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This document presents a study on the estimation of chlorine in water samples using electroanalytical and volumetric techniques. Water samples were collected from different depths and their chlorine content was analyzed using potentiometry and volumetry. Both methods were found to be simple and less time consuming, but electroanalytical techniques provided more accurate and reproducible results. Specifically, potentiometric titration using a chloride ion-selective electrode was able to detect the endpoint more precisely compared to direct titration using an indicator. Therefore, the study concludes that electroanalytical methods are better for analyzing chloride ions in water.
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This document describes the design and fabrication of a micro-respirometer to measure the short-term respiratory quotient (RQ) of wastewater samples. The researchers developed a low-cost respirometer using locally available materials to determine oxygen consumption rate, carbon dioxide evolution rate, and RQ of wastewater samples. They tested wastewater samples from various sources covering a range of chemical oxygen demand levels. Samples from a pharmaceutical industry showed the highest carbon dioxide evolution rate and RQ above one. A mixed wastewater sample showed the highest RQ for low-range samples. The respirometer allows wastewater treatment plant operators to assess influent wastewater characteristics to inform plant operation.
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The document describes a study that used flame photometry to analyze water samples from the Darna and Godavari Rivers in India to determine sodium and potassium ion concentrations, finding sodium levels of 26 ppm and 58 ppm and potassium levels of 8 ppm and 14 ppm in the two samples, with the goal of monitoring element levels and impacts on the local environment and food chain. Standard calibration curves were generated and used to determine ion concentrations in the river water samples based on emission intensities.
An Overview of Phenomenon of BOD and CODIRJET Journal
The document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), which are common methods for measuring water quality. BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material in water over 5 days. COD measures the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic compounds in water, providing a faster analysis than BOD. Both BOD and COD are important for assessing the organic pollution load of wastewater and the efficiency of treatment plants. While COD correlates well with BOD, it does not distinguish between biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter. Real-time monitoring of BOD and COD can provide information on pollutant
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This document summarizes research on developing eco-friendly sugar polymer-based toilet cleaners. Sugar, citric acid, and oxalic acid were used to synthesize polymers, which were then analyzed for characteristics. Sample S2 was selected for formulation based on acid value, viscosity, and other properties. Toilet cleaner samples containing 58-60% sugar polymer and other ingredients like SLES and borax were prepared and found to clean as well as or better than a commercial cleaner. Sample T3 is recommended for large-scale production due to its quick, complete cleaning and ability to provide shine to toilets. The research demonstrates the potential to replace corrosive hydrochloric acid in cleaners with sugar-based polymers
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of water chemistry on the dissolution of lead carbonate in drinking water distribution systems. Specifically, it investigated the effects of pH (7.0-9.5), temperature (5°C vs 20°C), and alkalinity (moderate vs low) on the dissolution of hydrocerussite and cerussite in batch experiments. The results showed that pH did not significantly impact dissolution from 7.0-9.5. Cold temperature (5°C) and moderate alkalinity decreased the solubility of lead species, which was unexpected. The purpose was to better understand how water chemistry affects the stability of lead corrosion scales and the release of lead into drinking water.
Fruit Seeds as Potential Coagulants in Water PurgationIRJET Journal
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
this presentation showsChemical oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) which is the amount of oxygen required for reacting with the organic (harmful) matter present in waste water, both soluble or insoluble (suspended) matters, producing CO2 and H2O. In this experiment, organic compounds are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by a boiling acid dichromate solution
Materials
Waste water sample.
Distilled water.
Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7).
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Silver sulfate (Ag2SO4).
Mercuric sulfate (HgSO4).
and procedures
Take a sample of waste water (2.5 ml) in a standard test tube.
Add K2Cr2O7 (1.5 ml) to the above sample.
Add 3.5 ml of a solution containing H2SO4, Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to the above mixture. This solution is known as "digestion solution" which is prepared by adding Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to 1 kg of H2SO4.
Repeat the above procedure with a sample of distilled water (2.5 ml) in another test tube.
Heat the two test tubes in the reactor for 2 hrs. at a temperature of 150 ºC and after that leave them to cool.
