Blue marble, water planet, unique properties, chemical structure, polar nature of water, hydrogen bonding, sticky, wet water, surface tension, adhesion, capillary action, boiling point, role in temperature regulation, density of ice and water.
A basic knowledge of aquaporins.
Aquaporin are channel proteins that allow the passive diffusion of water through them.Aquaporins are membrane water channels that play critical roles in controlling the water contents of cells.
These channels are widely distributed in all kingdoms of life, including bacteria, plants, and mammals.
In 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Peter Agre "for the discovery of water channels".
More than ten different aquaporin have been found in human body
AQPs can be divided into three subfamilies:
Orthodox or classical aquaporin, considered to be water selective.
Aqua-glyceroporin, permeable to glycerol and other small solutes in addition to water.
S-aquaporin, also called unorthodox super-aquaporin or subcellular aquaporin, a third subfamily only present in animals but not in plants, fungi and bacteria with permeability still uncertain.
A basic knowledge of aquaporins.
Aquaporin are channel proteins that allow the passive diffusion of water through them.Aquaporins are membrane water channels that play critical roles in controlling the water contents of cells.
These channels are widely distributed in all kingdoms of life, including bacteria, plants, and mammals.
In 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Peter Agre "for the discovery of water channels".
More than ten different aquaporin have been found in human body
AQPs can be divided into three subfamilies:
Orthodox or classical aquaporin, considered to be water selective.
Aqua-glyceroporin, permeable to glycerol and other small solutes in addition to water.
S-aquaporin, also called unorthodox super-aquaporin or subcellular aquaporin, a third subfamily only present in animals but not in plants, fungi and bacteria with permeability still uncertain.
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiationshallu kotwal
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells.
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiationshallu kotwal
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells.
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.
The ability of water to form hydrogen bonds gives it amazing properties including: ability to dissolve hydrophilic (ionic and polar) but not hydrophobic (nonionic, nonpolar) molecules so as to be the "universal solvent," liquid state over large earthly temperature range, high heats of fusion and vaporization, high specific heat, high surface tension, cohesion and adhesion, lower density as solid, low viscosity, equal ionization into proton donor and acceptor for neutral pH. These properties make life on earth possible
Biochemistry of water - presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy at department of biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College. To make slides simple, less information is given in slides. More information was shared during the presentation.
Herbal Drug Technology
Herbs as Raw Materials: Definition of herb, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal product and herbal drug preparation, source of herbs, selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials, processing of herbal raw material.
Herbal Excipients : Herbal Excipients – Significance of substances of natural origin as excipients, – colorants, sweeteners, binders, diluents, viscosity builders, dis-integrants, flavors & perfumes.
Herbal Formulations: Stages involved in herbal formulations, Orthodox formulations and methods of delivery of herbal extracts, Novel formulations of herbal extracts.
Introduction to proteomics, techniques to study proteomics such as protein electrophoresis, chromatography and mass spectrometry and protein database analysis, case studies derived from scientific literature including comparisons between healthy and diseased tissues, new approaches to analyse metabolic pathways, comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in different cell types.
Metabolomics-Introduction, metabolism, intermediary metabolism, metabolic pathways, metabolites, metabolome, metabolic turnover, techniques used in metabolomics, metabolite profiling methods, data analysis, metabolomic resources, role of metabolomics in system biology.
Introduction to proteomics, techniques to study proteomics such as protein electrophoresis, chromatography and mass spectrometry and protein database analysis, case studies derived from scientific literature including comparisons between healthy and diseased tissues, new approaches to analyse metabolic pathways, comprehensive analysis of protein-protein interactions in different cell types.
The analysis of global gene expression and transcription factor regulation, global approaches to alternative splicing and its regulation, long noncoding RNAs, gene expression models of signalling pathways, from gene expression to disease phenotypes, introduction to isoform sequencing, systematic and integrative analysis of gene expression to identify feature genes underlying human diseases.
Genome projects
Definition of genome, history of genome projects, whole genome sequencing, Maxam Gilbert sequencing, sanger sequencing, explanation on the first sequenced organisms (Bacteriophage, bacteria, archaeon, virus, bakers yeast, nematode.
Model organism-Arabidopsis thaliana, Mus musculus, Oryza sativa, Pan troglodyte etc.
Human genome project, milestones and significance.
Epigenetics studies stably heritable traits that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence.
Covalent modifications in chromatin
DNA- DNA methylation (CpG); hydroxymethylation
Histone - lysine acetylation, lysine and arginine methylation, serine and threonine phosphorylation, and lysine ubiquitination and sumoylation
Epigenetic mechanisms:
Modified histones as post translational modification
DNA methylation – 5mC the 5th base, methyl transferases; genetic imprinting.
Epigenomics: complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell.
Specific epigenetic regulation
RNA interference
X inactivation (Lyonization)
Genomic imprinting
Epigenetics in development and diseases.
