigeration are important for prevention.
The document discusses four medically important Clostridium species: C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile. It provides details on the diseases caused by each species, their transmission and pathogenesis. C. tetani causes tetanus. C. botulinum causes botulism. C. perfringens can cause gas gangrene or food poisoning. C. difficile causes antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. All Clostridium species are gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rods. Their diseases result from various toxins they produce that impact the nervous system or cause tissue damage.
Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that produces botulinum toxins, which are among the most lethal substances known. The toxins block nerve functions and can cause respiratory and muscular paralysis. Botulism occurs via contaminated food, wounds, or infant ingestion of honey. It causes symptoms like nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, and descending paralysis. Treatment involves supportive care and antitoxin administration. Proper food handling and wound care can prevent botulism.
Acute gastro-enteritis caused by the ingestion of the food or drink contaminated with either living bacteria or their toxins or inorganic chemical substances and poison delivered from plants and animals.
This document discusses various types of food poisoning caused by bacteria and toxins. It describes Salmonella food poisoning in detail, noting that Salmonella is a common cause. It is typically caused by eating contaminated meat, milk, eggs or their products. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps within 12-24 hours. Staphylococcus and Clostridium perfringens food poisonings are also discussed. Botulism is described as the most serious type, caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, with symptoms of muscle weakness that can lead to paralysis or death.
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. There are three main forms - foodborne, occurring when toxin-containing food is eaten; infant, the most common in Western countries affecting small children; and wound, found in those injecting street drugs where spores enter wounds. Symptoms begin with cranial nerve involvement causing double vision and drooping eyelids before descending paralysis of arms and legs. Advanced cases can lead to respiratory failure and death if untreated.
The document outlines Mohammed's school project on botulism, which introduces botulism as a deadly disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum from eating improperly canned foods or contaminated water exposure. Key details covered include the symptoms of botulism like double vision and respiratory failure, as well as treatments with antitoxin or surgery and ways to prevent botulism by proper food handling and storage.
This document discusses botulism, a neurologic disorder caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. There are three main types - infant, foodborne, and wound botulism. Foodborne botulism results from ingesting preformed toxin in contaminated food. Wound botulism occurs when wounds are contaminated with C. botulinum spores. Symptoms include cranial nerve paralysis, descending muscle weakness, and respiratory failure. Treatment focuses on respiratory support, wound debridement for wound botulism, antibiotics to treat C. botulinum infection, and antitoxin administration.
Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. There are five main types of botulism: foodborne, wound, infant, adult intestinal, and iatrogenic. Symptoms typically begin with nausea/vomiting and progress to cranial nerve paralysis and descending muscle weakness. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and confirmed through toxin detection assays or bacterial culture. Treatment focuses on supportive care, including ventilator support if needed, and administration of botulinum antitoxin. Proper food handling and preparation can help prevent foodborne botulism. Botulinum toxin also has important therapeutic uses for muscle spasticity
Clostridium tetani, botulinum, and difficile, by Dr. Himanshu KhatriDrHimanshuKhatri
- Clostridium tetani causes tetanus and enters the body through cuts or wounds in the skin. It produces a neurotoxin that causes painful muscle spasms. C. botulinum causes botulism by ingesting its toxin in contaminated food which causes paralysis. C. difficile causes diarrhea and colitis when normal gut flora is disrupted by antibiotics allowing it to overgrow and produce toxins.
Botulism is caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. It causes paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions. There are three main forms: infant, foodborne, and wound botulism. Symptoms include drooping eyelids, blurred vision, dry mouth, and muscle weakness starting symmetrically from the head and descending to the trunk and limbs. The diagnosis is usually made clinically based on symptoms. Treatment focuses on supportive care until the toxins are cleared from the body.
