• Ciri Kohesi dalam wacana ditandai oleh kehadiran penanda khusus, iaitu kohesi nahuan dan kohesi leksikal.
• Kohesi nahuan terdiri daripada penanda rujukan, penggantian, elipsis dan penghubung.
• Kohesi leksikal pula terdiri daripada pengulangan dan kolokasi.
Contoh :
Hazril dan Harlina berasa gembira. Mereka bersepakat untuk mendirikan rumah tangga. Berita ini
akan dimaklumkan kepada ibu bapa mereka di kampung. Mereka akan ke sana minggu hadapan.
¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬
Matahari mulai tenggelam. Hari sudah senja. Burung-burung pulang ke sarang. Suasana di desa itu semakin sunyi.
• Kesinambungan idea dan peristiwa yang berturutan menjadikan ayat-ayat di atas memperlihatkan ciri koheren yang jelas. Dengan itu, terbinalah sebuah wacana yang utuh dan bermakna.
• Ciri kohesi dan koheren sebenarnya boleh dikesan dalam satu wacana. Hal ini demikian kerana kedua-dua ciri itu mempunyai kaitan.
• Ciri Kohesi dalam wacana ditandai oleh kehadiran penanda khusus, iaitu kohesi nahuan dan kohesi leksikal.
• Kohesi nahuan terdiri daripada penanda rujukan, penggantian, elipsis dan penghubung.
• Kohesi leksikal pula terdiri daripada pengulangan dan kolokasi.
Contoh :
Hazril dan Harlina berasa gembira. Mereka bersepakat untuk mendirikan rumah tangga. Berita ini
akan dimaklumkan kepada ibu bapa mereka di kampung. Mereka akan ke sana minggu hadapan.
¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬
Matahari mulai tenggelam. Hari sudah senja. Burung-burung pulang ke sarang. Suasana di desa itu semakin sunyi.
• Kesinambungan idea dan peristiwa yang berturutan menjadikan ayat-ayat di atas memperlihatkan ciri koheren yang jelas. Dengan itu, terbinalah sebuah wacana yang utuh dan bermakna.
• Ciri kohesi dan koheren sebenarnya boleh dikesan dalam satu wacana. Hal ini demikian kerana kedua-dua ciri itu mempunyai kaitan.
Benefits Of Alkaline, Ionized Water By Dr. Hidemitsu Hayashi, M.D.Enagic LeveLuk SD501
Water: The chemistry of life. Whenever we attempt to determine whether there is life as we know it on Mars or other planets, scientists first seek to establish whether or not water is present. Why? Because life on earth totally depends on water. A High percentage of living things, both plant and animal are found in water. All life on earth is thought to have arisen from water. The bodies of all living organisms are composed largely of water. About 70 to 90 percent of all organic matter is water. The chemical reactions in all plants and animals that support life take place in a water medium. Water not only provides the medium to make these life sustaining reactions possible, but water itself is often an important reactant or product of these reactions. In short, the chemistry of life is water chemistry.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. LOWER SIX PUSAT TUISYEN KASTURI PREPARED BY
BIOLOGY LESSON 1 T.K. LEONG
TOPIC: BASIC CHEMISTRY OF A CELL (1)
INTRODUCTION
Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals of living organisms.
Its importance lies in the fundamental understanding it gives us the way in
which biological system work.
Living organisms are made of a limited number of types of atom, which
combine to form molecules, the building block of life.
These molecules vary enormously in size from simple molecules such as
carbon dioxide and water to macromolecules such as proteins.
WATER
1. Of the smaller molecules, water is the most abundant, typically making up
between 60-95% of the fresh mass of an organism.
2. They are the kind of molecules which biologist speculate could have been
made in the “primeval soup” of chemicals which is thought to have existed
in the early history of the planet, before life itself appeared.
3. Water is important for two reasons;
(a) It is a vital chemical constituent of living cells.
(b) It provides an environment for those organisms that live in water
4. It is worthwhile, then, looking at some of its chemical and physical
properties.
5. The two most important properties of water are;
(i) Polarity
(ii) Hydrogen bonding between its molecules.
TK LEONG 1
2. Water Molecule is Polar
The water molecule is deceptively simple. Its two hydrogen atoms are joined to the
oxygen atom by single covalent bond.
In water, one part, or pole, of the molecule is slightly positive and the other slightly
negative. This is known as a dipole.
It occurs because the oxygen atom has greater electron-attracting power
(electronegativity) than the hydrogen atoms. As a result, the oxygen atom tends to
attract the single electrons of the hydrogen atoms, this result opposite ends of the
molecule have opposite charges. (Dipole molecule or polar molecule)
Water molecules therefore
have a weak attraction for each
other, with opposite charges
coming together and causing
them to behave as if they were
“sticky”.
These attractions are not as
strong as normal ionic or
covalent bonds and are called
hydrogen bonds.
TK LEONG 2
3. Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between a positively charged region
of one molecule and a negatively charged region of another.
They are constantly being formed, broken and reformed in water.
Although individually weak, their collective effect is responsible for many unusual
physical properties of water.
The two diagrams above explain why the density of ice is much lower
than the water that allows ice cube floated.
Under room temperature, water molecules exist in the form of liquid and only 20%
of such hydrogen bonds are formed. But as temperature decreased to 0ºC, all water
molecules are involved in forming the three-dimensional structure of ice.
TK LEONG 3
4. Biological Importance of Water
SOLVENT PROPERTIES
Water is an excellent solvent for polar substances. These include ionic substances
like salts, which contain charged particles (ions), and some non-ionic substances like
sugars hat contain polar groups (slightly charged) such as the slightly negative
hydroxyl group (-OH).
On contact with water, the ions and the polar groups are surrounded by water
molecules which separate (dissociate) the ions or molecules from each other. This is
happens when a substance dissolves in water.
Once a substance is in solution its molecules or ions can move about freely, thus
making it more chemically reactive than if it were solid. Thus the majority of the
cell’s chemical reactions take place in aqueous solutions.
By contrast, non-polar molecules, such as lipids, are repelled by water and usually
group together in its presence, that is non –polar molecules are hydrophobic (water-
hating). Such hydrophobic interactions are important in the formation of membrane
and help to determine the 3D structure of many protein molecules, nucleic acids
and other cell structures.
Water’s solvent properties also mean that it acts as a transport medium, as in
blood, lymphatic and excretory systems, the alimentary canal and in xylem and
phloem.
HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
TK LEONG 4
5. The specific heat capacity of water is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1kg of water by 1C.
Water has a high heat capacity. This means that a large increase in heat energy
results in a relatively small rise in temperature.
This is because much of the energy is used in breaking the hydrogen bonds which
restrict the movement of the molecules.
Temperature changes within water are minimised as a result of it high specific heat
capacity. Biochemical processes therefore operate over smaller temperature range,
proceeding at more constant rates and are less likely to be inhibited by extremes of
temperature.
HIGH HEAT OF VAPORISATION
Latent heat of vaporisation is a measure of the heat energy required to vaporise a
liquid that is to overcome the attractive forces between its molecules so that they
can escape as a gas.
A relatively large amount of energy is needed to vaporise water. This is due to the
hydrogen bonding. As a result, water has an unusually high boiling point for such a
small molecule.
Its significant physiological roles include;
(a) Enable many invertebrate to survive.
(b) Cooling effect when we sweat.
(c) Panting helps to rid the body excessive heat such as dog
(d) Transpiration helps lower temperature in the plants during hot day.
DENSITY AND FREEZING PROPERTIES
The density of water decreases below 4C and ice therefore tends to float.
It is the only substance whose solid form is less dense than its liquid form.
TK LEONG 5
6. Since ice floats, it forms at the surface first and the bottom last. If ponds froze from
the bottom upwards, fresh water life could not exist in temperate or arctic climates.
Ice insulates the water below it, thus increasing the chances of survival of organisms
in the water.
HIGH SURFACE TENSION AND COHESION
Cohesion is the force whereby individual molecules stick together. At the surface of
the liquid, a force called surface tension exists between the molecules as a result of
cohesive forces between the molecules.
These cause the surface of the liquid to occupy the least possible surface area.
(ideally a sphere)
Water has a higher surface tension than any other liquid. The high cohesion of water
molecules is important in cells and in translocation of water through xylem in plants.
At a less fundamental level, many small organisms rely on surface tension to settle
on water or to skate over its surface. Example: water skaters.
MACROMOLECULES
Simpler organic molecules often associate to form larger molecules. A
macromolecule is a giant molecule made from many repeating units. Molecules
built like this are known as polymers. The individual units are known as monomers.
The units are joined by a chemical process known as condensation.
TK LEONG 6
7. There are three important types of macromolecule in biology;
I. Polysaccharides
II. Proteins
III. Nucleic acids
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are substances which contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen and have the formula Cx(H2O)y. Their name is derived from the fact that
hydrogen and oxygen are present in the same proportions as in water.
They have the following properties;
All are aldehydes or ketones
All contain several hydroxyl groups.
TK LEONG 7
8. Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Their general formula is (CH2O)n. There are
classified according to the number of carbon atoms as trioses (3C), tetroses (4C),
pentoses (5C), hexoses (6C) and heptoses (7C).
Aldoses and ketoses
In monosaccharides, all the carbon atoms except one have a hydroxyl group
attached. The remaining carbon atom is either part of an aldehydes group, in which
case the monosaccharide is called an aldose or aldo sugar, or is part of a keto
group, when it is called a ketose or keto sugar.
Example:
The two simplest monosaccharides are the trioses glyceraldehydes and
dihydroxyacetone.
In general, aldoses, such as ribose and glucose, are more common then ketoses,
such as ribulose and fructose.
A suitable monosaccharide to study in more detail is glucose, the most common
monosaccharide. It is a hexose, and therefore has the formula C6H12O6.
TK LEONG 8
9. Figure above shows glucose as having either an ‘open chain’ or ring structure. The
open chain form can be straight, but because of the bond angles between carbon
atoms it is possible for sugars with 5 or 6 carbon atoms to bend and form stable ring
structures.
In glucose, the 1C combines with the O on 5C to give a six-membered ring as shown
above.
The ring structures of pentoses and hexoses are the usual forms, with only a small
proportion of the molecules existing in the open chain form at any one time.
The ring structure is the form used to make disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Glucose can exist in two possible ring forms, known as alpha (α) and beta (β) forms.
α glucose is used to make the polysaccharide starch and β glucose the
polysaccharide cellulose.
TK LEONG 9