Use the spectrophotometer to detect the COD (in mg/lit.) value for the waste water sample.
some notes
K2Cr2O7 is used as an oxidizing agent (source of oxygen needed to react with organic matters).
H2SO4 is a digesting agent which helps in decomposing the organic matters to be easily reacted with oxygen.
Ag2SO4 is used to reduce the volatility of the organic matters exist in the waste water sample and keep them in liquid phase. If those matters vaporized, the measured value of COD will be incorrect.
HgSO4 is used to avoid oxidation of 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− if it exists in wastewater as salt. This will lead to high misleading value of COD since 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 into Cl2.
The distilled water sample is used as a blank sample which allows the calibration of the spectrophotometer. The COD value for this sample is zero.
also shows Biological oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) is the amount of oxygen required to be used up by bacteria so as to decompose the waste matters in a liter of wastewater. This test may need at least 3 months to be finished: the standard test defines it as BOD5 as it is performed within 5 days only. During those 5 days, about 70 – 80% of degradation is achieved.
In the COD test we completely oxidize the wastes, whether biodegradable (i.e. can be decomposed by bacteria) or non – biodegradable.
In the BOD test we oxidize the biodegradable wastes only.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of inhibitors or toxic substances. Measurements can only be carried out after the sample has been diluted with dilution water that contains a sufficient amount of nutrients and microorganisms in order to reduce the interfering substances to an acceptable level.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of CO
Abstract: Water is crucial factor in our life. It is one of fundamental needs of human being. As far as our health is concerned the water should be fit for drinking, it should not contain any undesirable substances rendering it unfit for drinking and domestic use. For such water we have to depend on sources of water such as river, lake , well etc. but to make it upto the standards of drinking water it should be treated1. In big cities municipal corporation supplies water to the people after treating it in treatment plant. In pimpri & chinchwad city PCMC treats and supplies water to city. Corporation divided city in 46 sectors to distribute water. Samples were collected from each of these sectors and conducted various tests such as hardness test, chloride content test, etc. To examine the contamination of water at tap sources. In this study it was found that the water is pure up to all standards except residual chlorine in certain sectors. So it is concluded that what care should be taken for distribution to such sectors. Keywords: pH Test, Alkalinity Test, Chloride Test, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness Test, Residual Chlorine Content.
General Characteristic of Wastewater and Effectiveness of Existing Treatment ...Indrajith Udaya Kumara
This study analyzed the effectiveness of wastewater treatment methods at hospitals in Uva Province, Sri Lanka. Samples were taken from the Badulla Provincial General Hospital treatment plant and various discharge points at the Bibile Base Hospital. Testing found that most water quality parameters at both hospitals exceeded national standards. The existing trickling filter plant at Badulla Hospital achieved only moderate reductions in BOD, COD and TSS, indicating it is not adequately treating the wastewater. Untreated wastewater from Bibile Hospital posed environmental risks. Upgrades to Badulla Hospital's treatment and a new plant for Bibile Hospital were recommended to improve wastewater management and protect the environment.
Neutralization of Acidic Effluent from Sugar Mill using Sodium Hydroxide FlakesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the use of sodium hydroxide flakes to neutralize acidic effluent from a sugar mill. The experiment was conducted using a jar test to determine the effects on various water quality parameters. Sodium hydroxide was able to raise the pH of the effluent to 7.5 using just 0.20 mg/L, which is lower than amounts required for other alkalis. After treatment, the effluent saw reductions in TDS, TSS, TS, COD, and BOD within permissible limits, with removal efficiencies of 82-98% for these parameters. The results indicate sodium hydroxide is effective at neutralizing sugar mill effluent and improving
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This document analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of underground water samples from selected areas of Satna District in Madhya Pradesh, India. Water samples were collected from 9 locations and tested for various parameters including temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, TDS, EC, DO, BOD, and COD. The results found that most parameters were within permissible limits but the water quality was not suitable for drinking due to higher levels of certain parameters. While the water quality needs improvement, most parameters met groundwater quality standards. The analysis helps communicate the current water quality to citizens and policymakers.