Clostridia. Clostridia Tetani & Clostridia Botulinum. Prevention of Tetanus a...Eneutron
Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum are important causative agents that can cause tetanus and botulism respectively. C. tetani causes tetanus through its neurotoxin which prevents the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, leading to muscle rigidity and spasms. C. botulinum causes botulism through its potent neurotoxin which prevents the release of acetylcholine at motor neuron synapses, resulting in symmetrical descending paralysis. Laboratory diagnosis of these diseases can be done through microscopy, culture and identification of the bacteria as well as detection of their respective neurotoxins. Proper wound care, food handling and vaccination are important for prevention.
This document discusses botulism in horses. It begins by providing background on Clostridium botulinum, the bacteria that causes botulism. It then discusses the history and epidemiology of botulism, noting it is an intoxication acquired by ingesting pre-formed toxin. The document outlines the different types of botulism (forage, carrion-associated, wound, toxicoinfectious), hosts affected, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical signs, and treatment options.
Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease caused by exposure to botulinum neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. There are several forms of human botulism depending on transmission, including food-borne, wound, infant, and adult botulism. The botulinum neurotoxin blocks the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, causing descending flaccid paralysis that can progress to respiratory failure. Diagnosis involves demonstrating the toxin or bacteria in samples, and treatment focuses on supportive care, antitoxin therapy, and antibiotics for wound infections. Prevention emphasizes proper food handling and hygiene.
Food poisoning can result from eating foods contaminated with bacteria, viruses, parasites or toxins. It is commonly caused by improper food handling or storage that allows germs to multiply. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Several types of bacteria are responsible for foodborne illness, including Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter and Listeria. Proper hygiene, cooking and storage can help prevent the spread of foodborne pathogens.
Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. There are three main types: infant, foodborne, and wound botulism. Symptoms include paralysis, breathing difficulties, and death if not treated early. Infant botulism is most common and results from exposure to contaminated soil or foods like honey and corn syrup. Foodborne botulism comes from improperly home-canned or commercially canned foods. Wound botulism enters through an open wound. Diagnosis involves examining symptoms and testing for toxins in blood or stool samples. Treatment requires antitoxins and supportive care like ventilators, while prevention focuses on safe food preparation and storage practices
Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow that results in an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. Symptoms include anemia, bleeding, bruising, infections, bone and joint pain, abdominal issues, swollen lymph nodes, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplants, and medications to manage symptoms and side effects. Leukemia cannot be prevented as there are no known risk factors, but exposure to infections can be avoided and the immune system boosted to reduce risks.
Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. It occurs through genetic mutations, usually involving oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes such as p53. Carcinogens like chemicals and radiation can cause these mutations by damaging DNA. Carcinogenesis involves initiation of the DNA damage and promotion of the abnormal cell growth. It is a multi-step process that takes place over many years and can involve genetic and epigenetic changes in cells. Environmental toxins, diet, and lifestyle factors can influence cancer risk by affecting carcinogenesis.
The document discusses various cancer treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, and synthetic lethality. Surgery aims to remove the tumor while chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy uses radiation to damage cancer cell DNA. Hormonal therapy slows cancer growth by blocking hormones. Targeted therapy blocks cancer growth pathways. Synthetic lethality kills cancer cells by combining deficiencies in two repair genes. Treatment choice depends on cancer type, stage, and patient health.
1. Amenorrhea is classified as primary or secondary. Secondary amenorrhea is the cessation of menses for 6 months or more in a woman who previously had menstruation.
2. Causes of secondary amenorrhea include hypogonadotropic (decreased FSH and LH), hypergonadotropic (increased FSH and LH), and eugonadotropic (normal FSH and LH) types. Specific causes include hypothalamic or pituitary disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, and anatomical defects.
3. Prolonged hypogonadism from secondary amenorrhea can lead to decreased bone mineral density
Pollinosis(allergic rhinitis), insect allergy & food allergymohit rulaniya
This document discusses three conditions: food allergy, insect sting allergy, and pollinosis (allergic rhinitis). For food allergy, it outlines the most common allergenic foods, symptoms, diagnosis involving skin prick and blood tests, and treatments including antihistamines and epinephrine. For insect sting allergy, it describes common culprit insects, symptoms of anaphylaxis, diagnosis using tests, and management through avoidance, epinephrine injection, and immunotherapy. Finally, it defines pollinosis/allergic rhinitis as a hay fever reaction, describes seasonal and perennial types, lists typical symptoms, environmental triggers, diagnosis using tests, and treatments like antihistamines, decon
Chronic nutritions treatments in childrens mohit rulaniya
This document provides guidelines for treating chronic nutrition disorders in children. It discusses treating hypoglycemia, hypothermia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, infection, and micronutrient deficiency. It also covers refeeding, catch-up growth, sensory stimulation and emotional support. Specific treatment recommendations are given for hypoglycemia including feeding every 2-3 hours and using 10% dextrose for unconscious patients. Hypothermia treatment involves warming and treating for hypoglycemia. Dehydration is difficult to diagnose in malnourished children and its severity is often overestimated. Oral rehydration solutions like Pedialyte are recommended depending on the child's age and whether they have mild or severe de
The document discusses urolithiasis (kidney stone disease) in children. It covers topics such as indications for orchidopexy surgery, management of non-palpable testes, exploration and treatment of testicular torsion, and treatment options for undescended testes that cannot be brought into the scrotum. It also addresses elements of the Fowler-Stephens procedure, management of infants with ambiguous genitalia, factors in testis development, epidemiology of stone disease, physical chemistry of stone formation, types of radiolucent urinary calculi, and time to irreversible renal damage from complete ureteric obstruction.
Congenital heart disease has a prevalence of 0.5-0.8% of live births. It can be caused by genetic and environmental factors. Defects are classified as acyanotic if there is increased blood flow to the lungs, or cyanotic if there is decreased pulmonary blood flow. Common defects include atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and patent ductus arteriosus. Diagnosis involves tests like echocardiogram and chest x-ray. Treatment options include procedures to close defects, heart transplantation, open heart surgery, and medications to manage symptoms.
This document summarizes information about peptic ulcer disease (PUD), including its causes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points:
- Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is the primary cause of PUD and is present in 95% of duodenal and 70% of gastric ulcers. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can also increase risk.
- Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, and stenosis.
- Diagnosis is typically made through endoscopy, which allows visualization of ulcers. Treatment involves eradicating HP with antibiotic therapy in combination with proton pump
This document discusses liver cirrhosis, including its classification, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic methods, and treatment. Liver cirrhosis is a chronic progressive disease characterized by decreased hepatocytes and increased fibrosis that leads to hepatic insufficiency and portal hypertension. It has many etiologies including viral, alcoholic, autoimmune, and others. Treatment focuses on nutrition, diuretics, antibiotics to prevent infections, and management of complications like ascites, encephalopathy, and bleeding.
The document discusses vitamins and their deficiencies. It provides multiple choice questions about which deficiency different vitamins cause if deficient, best food sources of vitamins, and other facts about vitamins. Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness, vitamin D deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia, and vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy. The best sources listed are beef liver for vitamin A, eggs for vitamin B12, and whole grains for vitamin B6. Vitamin D deficiency often occurs when most vitamin D does not come from food sources.
Chronic hepatitis is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases of the liver characterized by hepatocyte inflammation, necrosis and dystrophy while maintaining the lobular structure. More than 70% are asymptomatic. About 350-400 million people have chronic hepatitis B worldwide and around 180 million have hepatitis C. Treatment depends on the etiology and includes antiviral drugs and interferons with the goal of suppressing viral replication.
Chronic gastritis is a chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa that commonly results from infection by Helicobacter pylori in 90% of cases. Other causes include NSAID use, smoking, stress, and ischemia. H. pylori infection leads to increased acid secretion and damage to the gastric epithelium. Chronic gastritis is classified based on location and cause, and is usually asymptomatic, though pain, dyspepsia, and fatigue may occur. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and urease testing. Treatment focuses on H. pylori eradication therapy using antibiotic combinations for 10-14 days along with diet and lifestyle modifications. Complications include ulcers, gastric cancer, and
1. Acute pyelonephritis is a sudden, severe bacterial infection of the kidneys that commonly affects young women. It is caused by bacteria like E. coli traveling from the bladder to the kidneys.
2. Symptoms include fever over 102°F, flank pain, painful or frequent urination, and other urinary symptoms. Risk factors include female anatomy, kidney stones, diabetes, and other underlying conditions.
3. Diagnosis involves urine and blood tests showing white blood cells and bacteria. Imaging tests can confirm infection in the kidneys. Treatment consists of intravenous or oral antibiotics like ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for 5-14 days.
Chronic enteritis and colitis are inflammatory diseases of the small and large intestines respectively. Chronic enteritis is characterized by inflammation and damage to the small intestine mucosa, impairing digestion and absorption. It has many potential causes and can lead to diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss and malnutrition. Ulcerative colitis specifically affects the colon, and is thought to involve immune system dysfunction. It causes bloody diarrhea and general symptoms like fatigue. Treatment focuses on suppressing inflammation, improving intestinal function, and managing complications.
Mohit Rulaniya's topic discusses traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI occurs when an external force injures the brain and can be classified based on severity and whether it is an open or closed head injury. TBI can cause physical, cognitive, social, emotional and behavioral symptoms and outcomes can range from full recovery to permanent disability or death. Common causes of TBI include open head injuries from bullets or wounds, closed head injuries from falls or vehicle crashes, lack of oxygen, tumors, infections, strokes, and chemical or toxic exposures. Diagnosis of TBI may involve neurological exams, CT scans, MRIs, EEGs, X-rays, angiography, and SPECT or PET scans.
The female reproductive system produces a finite number of eggs during a woman's lifetime. During fetal development, millions of primordial follicles form in the ovaries, but many degenerate, leaving a few hundred thousand at birth and only 400 that will mature. Each month during a woman's reproductive years, hormones cause follicles to mature and eggs to be released through ovulation. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down and menstruation begins.
The excretory system removes excess and unnecessary materials from the body's fluids to maintain homeostasis. It consists of the kidneys, liver, bile, large intestine, skin, and sweat glands. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located between vertebrae T12-L3 that produce urine through filtering blood. Kidney tissue contains an outer cortex and inner medulla. Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidney, consisting of a renal corpuscle, renal tubule with proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule. The collecting tubule and duct drain urine from nephrons to the renal pelvis.
Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid gland that results in reduced thyroid hormone levels in the blood. It is a clinical syndrome that can be caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, radioactive iodine treatment, medications, thyroid surgery, or pituitary/hypothalamus disorders. Symptoms include fatigue, dry skin, constipation, depression, muscle weakness, and increased risk of heart problems. Diagnosis involves testing TSH and T4 hormone levels in blood tests and sometimes ultrasound. Treatment is through thyroid hormone supplementation using levothyroxine medication.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
2. Botulism History
• Germany (1793) earliest recorded human
outbreak
• Organism isolated in 1895
• Mortality rate of 5-50%; long recovery period
• Weaponized by several nations including the
U.S., Japan, and Soviet Union, beginning in the
1930’s
• Iraq (1980’s) produced 19,000 L of concentrated
botulism toxin
• Japan (1990’s) Aum Shinrikyo cult
3. What Makes Botulism Toxin a
Good Weapon?
• Botulism toxin is the most poisonous
substance known
• High lethality: 1 aerosolized gram could
potentially kill 1 million people
• Isolated fairly easily from soil
• Could be released as an aerosol or as a
contaminant in the food supply
• Expensive, long-term care needed for
recovery
4. Botulism Microbiology
• Toxin produced by the bacterium
Clostridium botulinum
• Anaerobic, gram positive, rod-
shaped bacteria
• Bacteria are 0.5 to 2.0 mcm in width
and 1.6 to 22.0 mcm in length
• Create spores that can remain
dormant for 30 years or more
• Spores extremely resistant to
environmental stressors, such as
heat and UV light
C. botulinum
5.