Comparative genomics: Genomic features are compared, evolutionary relationship
The major principle of comparative genomics is that common features of two organisms will often be encoded within the DNA that is evolutionarily conserved between them. orthologous sequences,
Started as soon as the whole genomes of two organisms became available (that is, the genomes of the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma genitalium) in 1995, comparative genomics is now a standard component of the analysis of every new genome sequence. comparative genomics studies of small model organisms (for example the model Caenorhabditis elegans and closely related Caenorhabditis briggsae) are of great importance to advance our understanding of general mechanisms of evolution
Computational tools for analyzing sequences and complete genomes. Application of comparative genomics in agriculture and medicine.
Mapping and sequencing genomes: Genetic and physical mapping, Sequencing genomes different strategies, High-throughput sequencing, next-generation sequencing technologies, comparative genomics, population genomics, epigenetics, Human genome project, pharmacogenomics, genomic medicine, applications of genomics to improve public health.
Disorders of liver and kidney, Nitrogen metabolism.pdfshinycthomas
Disorders of liver and kidney – Jaundice, fatty liver, normal and abnormal functions of liver and kidney. Inulin and urea clearance.
Abnormalities of nitrogen metabolism
Lipid metabolism and its disorders.pdfshinycthomas
Disorders of Lipids – Plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in health and disease, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, Gaucher’s disease, Tay-Sach’s and Niemann-Pick disease, ketone bodies.
a) Definition, classification, structure, stereochemistry and reactions of amino acids;
b) Classification of proteins on the basis of solubility and shape, structure, and biological functions. Primary structure - determination of amino acid sequences of proteins, the peptide bond, Ramachandran plot.
c) Secondary structure - weak interactions involved - alpha helix and beta sheet and beta turns structure, Pauling and Corey model for fibrous proteins, Collagen triple helix, and super secondary structures - helix-loop-helix.
d) Tertiary structure - alpha and beta domains. Quaternary structure - structure of haemoglobin, Solid state synthesis of peptides, Protein-Protein interactions, Concept of chaperones.
Nucleic acid-DNA and RNA
Gene-part of DNA
Functions of DNA
RNA-Functions, different types of RNA-Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), Messenger RNAs (mRNAs), Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)-Other RNA-Small nuclear RNA (snRNA), Micro RNA (miRNA), Small interfering RNA (siRNA), Heterogenous RNA (hnRNA).
Nucleic acid-nucleotides-nucleoside
Components of nucleotide-a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base (pyrimidine and purine), (2) a pentose, and (3) a phosphate
Structure of pentose sugar, and 5 major bases (cytosine, thymine, uracil-pyrimidine bases and adenine, guanine-purine bases).
Deoxyribonucleotides and Ribo nucleotides-Molecular structure of deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP), deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) and Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), Cytosine monophosphate (CMP) and Uridine monophosphate (UMP), Watson crick base pairing, Hoogsteen base pairing,
Helical structure-Heterocylic N -Glycosides, Syn and Anti Conformers, detailed structure of single strand and double stranded DNA.
DNA Nucleotides and Tautomeric Form-Tautomers of Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
Template strand, non coding strand and coding strand
Hydrogen bonds, phosphodiester linkage, hydrolysis of DNA and RNA.
Different forms of DNA-A, B, and Z forms.
Palindrome sequence, Linear DNA, Cruciform DNA, H DNA (Triplex DNA), Denaturation of DNA, Hyperchromicity, Tm, Renaturation of DNA, Tertiary structure of DNA, Difference of DNA and RNA, RNA structural elements, primary. secondary and tertiary structure of RNA. Detailed structure and functions of tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, miRNA, siRNA, hn RNA, snRNA.
Nucleic acid hybridization, C0t analysis, Buoyant density of DNA, Isopycnic centrifugation.
Lipids-Introduction, properties and functions.
Classification-Simple lipids, complex lipids and derived lipids.
Lipids contain fatty acid and alcohol.
Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids. Nomenclature of fatty acids, Cis-trans isomerism, essential fatty acids
Simple lipids-Fats, waxes
Compound lipids-Structure, function with examples of Phospholipids, Glycolipids, sulpholipids and lipoproteins.
Derived lipids: Structure, types, and functions of steroids, terpenes and carotenoids.
Lipoproteins-classified into chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and their function.
Eicosanoids-prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs).
Functions of Eicosanoids
Lipids, micelles and liposomes.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. The Blue Marble
• It's often called the "water planet," and it's been given
the nickname "the blue marble.
• " You probably just call it "home.
• Water, like carbon, has a special role in living things.
• It is needed by all known forms of life.
• Although water consists of simple molecules, each
containing just three atoms, its structure gives it
unique properties that help explain why it is vital to all
living organisms.
Water as biological solvent
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
2. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF WATER
Properties of Water
• Water is tasteless, odorless, and transparent.
• In small quantities, it is also colorless.
• However, when a large amount of water is observed, as in a lake or
the ocean, it is actually light blue in color.
• The blue hue of the water is an intrinsic property and is caused by
selective absorption and scattering of white light.
• These and other properties of water depend on its chemical
structure.
• The transparency of water is important for organisms that live in
water.
• Because water is transparent, sunlight can pass through it. Sunlight is
needed by water plants and other water organisms for
photosynthesis.
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
3. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF WATER
• Each molecule of water consists of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of
hydrogen, so it has the chemical formula H2O.