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This document presents the results of an experimental study analyzing leachate from a landfill in Kodungaiyur, India. Testing found the leachate had high levels of pollutants like BOD, COD, and heavy metals. The study then treated the leachate using pine bark as a natural coagulant in a shaking incubator. Treatment with pine bark significantly reduced pollutant levels, with a 90% reduction in COD. The document concludes pine bark is effective at treating leachate and reducing its environmental impacts.
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1. The document describes a system for desalination and water monitoring using a compact box that can fit in small spaces like homes or boats.
2. The system works by evaporating seawater using a boiler and condenser, then filtering it through a resin bed and filters to remove impurities before testing the water quality with sensors.
3. The water quality is monitored in real time using a turbidity sensor and pH sensor connected to an Arduino board. If the turbidity is below 4 NTU and pH is 7, then the water is considered safe for drinking.
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This document describes an experimental study on treating landfill leachate concentrate by coagulation. The document includes sections on materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusion. For the materials and methods, it describes the experimental apparatus including a jar tester and centrifuge. It also describes the leachate sample from a landfill in Germany and the coagulants tested - ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate, and ferrous sulfate. The experimental procedure involves jar testing to mix the coagulants into the leachate at different dosages and pH levels, followed by centrifugation and analysis of total organic carbon (TOC) removal.
This document describes an environmental engineering laboratory course on water and wastewater characterization. The course objectives are to familiarize students with procedures to quantify quality parameters of water and sewage. It lists 14 required experiments involving sampling methods, and determination of parameters like pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, and BOD/COD. The document also provides the list of required equipment, references, and procedures for individual experiments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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This document summarizes a study on treating dairy wastewater using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The study tested treating dairy wastewater from a dairy plant in India using a UASB reactor over various hydraulic retention times. Key findings include:
1) The UASB reactor was able to remove up to 78% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) at a hydraulic retention time of 43 days and organic loading rate of 2.5 g/L/day.
2) Both COD removal and biogas production increased as hydraulic retention time increased. Maximum biogas production of 350mL was observed at 43 days.
3) Parameters like pH, sulfates
11.treatability studies of dairy wastewater by upflow anaerobic sludge blanke...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on treating dairy wastewater using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The study tested treating dairy wastewater from a dairy plant in India using a UASB reactor over varying hydraulic retention times. Key findings include:
- The UASB reactor effectively removed biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and other parameters, achieving a maximum 78% COD removal rate.
- Both COD removal efficiency and biogas production increased as hydraulic retention time increased, up to 43 days when gas collection was highest.
- Parameters like temperature, pH, microbial populations and ammonia levels affected reactor performance.
- The UASB reactor is
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This study evaluated the effectiveness of natural coagulants from fruit seeds to reduce turbidity in water samples. Papaya, watermelon, jackfruit, and pumpkin seed powders were tested at different dosages using a jar test apparatus. Papaya seed powder achieved the highest turbidity removal rate of 88% at a dosage of 0.8g/l, reducing turbidity from 25 NTU to 3 NTU. Watermelon seed powder achieved 84.8% removal at 0.6g/l, jackfruit was 76% at 0.6g/l, and pumpkin was 80% at 0.6g/l. Papaya seed powder was the most effective natural coagulant for turbidity reduction according
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
this presentation showsChemical oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) which is the amount of oxygen required for reacting with the organic (harmful) matter present in waste water, both soluble or insoluble (suspended) matters, producing CO2 and H2O. In this experiment, organic compounds are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by a boiling acid dichromate solution
Materials
Waste water sample.
Distilled water.
Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7).
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Silver sulfate (Ag2SO4).
Mercuric sulfate (HgSO4).
and procedures
Take a sample of waste water (2.5 ml) in a standard test tube.
Add K2Cr2O7 (1.5 ml) to the above sample.
Add 3.5 ml of a solution containing H2SO4, Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to the above mixture. This solution is known as "digestion solution" which is prepared by adding Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to 1 kg of H2SO4.
Repeat the above procedure with a sample of distilled water (2.5 ml) in another test tube.
Heat the two test tubes in the reactor for 2 hrs. at a temperature of 150 ºC and after that leave them to cool.
Use the spectrophotometer to detect the COD (in mg/lit.) value for the waste water sample.
some notes
K2Cr2O7 is used as an oxidizing agent (source of oxygen needed to react with organic matters).
H2SO4 is a digesting agent which helps in decomposing the organic matters to be easily reacted with oxygen.
Ag2SO4 is used to reduce the volatility of the organic matters exist in the waste water sample and keep them in liquid phase. If those matters vaporized, the measured value of COD will be incorrect.
HgSO4 is used to avoid oxidation of 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− if it exists in wastewater as salt. This will lead to high misleading value of COD since 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 into Cl2.
The distilled water sample is used as a blank sample which allows the calibration of the spectrophotometer. The COD value for this sample is zero.
also shows Biological oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) is the amount of oxygen required to be used up by bacteria so as to decompose the waste matters in a liter of wastewater. This test may need at least 3 months to be finished: the standard test defines it as BOD5 as it is performed within 5 days only. During those 5 days, about 70 – 80% of degradation is achieved.
In the COD test we completely oxidize the wastes, whether biodegradable (i.e. can be decomposed by bacteria) or non – biodegradable.
In the BOD test we oxidize the biodegradable wastes only.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of inhibitors or toxic substances. Measurements can only be carried out after the sample has been diluted with dilution water that contains a sufficient amount of nutrients and microorganisms in order to reduce the interfering substances to an acceptable level.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of CO
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General Characteristic of Wastewater and Effectiveness of Existing Treatment ...Indrajith Udaya Kumara
This study analyzed the effectiveness of wastewater treatment methods at hospitals in Uva Province, Sri Lanka. Samples were taken from the Badulla Provincial General Hospital treatment plant and various discharge points at the Bibile Base Hospital. Testing found that most water quality parameters at both hospitals exceeded national standards. The existing trickling filter plant at Badulla Hospital achieved only moderate reductions in BOD, COD and TSS, indicating it is not adequately treating the wastewater. Untreated wastewater from Bibile Hospital posed environmental risks. Upgrades to Badulla Hospital's treatment and a new plant for Bibile Hospital were recommended to improve wastewater management and protect the environment.
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This document analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of underground water samples from selected areas of Satna District in Madhya Pradesh, India. Water samples were collected from 9 locations and tested for various parameters including temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, TDS, EC, DO, BOD, and COD. The results found that most parameters were within permissible limits but the water quality was not suitable for drinking due to higher levels of certain parameters. While the water quality needs improvement, most parameters met groundwater quality standards. The analysis helps communicate the current water quality to citizens and policymakers.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Impact of LeachateIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study analyzing leachate from a landfill in Kodungaiyur, India. Testing found the leachate had a pH of 6.65, high conductivity, BOD of 295.5 mg/l, COD of 5280 mg/l, and elevated levels of various chemicals. The study then treated the leachate using a natural coagulant, pine bark. After optimization of the pine bark dosage and treatment time of 1 hour, COD was reduced by 90% from 5280 mg/l to 520 mg/l, showing pine bark to be an effective and economical treatment method. The conclusions determined the natural coagulant pine bark successfully removed COD
IRJET- Experimental Study on Impact of LeachateIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study analyzing leachate from a landfill in Kodungaiyur, India. Testing found the leachate had high levels of pollutants like BOD, COD, and heavy metals. The study then treated the leachate using pine bark as a natural coagulant in a shaking incubator. Treatment with pine bark significantly reduced pollutant levels, with a 90% reduction in COD. The document concludes pine bark is effective at treating leachate and reducing its environmental impacts.
Design of Algal Photo Bioreactor Using Recycled PET BottlesIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that designed an algal photo bioreactor using recycled PET bottles to cultivate algae. The bioreactor was used to determine the algae's specific growth rate using different nutrient media and sodium bicarbonate concentrations. Algae were grown in PET bottles containing nutrient solutions. The study found that algae grew best with a nutrient media containing ammonium sulfate and urea and a sodium bicarbonate concentration of 50mM, reaching highest growth by the 6th day. For a minimum salt media, algae grew until the 8th day with 40mM or 50mM sodium bicarbonate concentrations. The bioreactor demonstrated the potential to cultivate algae for carbon
IRJET- Study on Increasing the Efficiency of the Existing Sequential Batch Re...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study conducted on the existing sequential batch reactor (SBR) at St. Joseph Engineering College to evaluate its efficiency. Various water quality parameters were analyzed before and after treatment, and it was found that the aeration time could be reduced from 8 hours to 5 hours while still achieving effective treatment. The study also concluded that water quality could be further improved by using tube settlers with algae in the SBR system.
IRJET- Desalination and Water Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a system for desalination and water monitoring using a compact box that can fit in small spaces like homes or boats.
2. The system works by evaporating seawater using a boiler and condenser, then filtering it through a resin bed and filters to remove impurities before testing the water quality with sensors.
3. The water quality is monitored in real time using a turbidity sensor and pH sensor connected to an Arduino board. If the turbidity is below 4 NTU and pH is 7, then the water is considered safe for drinking.
A Review And An Approach Of Water Pollution Indication Using Arduino UnoSamantha Martinez
This document presents a review and approach for indicating water pollution using an Arduino Uno microcontroller. It discusses using various sensors like pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, and ORP sensors interfaced with an Arduino Uno to continuously monitor and detect pollution in drinking and non-drinking water distribution systems. The document reviews existing literature on related topics and presents the components used in the proposed system, including the sensors and Arduino Uno microcontroller. It also provides the circuit diagram and discusses experimental results obtained from monitoring water quality parameters. The system provides a low-cost and effective means of real-time water pollution monitoring.
This document describes an experimental study on treating landfill leachate concentrate by coagulation. The document includes sections on materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusion. For the materials and methods, it describes the experimental apparatus including a jar tester and centrifuge. It also describes the leachate sample from a landfill in Germany and the coagulants tested - ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate, and ferrous sulfate. The experimental procedure involves jar testing to mix the coagulants into the leachate at different dosages and pH levels, followed by centrifugation and analysis of total organic carbon (TOC) removal.
This document describes an environmental engineering laboratory course on water and wastewater characterization. The course objectives are to familiarize students with procedures to quantify quality parameters of water and sewage. It lists 14 required experiments involving sampling methods, and determination of parameters like pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, dissolved oxygen, and BOD/COD. The document also provides the list of required equipment, references, and procedures for individual experiments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- A Study on the Impact of Sulfate Free on Huasb ReactorIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the performance of two Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) reactors in treating sulfate-rich wastewater from a distillery. Reactor A was fed sulfate-free wastewater created by adding zero valent iron to remove sulfate, while Reactor B was fed normal wastewater containing sulfate. Both reactors achieved their highest COD removal efficiency of around 85% at a hydraulic retention time of 8 hours and an influent COD concentration of 3,500 mg/L. Reactor A treating sulfate-free wastewater achieved a higher COD removal efficiency of 94.3% under the same conditions. The study demonstrated that a HUASB reactor performs more efficiently
11.[43 48]treatability studies of dairy wastewater by upflow anaerobic sludge...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on treating dairy wastewater using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The study tested treating dairy wastewater from a dairy plant in India using a UASB reactor over various hydraulic retention times. Key findings include:
1) The UASB reactor was able to remove up to 78% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) at a hydraulic retention time of 43 days and organic loading rate of 2.5 g/L/day.
2) Both COD removal and biogas production increased as hydraulic retention time increased. Maximum biogas production of 350mL was observed at 43 days.
3) Parameters like pH, sulfates
11.treatability studies of dairy wastewater by upflow anaerobic sludge blanke...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on treating dairy wastewater using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The study tested treating dairy wastewater from a dairy plant in India using a UASB reactor over varying hydraulic retention times. Key findings include:
- The UASB reactor effectively removed biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and other parameters, achieving a maximum 78% COD removal rate.
- Both COD removal efficiency and biogas production increased as hydraulic retention time increased, up to 43 days when gas collection was highest.
- Parameters like temperature, pH, microbial populations and ammonia levels affected reactor performance.
- The UASB reactor is
Similar to The comparative study of waste water and purified water present in sewage treatment plant in Bhusawal city (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network