6. Clostridium botulinum
• 7 types of botulism A through G, based on the
antigenic properties of the toxin produced
– toxins A, B, E and F cause illness in humans
– toxins C and D cause illness in birds and
mammals
– toxin G
7. Categories of Botulism
• Foodborne botulism
– caused by eating foods that contain botulism
toxin
• Intestinal botulism (infant and child/adult)
– caused by ingesting spores of the bacteria
which germinate and produce toxin in the
intestines
• Wound botulism
– C. botulinum spores germinate in the wound
• Inhalation botulism
– Aerosolized toxin is inhaled
– does not occur naturally and may be indicative
of bioterrorism
8. Botulism Pathogenesis
• Incubation period
– ingestion: unknown
– foodborne: 6 hours-8 days
– wound: 4-14 days
– inhalation: (estimated) 24-36 hours
• Toxin enters bloodstream from mucosal surface or
wound
• Binds to peripheral cholinergic nerve endings
• Inhibits release of acetylcholine, preventing muscles
from contracting
• Symmetrical, descending paralysis occurs beginning
with cranial nerves and progressing downward
9. • Can result from airway obstruction or
paralysis of respiratory muscles
• Secondary complications related to
prolonged ventilatory support and
intensive care
Botulism Pathogenesis (cont.)
13. Possible Case of Botulism
• Call MDH immediately (24/7) at
612-676-5414 or 1-877-676-
5414 if a case of botulism is
suspected.
14. Botulism Clinical Treatment
• Antitoxin administration
• Supportive Care
– mechanical ventilation
– body positioning
– parenteral nutrition
• Elimination
– Induced vomiting
– High enemas
15.
16. Botulism Transmission
• Home-canned goods (foodborne)
– particularly low-acid foods such as
asparagus, beets, and corn
• Honey (ingestion)
– can contain C. botulinum spores
– not recommended for infants <12 months old
• Crush injuries, injection drug use (wound)
17.
18. Botulism Infection Control
• Botulism cannot be transmitted person-to-person
• Standard precautions should be taken when
caring for botulism patients
19. Botulism Laboratory Procedures
• Toxin neutralization mouse bioassay
– serum, stool, gastric aspirate,
suspect foods
• Isolation of C. botulinum or toxin
– feces, wound, tissue
20. Botulism Antitoxin
• Equine antitoxin
– Trivalent and bivalent antitoxins available
through the CDC
– Licensed trivalent antitoxin neutralizes type
A, B, and E botulism toxins
– Effective in the treatment of foodborne,
intestinal, and wound botulism
– Effectiveness for inhalation botulism has not
been proven
– Does not reverse current paralysis, but may
limit progression and prevent nerve damage
if administered early
21. Botulism Antitoxin (cont.)
• Hypersensitivity to equine antitoxin
– 9% of people experience some hypersensitivity
23. Botulism Vaccine
• A toxoid vaccine (antigen types A, B, C, D, and
E) is available for laboratory workers at high
risk of exposure
• Limited supplies of this vaccine available
24. Therapeutic Uses of Botulism Toxin
• Focal dystonias - involuntary, sustained, or spasmodic
patterned muscle activity
• Spasticity - velocity-dependent increase in muscle
tone
• Nondystonic disorders of involuntary muscle activity
• Strabismus (disorder of conjugate eye movement) and
nystagmus
• Disorders of localized muscle spasms and pain
• Smooth muscle hyperactive disorders
• Cosmetic use
• Sweating disorders
Editor's Notes
The first known outbreak of botulism occurred in Germany, 1793 caused by spoiled sausage, and consequently, the name botulism comes from the Latin word “botulus” meaning sausage. The organism which causes botulism, Clostridium botulinum, was first isolated in the late 19th century.
Botulism is a serious condition that can cause paralysis and death. Although the mortality rates for botulism have declined significantly in the 20th century (~50% to ~5%) it is still a life-threatening disease that requires intensive care and months of rehabilitation. The potential mortality rates of a bioterrorist attack of aerosolized botulism toxin are unknown but are estimated to be great.
The concept of using botulism toxin as a weapon is not new. Botulism toxin has been part of several nations’ weapons programs since the 1930’s, including the U.S., Japan, and the former Soviet Union. Iraq admitted to the UN in 1991 that it had produced 19,000 L of concentrated botulism toxin. If aerosolized, this amount would be sufficient to kill the entire human population 3x over. To date, a significant amount of this botulism toxin is not accounted for. The Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyō made at least three attempts to release aerosolized botulism toxin into the community.
References:
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism_g.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism_t.htmBotulism in the United States 1899-1996. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998. Park JB, Simpson LL. Inhalational poisoning by botulinum toxin and inhalation vaccination with its heavy-chain component. Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
Botulism: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/botulism/biofacts/botulismfactsheet.html#_Therapy_for_Botulism
Botulism toxin is an agent of concern for bioterrorism because it has the potential to cause high morbidity and mortality. It has been estimated that one aerosolized gram could kill 1 million people. Spores can be isolated from the soil, making the agent easily attainable. Botulism could be released into the food supply, where it would initially be difficult to differentiate a bioterrorism outbreak from a naturally occurring foodborne outbreak. Finally, the time and resources needed to care for large numbers of botulism patients as a result of a bioterrorism event would be staggering.
References:
Botulism: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/botulism/biofacts/botulismfactsheet.html#_Therapy_for_Botulism
Renee FR, and Milap CN. Management of Botulism. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 127–131.
Botulinum Toxin: Overview
http://www.emedicine.com/pmr/topic216.htm
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70.
Botulism toxin is produced by Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic, gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium. The size of bacteria range from 0.5 to 2.0 mcm in width and 1.6 to 22.0 mcm in length. C. botulinum are spore forming bacteria. The spores are the dormant form of the organism and can last many years, waiting for environmental conditions to become favorable for germination. The spores are extremely hearty and require temperatures greater than boiling to destroy.
References:
Botulism in the United States 1899-1996. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998.
Left to right: vegetative cells, lipase on egg-yolk agar, vegetative cells and spores
There are 7 types of botulism, distinguishable by the antigenic properties of the neurotoxin produced. Toxins A, B, E, and F are pathogenic to humans, although nearly all of human illness is caused by toxins A, B, and E. C and D cause illness in birds and other mammals, and toxin G is still under investigation for its pathogenesis.
References:
Botulism in the United States 1899-1996. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998.
Botulism: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/botulism/biofacts/botulismfactsheet.html#_Therapy_for_Botulism
There are three naturally occurring routes of botulism transmission. Foodborne, intestinal, and wound botulism. The fourth route of transmission, inhalation, does not occur naturally and could be indicative of a bioterrorist event.
The most commonly reported form of botulism is infant (intestinal) botulism. An average of 79 cases are reported in the U.S. annually. Infants &lt;12 months of age are particularly susceptible to C. botulinum spores because their digestive tracts are not fully developed and therefore not able to prevent the germination and subsequent toxin production in the intestines. Adults or children &gt;12 months rarely develop intestinal botulism, but may be more susceptible if they have pre-existing intestinal conditions.
Foodborne botulism occurs when food is contaminated with the botulism toxin and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. An average of 28 cases of foodborne botulism are reported in the U.S. annually. Outbreaks have been associated with a variety of foods such as garlic packed in oil, baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil, home-canned vegetables, jerky, and fermented fish.
Wound botulism occurs when C. botulinum spores infect and germinate in the wound, producing toxin which is absorbed into the bloodstream. Typically, there are very few cases of wound botulism reported each year in the U.S. However, the increased use of black tar heroin (which can contain C. botulinum spores) in California and other western states has resulted in increased cases of wound botulism.
There have only been 3 documented cases of human inhalation botulism, all of which occurred in West Germany in 1962 as the result of working with C. botulinum toxin in a laboratory.
References:
Botulism: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/botulism/biofacts/botulismfactsheet
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism_g.htm
The incubation period for botulism varies depending on amount of exposure and route of transmission. Incubation for ingestion botulism, for either infant or child/adult, is undeterminable because the date of spore ingestion is usually unknown. The incubation period for foodborne botulism can range from 6 hours to 8 days and 4-14 days for wound botulism. There have only been three documented cases of human inhalation botulism, all resulting from a laboratory accident. Incubation for inhalation botulism has been estimated from these cases and primate studies.
Botulism toxin enters the bloodstream via mucosal surface, such as the lungs or intestine, or wound. The toxin causes paralysis by binding to peripheral cholinergic nerve endings and inhibiting the release of acetylcholine, which prevents muscles from contracting. Botulism-related paralysis presents as symmetrical, descending progression from the cranial nerves downward.
References:
Botulism: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/botulism/biofacts/botulismfactsheet
Botulism in the United States, 1899-1996. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998.
Death from botulism usually occurs as a result of respiratory distress. Secondary infections from prolonged mechanical ventilation and intensive care may also be fatal.
References:
Botulism: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/botulism/biofacts/botulismfactsheet.html#_Therapy_for_Botulism
“Botulinum toxin is activated by proteolytic cleavage; the activated structure is a 150-kd polypeptide comprising two chains (a heavy chain [100 kd] and a light chain [50 kd]) that are connected by a single disulfide bond.
Botulinum toxin enters the circulation and is transported to the neuromuscular junction.
At the neuromuscular junction, the heavy chain of the toxin binds to the neuronal membrane on the presynaptic side of the peripheral synapse.
The toxin then enters the neuronal cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
The light chain of the toxin crosses the membrane of the endocytic vesicle and enters the cytoplasm.
Once inside the cytoplasm, the light chain of the toxin (which is a zinc-containing endopeptidase) cleaves some of the proteins that form the synaptic fusion complex. These proteins, referred to as SNARE proteins, include synaptobrevin (cleaved by toxin types B, D, F, and G), syntaxin (cleaved by toxin type C), and synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP-25; cleaved by toxin types A, C, E).
The synaptic fusion complex allows the synaptic vesicles (which contain acetylcholine) to fuse with the terminal membrane of the neuron. Disruption of the synaptic fusion complex prevents the vesicles from fusing with the membrane, which in turn prevents release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.
Without neuronal acetylcholine release, the affiliated muscle is unable to contract and becomes paralyzed.
The blockade of acetylcholine release lasts up to several months; normal functioning slowly resumes either through turnover of SNARE proteins within the cytoplasm or through production of new synapses. “
References:
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70.
Botulism: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/botulism/biofacts/botulismfactsheet.html#_Therapy_for_Botulism
Regardless of the route of transmission (foodborne, inhalation, wound, ingestion), the clinical presentation of botulism is similar. Classic symptoms of botulism poisoning include blurred or double vision, muscle weakness, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, and difficulty swallowing. Clinical signs of an infant with botulism include a weak cry, poor feeding, constipation, and “floppiness” due to poor muscle tone.
References:
Botulism in the United States, 1899-1996. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998.
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70.
These photographs were taken of a 17-yr old male with mild botulism poisoning. Figure A shows the patient at rest, while Figure B shows the patient giving his “maximum smile”. The dilated pupils, drooping eyelids, and lack of smile creases around the eyes are consistent with symptoms of botulism.
References:
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70.
Botulism is considered a medical emergency. All confirmed and suspected cases of botulism should be reported immediately to the Minnesota Department of Health. Minnesota public health officials will then contact CDC through the CDC Emergency Operations Center.
Once botulism is suspected, the antitoxin should be administered as quickly as possible. Almost all cases of confirmed botulism require hospitalization and supportive care. Because of the paralysis of respiratory muscles, botulism patients may require mechanical ventilation for weeks to months. Supportive body positioning may aid respiratory mechanism if patient is nonventilated. Nutrients administered intravenously (parenteral nutrition) may be necessary for severe cases of botulism.
For foodborne or ingestion botulism, elimination by induced vomiting or enemas may reduce the amount of toxin the patient is exposed to. This is not recommended for infants.
References:
Renee FR, and Milap CN. Management of Botulism. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 127–131.
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70.
Red Book, 26th Edition. 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease. American Acacdemy of Pediatrics.
Supportive body positioning for botulism patients.
References:
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70.
Canned food goods are a potential source of foodborne botulism if proper canning procedures are not adhered to. Particular care when canning alkaline (low-acid) foods needs to be taken due to the affinity of C. botulinum for such environments. Pressure cookers are recommended for most home-canning because they can reach higher temperatures than boiling, sufficiently killing any spores contaminating the food.
Although many cases of ingestion botulism are not associated with honey consumption, it is the only food identified as high risk for containing C. botulinum spores. Therefore, honey is not recommended for infants &lt;12 months old.
Wound botulism has been associated with injection drug use and traumatic injuries to the extremities, such as crush wounds.
References:
Botulism: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/botulism/biofacts/botulismfactsheet
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism_g.htm
Botulism in the United States, 1899-1996. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998.
Examples of sources of botulism. Honey (intestinal), canned goods (foodborne), black tar heroin (wound), and symbol representing potential bioterrorist attack (inhalation).
There is no secondary transmission of botulism, therefore standard precautions should be sufficient when caring for patients with botulism.
References:
Botulism in the United States, 1899-1996. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998.
The most sensitive laboratory procedure for the diagnosis of botulism is a toxin neutralization bioassay in mice. Botulism toxin can be extracted from serum, stool, gastric aspirate, or suspect food samples. The neutralized toxin is then injected into mice, which are then observed for signs of botulism. The bioassay procedure can take up to 4 days, so if clinical presentation indicates botulism, it is recommended to administer the antitoxin without waiting for results. It is also possible to diagnose botulism by demonstrating C. botulinum or its toxin in stool, wounds or tissue.
References:
Botulism in the United States, 1899-1996. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998.
Red Book, 26th Edition. 2003 Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease. American Acacdemy of Pediatrics.
A trivalent and bivalent equine antitoxins are available from the CDC via state or local health departments for treatment of botulism. The trivalent antitoxin neutralizes botulism toxin types A, B, and E which are the antigenic types most likely to cause illness in humans. The bivalent antitoxin neutralized botulism toxin types A and B. The effectiveness of the equine antitoxins to treat foodborne, intestinal, and wound botulism has been established. Their effectiveness to treat inhalation botulism is not known.
The antitoxin should be administered as early as possible once symptoms of botulism present. Current paralysis will not be reversed, but the progression of paralysis and nerve damage may be prevented with early administration.
References:
Renee FR, and Milap CN. Management of Botulism. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 127–131.
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70.
Botulism in the United States. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998.
Approximately 9% of persons treated experience hypersensitivity to the equine antitoxin. Few of these cases have severe hypersensitivity reactions.
Several conditions that affect the central nervous system are differential diagnoses for botulism. Some distinguishing features of these conditions can help to prevent misdiagnosis. Patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome, for example, tend to have ascending paralysis and/or a recent history of infection. Myasthenia gravis is associated with recurrent paralysis. Stroke victims often have asymmetrical paralysis. Tick paralysis is also ascending, and the tick may be found on the patient’s body. Lambert-Eaton syndrome is associated with lung carcinoma and increased strength with sustained contraction.
References:
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70.
Botulism in the United States. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998.
There is a vaccine for botulism that protects against type A, B, C, D, and E available for those at high risk of exposure. In the event of a bioterrorist attack of botulism toxin, however, reserves would quickly be depleted.
References:
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001 Feb 28;285(8):1059-70.
Botulism in the United States, 1899-1996. Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and Laboratory Workers. CDC National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases 1998.
Botulism toxin has numerous therapeutic uses including treatment for involuntary muscle disorders, migraine headaches, sweating disorders, and cosmetic uses. The dose needed for these treatments is a very small fraction of the human lethal dose, and there are minimal to no side effects.
References:
Botulinum Toxin: Overview
http://www.emedicine.com/pmr/topic216.htm