• The arrangement of atoms in a water molecule, shown in Figure, explains many
of the water’s chemical properties.
• In each water molecule, the nucleus of the oxygen atom (with 8 positively
charged protons) attracts electrons much more strongly than do the hydrogen
nuclei (with only one positively charged proton).
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
4. • This results in a negative electrical charge near the oxygen atom (due to the
"pull" of the negatively charged electrons toward the oxygen nucleus) and a
positive electrical charge near the hydrogen atoms.
• A difference in electrical charge between different parts of a molecule is called
polarity.
• A polar molecule is a molecule in which part of the molecule is positively
charged and part of the molecule is negatively charged. Due to polarity in
charge within the water molecule, it can dissolve salts.
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
5. This diagram shows the positive and negative parts of a
water molecule. It also depicts how a charge, such as on
an ion (Na or Cl, for example) can interact with a water
molecule.
• Figure illustrates how water dissolves
ionically bonded sodium chloride.
• Therefore, water is considered a very
good solvent in the biochemical
reactions
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
6. HYDROGEN BONDING
• Opposite electrical charges attract one another.
Therefore, the positive part of one water molecule
is attracted to the negative parts of other water
molecules.
• Because of this attraction, bonds form between
hydrogen and oxygen atoms of adjacent water
molecules, as demonstrated in Figure. This type of
bond always involves a hydrogen atom, so it is
called a hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen bonds form between positively and negatively
charged parts of water molecules. The bonds hold the
water molecules together. How do you think this might
affect water’s properties?
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
7. • Hydrogen bonds can also form within a single large organic molecule.
• For example, hydrogen bonds that form between different parts of a protein
molecule bend the molecule into a distinctive shape, which is important for the
protein’s functions.
• Hydrogen bonds also hold together the two nucleotide chains of a DNA
molecule.
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
8. STICKY, WET WATER
• Water has some unusual properties due to its
hydrogen bonds.
• One property is cohesion, the tendency for water
molecules to stick together.
• The cohesive forces between water molecules are
responsible for the phenomenon known as surface
tension.
• The molecules at the surface do not have other like molecules on all sides of
them and consequently, they cohere more strongly to those directly
associated with them on the surface.
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
9. • For example, if you drop a tiny amount of water onto a very smooth surface,
the water molecules will stick together and form a droplet, rather than
spread out over the surface.
• The same thing happens when water slowly drips from a leaky faucet. The
water doesn't fall from the faucet as individual water molecules but as
droplets of water.
• The tendency of water to stick together in droplets is also illustrated by the
dew drops in Figure
Droplets of dew cling to a spider web,
demonstrating cohesion, the tendency of water
molecules to stick together because of
hydrogen bonds.
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
10. Adhesion
• Another important physical property of water is adhesion.
• In terms of water, adhesion is the bonding of a water molecule to another
substance, such as the sides of a leaf's veins.
• This process happens because hydrogen bonds are special in that they break
and reform with great frequency.
• This constant rearranging of hydrogen bonds allows a percentage of all the
molecules in a given sample to bond to another substance.
• This grip-like characteristic that water molecules form causes capillary action,
the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in a narrow space.
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
11. • An example of capillary action is when you place a straw
into a glass of water.
• The water seems to climb up the straw before you even
place your mouth on the straw.
• The water has created hydrogen bonds with the surface of
the straw, causing the water to adhere to the sides of the
straw.
• As the hydrogen bonds keep interchanging with the
straw's surface, the water molecules interchange positions
and some begin to ascend the straw.
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
12. • Adhesion and capillary action are necessary to the survival of most
organisms.
• It is the mechanism that is responsible for water transport in plants
through roots and stems, and in animals through small blood vessels.
• Hydrogen bonds also explain why water’s boiling point (100°C) is
higher than the boiling points of similar substances without hydrogen
bonds.
• Because of water’s relatively high boiling point, most water exists in a
liquid state on Earth.
• Liquid water is needed by all living organisms.
• Therefore, the availability of liquid water enables life to survive over
much of the planet.
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
13. • Furthermore, water has a high specific heat because it takes a lot of energy
to raise or lower the temperature of the water.
• As a result, water plays a very important role in temperature regulation.
Since cells are made up of water, this property helps to maintain
homeostasis.
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
14. THE DENSITY OF ICE AND WATER
• The melting point of water is 0°C. Below this temperature, water is a solid
(ice).
• Unlike most chemical substances, water in a solid state has a lower density
than water in a liquid state.
• This is because water expands when it freezes. Again, hydrogen bonding is
the reason.
• Hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to line up less efficiently in ice than
in liquid water.
• As a result, water molecules are spaced farther apart in ice, giving ice a
lower density than liquid water.
• A substance with lower density floats on a substance with higher density.
• This explains why ice floats on liquid water, whereas many other solids sink
to the bottom of liquid water.
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU
15. SUMMARY
Water is a very good solvent Water molecules are polar, so they form hydrogen bonds.
This gives water unique properties, such as a relatively high boiling point, high specific
heat, cohesion, adhesion, and density.
https://youtu.be/3jwAGWky98c
Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU