The document is a project report on water quality mapping using GIS in Gorakhpur City, India. It discusses collecting water samples from 30 locations, testing them for parameters like pH, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, and TDS. The data is then integrated with a spatial database and used to develop interactive water quality maps showing spatial variation of parameters and water quality classification within the district. The objectives are to study groundwater quality variation, integrate quality data with spatial data, develop interactive maps, and assess water suitability for drinking.
identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensingtp jayamohan
the identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensing.The study is conducted in the Muvattupuzha block.The various parameters used are geology,geomorphology,rainfall,soil type,etc.
The Presentation gives the overview of the process necessary for accomplishing the task for the preparation of Ground water movements and identification carried out by Rajiv gandhi national drinking water mission project.
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
•Initial (reconnaissance) assessment….
♦Basic knowledge of geological and environmental conditions
♦Review of previous investigation results
♦Measurements of water levels
♦Sampling & preliminary assessment of water quality
Ground Water Quality Monitoring Using Remote Sensing And GIS Nzar Braim
Slide 1 : Ground Water Quality Monitoring Using Remote Sensing And GIS .
Slide 2 : Introduction
Simply, we will talked about the quality of ground water, Water quality is a term
used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water,
usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose, as we know that Water
is the one of the main demands of daily life of humanity, and people utilizing water
for many purposes, Although scientific measurements are used to define a water's
quality. Because it's not a simple thing to say that 'this water is good or "this water
is bad, because the water may be perfectly good to wash a car but may not be good
enough for drinking water, so Its availability with good quality and adequate
amount is very important for human life. So Ground water is an important
source of water supply. That means we depending mainly on the ground water,
thus it may be includes some parameters such as (Chloride, Nitrate, Sodium,
Magnesium, Calcium, Fluoride electrical conductivity, and Total dissolved solid),
that not suitable for our purposes, and The availability of each parameter and its
amount depending on the nature of the district or region.
......
identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensingtp jayamohan
the identification of ground water potential zones using gis and remote sensing.The study is conducted in the Muvattupuzha block.The various parameters used are geology,geomorphology,rainfall,soil type,etc.
The Presentation gives the overview of the process necessary for accomplishing the task for the preparation of Ground water movements and identification carried out by Rajiv gandhi national drinking water mission project.
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
•Initial (reconnaissance) assessment….
♦Basic knowledge of geological and environmental conditions
♦Review of previous investigation results
♦Measurements of water levels
♦Sampling & preliminary assessment of water quality
Ground Water Quality Monitoring Using Remote Sensing And GIS Nzar Braim
Slide 1 : Ground Water Quality Monitoring Using Remote Sensing And GIS .
Slide 2 : Introduction
Simply, we will talked about the quality of ground water, Water quality is a term
used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water,
usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose, as we know that Water
is the one of the main demands of daily life of humanity, and people utilizing water
for many purposes, Although scientific measurements are used to define a water's
quality. Because it's not a simple thing to say that 'this water is good or "this water
is bad, because the water may be perfectly good to wash a car but may not be good
enough for drinking water, so Its availability with good quality and adequate
amount is very important for human life. So Ground water is an important
source of water supply. That means we depending mainly on the ground water,
thus it may be includes some parameters such as (Chloride, Nitrate, Sodium,
Magnesium, Calcium, Fluoride electrical conductivity, and Total dissolved solid),
that not suitable for our purposes, and The availability of each parameter and its
amount depending on the nature of the district or region.
......
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS systemPavan Grandhi
To analyze systematically for physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Generate Ground Water Quality Map based in Jnanabharathi ward no.129, Bangalore, Karnataka state, India
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Use of different flood causing elements like rainfall distribution, elevation, drainage network and density, land use and land cover, and
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The index developed is shown with a varying range from high to low with changing colours.
It is a presentation made on the actual work done on site for the selection of construction site for the dam,it can be used as well for other site suitability.
Definition of drought, Causes of drought, measures for water conservation and
augmentation, drought contingency planning. Water harvesting: rainwater
collection, small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff collection, ponds, tanks.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS systemPavan Grandhi
To analyze systematically for physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Generate Ground Water Quality Map based in Jnanabharathi ward no.129, Bangalore, Karnataka state, India
Aims at providing expertise for preparing flood mapping and estimating flood risks.
An integrated AHP and GIS analysis techniques are utilized for the case of Gujarat state.
Use of different flood causing elements like rainfall distribution, elevation, drainage network and density, land use and land cover, and
distance from the river stream.
The index developed is shown with a varying range from high to low with changing colours.
It is a presentation made on the actual work done on site for the selection of construction site for the dam,it can be used as well for other site suitability.
Definition of drought, Causes of drought, measures for water conservation and
augmentation, drought contingency planning. Water harvesting: rainwater
collection, small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff collection, ponds, tanks.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
study of ground water quality of raichur in industrial zone in concernIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper gives the information of the groundwater quality of Raichur industrial area. Different areas were selected for the study and comparison. The parameters studied were temperature, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, total dissolved solids and conductivity. It was observed that there was a minor fluctuation in the physico-chemical parameters among the water samples studied from overall analysis. The groundwater is highly contaminated and account for health hazards for human use from the Comparison of the physico-chemical parameters of the water sample with WHO and ICMR limits.
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VAIPPAR BASIN, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GEOI...SagarChougule11
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Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on var...ijtsrd
Kolhapur city is one of the major cities in Maharashtra and well source of water bodies available in the western region of Maharashtra. But still facing the water scarcity in summer days due to the polluted water is unfit to use. Kolhapur district and city have major problems with water quality. Some of the parts of district blessed with River or lakes but due to human activities pollute the surface water sources. Groundwater table lowering day by day pass or contaminated due to industrial activities. So basically, it is not fit for drinking and for also irrigation purpose. This review paper is to analyze the groundwater and also surface water physicochemical parameter analysis and potential of calculating parameters and remedies the effect of pollution activities. A. A. Adsule | Dr. G. S. Kulkarni"Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on various Physico-Chemical Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12899.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environmental-engineering/12899/comparative-analysis-of-ground-water-and-surface-water-of-kolhapur-based-on-various-physico-chemical-parameters/a-a-adsule
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1. 1
A PROJECT REPORT
ON
WATER QUALITY MAPPING BY USING GIS IN GORAKHPUR
CITY (U.P.)
For the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
SUBMITTED BY:
VIMLESH KUMAR VERMA (130110054)
SAURABH KUMAR (130110040)
KRISHNA KUMAR (130110022)
BRIJ MOHAN SINGH (130110012)
PAWAN KUMAR PANDAY (130110032)
RISHABH KATIYAR (130110038)
Head of Department: Guided By:
Dr. S.M. Ali Jawaid Dr. R. K. Shukla
Professor Associate Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
GORAKHPUR (U.P.) – INDIA
2. 2
ACKNOWLEGEDMENT
It gives us immense pleasure to present the report of the Final year
Project being undertaken by our group. We would like to thank our Project
Mentor, Associate Professor Dr. R.K. Shukla, Department of Civil Engineering,
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur for his constant
support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity,
thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for
us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day.
We also take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Prof. S.M. Ali
Jawaid, Head of Department of Civil Engineering,Madan Mohan Malaviya
University of Technology Gorakhpur for his full support and assistance during
the development of the project.
VIMLESH KUMAR VERMA (130110054)
SAURABH KUMAR (130110040)
KRISHNA KUMAR (130110022)
BRIJ MOHAN SINGH (130110012)
PAWAN KUMAR PANDAY (130110032)
RISHABH KATIYAR (130110038)
3. 3
CONTENT
SR.
NO.
TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 4
2 NECESSITY OF WATER QUALITY MAPPING 5
3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 5
4 WATER QUALITY CHARACTERTICS
4.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERSTICS
4.2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERSTICS
4.3 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERSTICS
5
5 CHEMICAL CHARACTERSTICS
5.1 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
5.2 pH
5.3 ALKALINITY
5.4 HARDNESS
5.5 CHLORIDE CONTENT
6 -7
6 CODAL PROVISION FOR PARAMETERS 7-8
7 TESTING AND DATA COLLECTION
7.1 STUDY AREA
7.2 PROCEDURE FOR TESTING
7.3 COLLECTION OF GROUND WATER SAMPLES
8-11
8 WATER QUALITY MAPPING BY USING QGIS 12
9 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 13
10 WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WQI 14
11 CONCLUSION 14
12 REFERENCES 14
4. 4
1. INTRODUCTION
Ground water is an essential and vital component of our life support system. Water is not
only one of the most essential commodities of our day-to-day life, but the development of this
natural resource also plays a crucial role in economic and social development processes.
Thus, the availability of surface and ground water governs the process of planning &
development. The surface water resources are inadequate to fulfill the water demand.
Productivity through groundwater is quite high as compared to surface water, but
groundwater resources have not yet been properly developed through exploration. Keeping
this in view, the present study attempts to select suitable locations for groundwater areas
using an integrated approach of GIS (Geographic Information System). These locations were
entered into GIS as point coverage through digitization and transformed into geographical
coordinate systems. These points were used as input in interpolation process. Each point
location was assigned a unique code in their feature attribute table. The ground water as well
soil and corresponding chemical data (pH, chloride concentration and alkalinity) for each
point is entered as separate database. This associated information is linked to the
corresponding point data through a common field (sampling code) for the approximation.
Quantum GIS software with spatial extension module was used for interpolation.
Inconsistency and unequal availability of surface water leads to the search for ground water.
Ground water is profoundly utilized in irrigation, industries and for domestic purposes.
Therefore, the quality of ground water is equally important as its quantity. The present study
makes use of geo-spatial technology in mapping the spatial variability of ground water
quality. Ground water samples were collected from 30 point sources randomly distributed in
Gorakhpur, U.P . The major water quality parameters such as pH, Alkalinity, Total Dissolved
Solids, Total hardness, Chloride, have been estimated for all the sampling locations. The
spatial variation maps of these ground water quality parameters were generated. The final
map shows the different classes of ground water quality within the district. Growth of
population, rapid urbanization and increasing uses in domestic and agricultural sectors
necessitate the demand for good quality of water supply. One of the most vital natural
resources and easily accessible source of fresh water is ground water. Therefore, finding the
potential areas, monitoring and conserving ground water have become extremely important at
the present moment. One of the most vital natural resources and easily accessible source of
fresh water is ground water. Therefore, finding the potential areas, monitoring and conserving
ground water have become extremely important at the present moment.
5. 5
2. NECESSITY OF WATER QUALITY MAPPING
The health concerns associated with drinking polluted water make water quality a primary
concern. This project explores how maps can support water quality management as part of a
common project between water management organizations. It is helpful in knowing the
current state of water quality and its evolution is necessary in determining policies for the
improvement of quality, uses, and supervision of the testing process.
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
1) To study the variation of ground water quality in Gorakhpur city.
2) To integrate the water quality data with the spatial database.
3) To develop an interactive water quality map.
4) To assess the suitability of ground water for drinking purposes.
4. WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
The standard IS: 10500-2012 prescribes the requirements for the essential and desirable
characteristics required to be tested for ascertaining the suitability of water for drinking
purpose. It includes-
Physical properties of water quality include suspended solids, temperature, taste and odour,
color and turbidity.
Chemical characteristics involve parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids, alkalinity,
total hardness and chloride concentration.
Bacteriological characteristics- most probable number of coliform bacteria i.e. MPN value
6. 6
5. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
5.1 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
Material remaining in water after filtration for the suspended solids analysis is
considered to be dissolved.
Dissolved substances may be organic or inorganic in nature.
Inorganic substances which may be dissolved in water may include minerals, metals
and gases.
Organic dissolved constituents of water results from decay products of vegetation,
from organic chemicals and from organic gases.
Many dissolved solids are undesirable because they may produce aesthetically
displeasing color, taste and odour or may be toxic or carcinogenic.
Some dissolved substances are desirable in water because distilled water has a flat
test. Total dissolved solids can be measured by evaporating to dryness a sample of
water which has been filtered to remove the suspended solids and expressed in
mg/L.
Certain amount of TDS is essential for our body .For eg : Zinc is necessary for
calcium to work in our body through drinking water.
But if TDS is present in excess amount it causes Gaestro-Intestinal Irritation.
5.2 pH
The pH value of water indicates the logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion
concentration present in water.
It is thus in indicator of the acidity or the alkalinity of water.
Since the pH is the log of reciprocal of H+ , the higher value of pH means lower
hydrogen ion concentration and thus represent alkaline solution whereas the lower
value of pH means higher hydrogen ion concentration representing acidic solution.
The pH value of water can be measured quickly and automatically with the help of
a potentiometer which measures the electrical potential exerted by hydrogen ions
and thus indicating their concentration.
It can also be measured with the help of colour indicators which are added to the
water and the colour produced is compared with the standard colours of known pH
values.
It has a very strong influence on water treatment.
Certain microorganisms survive in certain pH range but die in other,hence the
existence of microorganisms is influenced by pH.
7. 7
5.3 ALKALINITY
Alkalinity is defined as the quantity of ions in water that will react to neutralise
hydrogen ions. Constituent of alkalinity may include CO3- - ,HCO3 - , OH- ,
HSiO3 - , HPO4 2- , H2PO4 - , HS- and NH3 .
Most common constituents of alkalinity are carbonate , bicarbonate and hydroxide
ions.
Alkalinity imparts a bitter taste to water.
The reactions between alkalinity and certain cations in water results precipitate that
can foul pipes and other water system appurtenances.
Alkalinity measurements are made by titrating with 0.02 N H2SO4 and resultant
alkalinity is expressed as mg/L of CaCO3 .
5.4 HARDNESS
Hardness is defined as the concentration of multi-valent metallic cations in water
(mainly the bivalent metallic cations)..
Hardness is classified as carbonate hardness and noncarbonate hardness depending
upon the anion with which it associates.
The hardness that is equivalent to alkalinity is termed as carbonate hardness with
any remaining hardness being called non-carbonate hardness.
Magnesium hardness particularly associated with sulphate ion have a laxative
effect on person unaccustomed to it.
Magnesium concentration of less than 50 mg/ L of desirable in potable water.
Hardness is good for cardiovascular health if not present in excess quantity.
It is the characteristic of water which prevents the formation of sufficient lather or
foam.
5.5 CHLORIDE CONTENT
According to BIS guidelines the permissible limit of chloride concentration is (250-
1000 mg/l).
6. CODAL PROVISION FOR PARAMETERS
S.NO PARAMETERS DESIRABLE LIMIT PERMISSIBLE LIMIT IN
ABSENCE OF
ALTERNATE SOURCES
1 pH 6.5-8.5 No Relaxation
2 TOTAL HARDNESS
(as CaCO3) mg/L, Max
200 600
8. 8
3 CHLORIDE (as Cl)
mg/L, Max
250 1000
4 TOTAL DISSOLVED
SOLIDS mg/L , Max
500 2000
5 TOTAL ALKALINITY as
calcium carbonate mg/L ,
Max
200 600
7. TESTING AND DATA COLLECTION
7.1 STUDY AREA
Gorakhpur is situated 26º45’ north latitude and 83 º 22’ east longitudes, in Tarai belt of
river Rapti and Rohni. It is situated in the eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India,
near the border with Nepal. The location of the city is very important strategic being located
quite near to Indo-Nepal Border and very well connected by Railway. Gorakhpur city is
located 265 km last of the state capital Lucknow on national highway-28. It is the principal
town of eastern Uttar Pradesh having a population nearly 6, 71,048 lakhs (Census 2011).
Fig1
9. 9
7.2 PROCEDURES FOR TESTING
7.2.1 pH
Take 10 ml of sample in a test tube and add two drops of universal indicator to it.
A color will be obtained .
Compare the color with the color standards on the bottle ,select the color nearest to
the sample ,note the pH reading.
7.2.2 Total dissolved solids
Weigh the empty crucible.
Place the sample in crucible ,evaporate it to dryness in the oven in 103°C – 105°C.
Weigh and note the increase in mass.
Total solids(mg/l) = (weight of crucible with residue- weight of empty crucible )X
1000/ml of sample
7.2.3 Alkalinity
Take 100 ml of sample in a conical flask.
Add one drop of Methyl Orange indicator in the sample
Titrate with N/50, H2SO4. Note the first change in color from yellow to orange.
Record the ml of N/50, H2SO4 used.
Total Alkalinity (CaCO3)mg/L = ml N/50 H2SO4 used * 1000 /ml sample
7.2.4 Hardness
Take 100 ml of sample in a conical flask.
Add 1.0 ml of ammonia buffer solution and 3 drops of erichrome black T-indicator.
Titrate with standard EDTA solution till color changes from wine red to blue
Take a known quantity of sample and boil it for a sufficiently long period, cool and
filter.
Repeat the above procedure. Note the ml. of EDTA solution used.
Hardness(CaCO3)mg/L = ml of EDTA used(unboiled sample)*1000/ml sample
10. 10
7.2.5 Chloride
Take 100 ml of sample in two conical flasks.
Add to both 1 drops of potassium chromate indicator.
Titrate with standrad N/35.5 AgNO3 solution in one and compare with other to
distinguish change from yellow to brick red.
Note the amount of titrant used.
Chloride as Cl- =ml of Agno3 used for sample*1000/ ml. of sample.
7.3 COLLECTION OF GROUND WATER SAMPLES:
Our Study area is Gorakhpur. In which we have collected water samples from 30 locations
along with their latitude and longitude within the region. The latitude and longitude is taken
by GPS. We have collected the samples and thereby tested them in laboratory.
Sample
No.
Latitude Longitude pH Alkalinity Hardness Chloride TDS WQI
1 26.729366 83.431376 7.5 120 158 62 130 29.6045
2 26.726854 83.433025 6.5 122 223 171 530 43.3626
3 26.725367 83.434000 7.3 150 340 148 840 560278
4 26.731377 83.430386 7.5 205 214 54 270 38.2348
5 26.731464 83.427839 8.0 196 205 58 530 44.8702
6 26.733596 83.430599 7.5 191 250 190 550 51.2870
7 26.743083 83.419968 7.5 115 145 44 758 43.4012
8 26.745585 83.415553 7.5 195 127 52 250 34.5905
9 26.747155 83.414166 7.0 247 272 157 900 59.8834
10 26.738957 83.425091 7.5 149 313 97 600 48.1730
12. 12
8. WATER QUALITY MAPPING BY QGIS
QGIS (previously known as Quantum GIS) is a cross-platform free and open-source
desktop geographic information system (GIS) application that provides data viewing,
editing, and analysis.
FUNCTIONALITY:
Similar to other software GIS systems, QGIS allows users to create maps with many layers
using different map projections. Maps can be assembled in different formats and for
different uses. QGIS allows maps to be composed of raster or vector layers. Typical for this
kind of software, the vector data is stored as point, line, or polygon-feature. Different kinds
of raster images are supported and the software can georeference images.
PROCEDURE FOR MAPPING:
Make the CSV file of all the points in Excel from where sample is collected.
Now open the QGIS 2.16.2 software.
Select new project and add shapefile of India.
Now select add delimited text layer and open the file.
Choose X and Y coordinate as latitude and longitude and click OK.
Now the points are plotted on map.
Fig 2
13. 13
9. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Each of the groundwater samples were analyzed for various parameters such as pH, total
hardness, chloride content, alkalinity, TDS etc.
Computing Water Quality Index (WQI) of groundwater, three steps:
Step 1: Each of the selected parameters has been assigned weight according to its relative
importance in the overall quality of water for drinking purposes. The maximum weight of
five has been assigned to the parameter nitrate due to its major importance in water quality
assessment. Magnesium which is given the minimum weight of two as magnesium by itself
may not be harmful.
Step 2: The relative weight is computed
Wi = wi /∑ wi
Where, Wi is a relative weight and wi is the weight of each parameter and n is the number
of parameter.
Parameter Weight of each parameter wi Relative weight Wi
pH 4 .1212121
Total dissolved solids 4 .1212121
Hardness 2 .0606061
Alkalinity 3 .0909091
Chloride content 3 .0909091
Fluoride 4 .1212121
Sulphate 4 .1212121
Nitrate 5 .1515152
Calcium 2 .0606061
Magnesium 2 .0606061
33
Step 3: A quality rating scale (qi) for each parameter is assigned
qi= (Ci/Si)*100
14. 14
Where qi is quality of rating,
Ci is the concentration of each chemical parameter in each water sample in mg/l, and Si is the
Indian drinking water standard for each chemical parameter in mg/l according to the
guidelines of the BIS 10500, 2012.
For computing the WQI, the Si is first determined for each chemical parameter, which is then
used to determine the WQI as per the following equations.
SIi = Wi*qi
WQI = ∑SIi
SIi is the subindex of ith parameter.
qi is the rating based on concentration of ith parameter.
n is the no of parameters.
10. WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WQI
WQI VALUE WATER QUALITY
<50 Excellent
50-100 Good Water
100-200 Poor Water
200-300 Very Poor Water
>300 Water Unsuitable For Drinking
11. CONCLUSION
On the basis of different experimental data of samples of different regions of Gorakhpur city
and GPS co-ordinates, we will plot the map of water quality with the help of Quantum GIS.
Those parameters which lie within permissible limit are having better water quality.
12. REFERENCES
Burrough, P.A., R.A. McDonnell (1998), Principles of Geographical Information
Systems, Oxford
Drinking water specifications IS 10500:2012
Water Supply Engineering by S.K. Garg