This document summarizes opportunities for waste minimization and energy conservation in gelatin production through cleaner production methods. It discusses the current gelatin production process and identifies several stages where cleaner production options could provide environmental and economic benefits. These include using smaller raw material sizes to speed up processes, reusing waste water, optimizing filtration equipment, and directly packaging gelatin to reduce storage needs. Adopting these cleaner production methods could conserve significant amounts of water, energy and resources while also reducing costs during gelatin production.
Changes In Quality Properties And Packaging Film Characteristics For Short Ti...Editor IJMTER
The aim was to study the changes in quality properties of foam mat dried Chandramukhi variety potato
powder and packaging film characteristics during ambient condition storage in LDPE pouches. The storage
duration was 17 weeks. Quality parameters were characterized by moisture content, co-efficient of reconstitution,
water activity, and total plate count of the potato powder. Packaging film was characterized by water vapor
transmission rate (WVTR) and permeability of the film. During storage a gradual increment in quality properties
except coefficient of reconstitution was observed. The WVTR showed substantial increment for 13 weeks,
followed by decrement and permeability was remaining constant. The relative humidity, temperature during
storage and storage duration has significant effect for changes in moisture content at p<0.05level.><0.05 level.
Effects of use of carnation ethanol extract, Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic o...Innspub Net
The use of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity and coating properties, have been known since ancient times. These natural compounds are less harmful than synthetic compounds. Also use of nano plastic is a new strategy in post-harvest technology. In this study, the effects of carnation ethanol extract at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm and Aloe Vera gel at concentrations of 0, 50, 75 and 100 percent with or without nano plastic examined based on a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates on post-harvest quantitative characteristics of Gaviota strawberry cultivar. Traits consist of wet weight, pH, total soluble solids and titrable acidity was evaluated at the second and third weeks of storage. The results showed that the use of Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic significantly increased total soluble solids and titrable acidity of strawberry. Carnation extract significantly effects on weight and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100 ppm treatment of carnation extract. Use of Aloe Vera gel also significantly increased the weight, total soluble solids and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100% concentration of Aloe Vera gel. Use of plastic produced with nano technology showed the lowest rate of weight loss. The interaction effects of nano plastic, Aloe Vera gel and carnation ethanol extract significantly increased strawberry total soluble solids. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effects-of-use-of-carnation-ethanol-extract-aloe-vera-gel-and-nano-plastic-on-postharvest-quantitative-characteristics-of-gaviota-strawberry-cultivar-at-the-second-and-third-weeks-of-storage/
Changes In Quality Properties And Packaging Film Characteristics For Short Ti...Editor IJMTER
The aim was to study the changes in quality properties of foam mat dried Chandramukhi variety potato
powder and packaging film characteristics during ambient condition storage in LDPE pouches. The storage
duration was 17 weeks. Quality parameters were characterized by moisture content, co-efficient of reconstitution,
water activity, and total plate count of the potato powder. Packaging film was characterized by water vapor
transmission rate (WVTR) and permeability of the film. During storage a gradual increment in quality properties
except coefficient of reconstitution was observed. The WVTR showed substantial increment for 13 weeks,
followed by decrement and permeability was remaining constant. The relative humidity, temperature during
storage and storage duration has significant effect for changes in moisture content at p<0.05level.><0.05 level.
Effects of use of carnation ethanol extract, Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic o...Innspub Net
The use of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity and coating properties, have been known since ancient times. These natural compounds are less harmful than synthetic compounds. Also use of nano plastic is a new strategy in post-harvest technology. In this study, the effects of carnation ethanol extract at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm and Aloe Vera gel at concentrations of 0, 50, 75 and 100 percent with or without nano plastic examined based on a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates on post-harvest quantitative characteristics of Gaviota strawberry cultivar. Traits consist of wet weight, pH, total soluble solids and titrable acidity was evaluated at the second and third weeks of storage. The results showed that the use of Aloe Vera gel and nano plastic significantly increased total soluble solids and titrable acidity of strawberry. Carnation extract significantly effects on weight and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100 ppm treatment of carnation extract. Use of Aloe Vera gel also significantly increased the weight, total soluble solids and acidity of strawberry and best performance observed in 100% concentration of Aloe Vera gel. Use of plastic produced with nano technology showed the lowest rate of weight loss. The interaction effects of nano plastic, Aloe Vera gel and carnation ethanol extract significantly increased strawberry total soluble solids. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effects-of-use-of-carnation-ethanol-extract-aloe-vera-gel-and-nano-plastic-on-postharvest-quantitative-characteristics-of-gaviota-strawberry-cultivar-at-the-second-and-third-weeks-of-storage/
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Drying is an industrial preservation method in which water content and water activity of the fruits and vegetables are decreased by heated air to minimized biological, chemical and microbial deterioration.
Drying is a process of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. To obtain the dehydrated product of high quality, The drying process should be such that it allows effective retention of color appearance, flavor, taste and nutritive value, comparable to fresh vegetables.
The technique of drying is probably the oldest method of food preservation practiced by mankind for the extension of food shelf life. The use of artificial drying to preserve agricultural commodities is expanding, creating a need for more rapid drying techniques and methods that reduce the large amount of energy required in drying processes
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction Systemkumarsachin3801
Common industrial application of Liquid Liquid Extraction include in areas like Bulk chemical industry, Petroleum industry, Fine chemical industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Biotech industry, Food industry, Hydrometallurgy
A Primer on Hard Gelatin Capsule ManufacturingVivek Sinha
31/03/2015
Hard gelatin capsule shells are used as soluble containers for incorporation of drugs or nutritional
supplements, usually in the form of powders, pellets or granules in the healthcare industry. They are
commonly intended for oral administration having its advantages over other dosage forms that are
used widely by pharmaceutical companies to develop different medicaments and ensure stability of
the product throughout the shelf life. Since it serves as a major excipient for the manufacture of
pharmaceutical products, the quality attributes of hard capsule shells is very vital for performance
and stability of the final product.
Pharmaceutical products are categorized as high quality and high risk product administered to fight
various types of acute and chronic illnesses where the performance of the product should be
reproducible every time it is administered. The capsule shell consists of two cylindrical parts i.e. the
cap and body; both are open at one extreme. Other extreme of both is hemispherical; the open end
of cap overlaps the open end of body and maintains a closure with a typical lock system. Hence, it is
very important that the product achieves the label claim as set forth and is not contaminated and
readily available to the patients. Benchmarking of developments and manufacturing processes in the
pharmaceutical industry as against other industries led to the concept of Quality by Design or QbD.
Over the past few years, QbD has gained considerable acceptance throughout pharmaceutical
industry and has been successfully applied. The key quality attributes of capsules that determine the
process ability on the high speed filling machine are the dimensional characteristics and weight
variability.
The potential variations of empty hard capsules as an input material and its potential impact on
finished product quality has been studied and high consistency within the specification of the critical
quality parameters is confirmed. Annual product quality review needs to be performed using defined
sampling size against set of verification criteria. The built-in quality approach begins at the
development stage of new product where even factors impacting the performance of hard capsules
i.e. formulation, filling machine type, etc., is given due consideration. The selection of proper raw
material, the process validations and stability studies are to be conducted for suitability. The process
conditions should be maintained along with appropriate in-process quality checks. Final release of
product can be done by QA after product and document review. The data on process capability,
trends of quality parameters, technical specification and the evaluation procedure should be
maintained and submitted based on the current level of quality standards.
"Fruit pulp processing involves extracting the pulp from fruits and transforming it into a usable form for various applications.
The egg processing industry involves various operations that transform raw eggs into various products for commercial use. It plays a crucial role in meeting the demand for various egg products and contributes to their availability year-round.
Tech-knowledge: A Weekly Feast of Food Industry Discoveries, Articles, Insights, and fun facts for Industry Innovators and Professionals."
When one form of food is transformed to another form of food involving industrial method to
make it convenience food, that process is known as food Processing. Depending upon the
complexity of industrial method, processing is categorised into primary, secondary, and tertiary
processed food. Fruits and vegetables are perishable in nature having shelf life less than a week
if kept unrefrigerated condition. Also there are currently high post-harvest loss for fruits and
vegetable due to lack of required storage condition and space constrain, hence it is highly
desirable to process fruits to retain their shelf life and also to reduce the size of product which
in turn reduces the cost on transportation of bulk fruit and storage area requirement.
One such product of fruit processing is fruit pulp. Fruit pulp solid mass obtained by extraction
or pressing fruits or vegetables. Pulp is categorised basis their storage condition, i.e., in powder
or liquid form. In liquid form they can be used as either brine, syrup, or water form. Due to food
preference of customer, frozen pulp is also in great demand as all inbuild nutrition are retained.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Drying is an industrial preservation method in which water content and water activity of the fruits and vegetables are decreased by heated air to minimized biological, chemical and microbial deterioration.
Drying is a process of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. To obtain the dehydrated product of high quality, The drying process should be such that it allows effective retention of color appearance, flavor, taste and nutritive value, comparable to fresh vegetables.
The technique of drying is probably the oldest method of food preservation practiced by mankind for the extension of food shelf life. The use of artificial drying to preserve agricultural commodities is expanding, creating a need for more rapid drying techniques and methods that reduce the large amount of energy required in drying processes
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction Systemkumarsachin3801
Common industrial application of Liquid Liquid Extraction include in areas like Bulk chemical industry, Petroleum industry, Fine chemical industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Biotech industry, Food industry, Hydrometallurgy
A Primer on Hard Gelatin Capsule ManufacturingVivek Sinha
31/03/2015
Hard gelatin capsule shells are used as soluble containers for incorporation of drugs or nutritional
supplements, usually in the form of powders, pellets or granules in the healthcare industry. They are
commonly intended for oral administration having its advantages over other dosage forms that are
used widely by pharmaceutical companies to develop different medicaments and ensure stability of
the product throughout the shelf life. Since it serves as a major excipient for the manufacture of
pharmaceutical products, the quality attributes of hard capsule shells is very vital for performance
and stability of the final product.
Pharmaceutical products are categorized as high quality and high risk product administered to fight
various types of acute and chronic illnesses where the performance of the product should be
reproducible every time it is administered. The capsule shell consists of two cylindrical parts i.e. the
cap and body; both are open at one extreme. Other extreme of both is hemispherical; the open end
of cap overlaps the open end of body and maintains a closure with a typical lock system. Hence, it is
very important that the product achieves the label claim as set forth and is not contaminated and
readily available to the patients. Benchmarking of developments and manufacturing processes in the
pharmaceutical industry as against other industries led to the concept of Quality by Design or QbD.
Over the past few years, QbD has gained considerable acceptance throughout pharmaceutical
industry and has been successfully applied. The key quality attributes of capsules that determine the
process ability on the high speed filling machine are the dimensional characteristics and weight
variability.
The potential variations of empty hard capsules as an input material and its potential impact on
finished product quality has been studied and high consistency within the specification of the critical
quality parameters is confirmed. Annual product quality review needs to be performed using defined
sampling size against set of verification criteria. The built-in quality approach begins at the
development stage of new product where even factors impacting the performance of hard capsules
i.e. formulation, filling machine type, etc., is given due consideration. The selection of proper raw
material, the process validations and stability studies are to be conducted for suitability. The process
conditions should be maintained along with appropriate in-process quality checks. Final release of
product can be done by QA after product and document review. The data on process capability,
trends of quality parameters, technical specification and the evaluation procedure should be
maintained and submitted based on the current level of quality standards.
"Fruit pulp processing involves extracting the pulp from fruits and transforming it into a usable form for various applications.
The egg processing industry involves various operations that transform raw eggs into various products for commercial use. It plays a crucial role in meeting the demand for various egg products and contributes to their availability year-round.
Tech-knowledge: A Weekly Feast of Food Industry Discoveries, Articles, Insights, and fun facts for Industry Innovators and Professionals."
When one form of food is transformed to another form of food involving industrial method to
make it convenience food, that process is known as food Processing. Depending upon the
complexity of industrial method, processing is categorised into primary, secondary, and tertiary
processed food. Fruits and vegetables are perishable in nature having shelf life less than a week
if kept unrefrigerated condition. Also there are currently high post-harvest loss for fruits and
vegetable due to lack of required storage condition and space constrain, hence it is highly
desirable to process fruits to retain their shelf life and also to reduce the size of product which
in turn reduces the cost on transportation of bulk fruit and storage area requirement.
One such product of fruit processing is fruit pulp. Fruit pulp solid mass obtained by extraction
or pressing fruits or vegetables. Pulp is categorised basis their storage condition, i.e., in powder
or liquid form. In liquid form they can be used as either brine, syrup, or water form. Due to food
preference of customer, frozen pulp is also in great demand as all inbuild nutrition are retained.
Post- Harvest Management, Value Addition and Marketing of Dragon Fruit.pptxAlemlaImchen
The preference for exotic fruits by consumers has gained momentum over the last few decades with attractive colors, shapes, unique taste and convincing nutritional status, exotic fruits are creating a market of their own with surging imports into the country, valued at Rs500 to 600 crores. A recently introduced super fruit in India is the Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), widely known as strawberry pear or pitaya. It is an herbaceous, perennial, climbing cactus, belonging to the plant family Cactaceae. It originated in the tropical and subtropical Mexico in South America and considered to be a promising, remunerative and a fruit crop for the future. The cultivation is prominent in about 20 countries including Thailand, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vietnam, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Australia, United States and China (Jalgaonkar et al., 2020). Dragon fruit was introduced in India during the late ‘90s and still the area under its cultivation is gradually increasing. It is cultivated in the Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Northeast region and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Area under dragon fruit cultivation is steadily increasing and in the future, production is expected to rise therefore, in case of any market glut, there is a strong need to explore avenues of value addition through processing, so that the production will continue to increase and the surplus produce shall be processed. Postharvest technologies on this crop is lacking and yet to be standardized.
Postharvest Handling for Organic Crops ~ California
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
"Fruit processing involves various techniques aimed at transforming fresh fruits into different products while preserving their taste, nutritional value, and extending shelf life.
Jaggery is a traditional unrefined sugar product made from sugarcane juice or palm sap. The resulting jaggery is a natural sweetener, retaining more of the molasses and minerals compared to refined sugar.
Read the complete article Inside Tech-knowledge: our Weekly Insight into Innovations Shaping the Food & Beverage Industry!
#tech-knowledge #foodandbeverageindustry #engineering #pmg"
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Waste Minimization and Energy Conservation in Gelatin Production by Raw Material Size Minimization
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 08, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 249
Waste minimization and energy conservation in gelatin production by
raw material size minimization
Ghatna Trivedi1
1
M.E. [Environmental Management] Student
1
Department of Envoirnmental Engineering
1
L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Abstract— Based on current manufacturing system of
gelatin production, cleaner production opportunities are
discussed considering aspect such as waste minimization,
energy conservation, etc. Improving the utilization of inputs
and minimizing the production of unwanted or low value
outputs is fundamental to improving profitability. Adopting
cleaner production also helps in awareness of consequences
of environmental practices that are unfriendly and that are
detrimental to the industry’s bottom-line. Adopting cleaner
production may require onetime investment or it can be
done with zero cost. A few process changes and good
housekeeping in production of gelatin may increase gelatin
yield and reduces wastewater quantity. Process changes
such as automatic handling of machines, direct packaging
etc leads to environmental as well as financial benefits.
Byproduct utilization and wastewater reuse are other
benefits of cleaner production. This paper discuss about
current process followed in gelatinization, suggestion of
cleaner production opportunities throughout the process and
cost benefit analysis for suggested cleaner production
opportunities. Major advantages from cleaner production in
gelatinization here is byproduct reuse and waste water
reutilization.
Keywords: Cleaner production, Gelatinization, Waste
minimization and reuse
I. INTRODUCTION
Cleaner production is the maximum feasible reduction of all
waste generated at production sites. It involves judicious use
of resources through source reduction, reuse of material,
water conservation; energy efficiency etc. preventing or
recycling at the source eliminates the need for off-site
recycling or treatment. Pollutant elimination at or near the
source is typically less expensive than collecting, treating
and disposal. Cleaner production facilitates energy
conservation and raw material, cost reduction, ,
environmentally sound process, increased efficiency , etc.
Gelatin (word derived is from Latin word
‘gelatus’= frozen), it contains 80-90% protein and is used
extensively in the metal refining, food and photographic
industry, also in such diverse industries as cosmetics, paper,
plastics, pharmaceutical and toiletries. The raw material for
gelatin is the collagen, naturally occurring protein, which is
sourced from meat industry. From its earliest uses, when
boiled up into broth, which when cooled produced a
nutritious jelly, gelatin. Like its raw material, collagen,
gelatin is made up of many different amino acids which are
the building blocks of all proteins. Bloom value is a measure
of the gel strength of a particular type of gelatin indicating
the firmness of the gel. Different bloom strengths are
required for different applications and must be considered
together with other performance characteristics when
selecting a suitable grade of gelatin.
Methodology followed for research work has been
done with Literature survey in order to understand the
cleaner production methods and tools. It also helps to
understand research work done previously. It also helps in
understanding different types of plans or the strategies for
abatement or reduction of waste from the process. Primary
survey is done to know about existing manufacturing
process and its efficiency , generation of waste , utilities
required , second is to do questionnaire survey in plant and
Secondary data collection to obtain information about per
day production, electricity consumption , waste generation
(overall as well as in each step),material consumption,
method of disposal , financial condition, present manpower ,
equipment, etc. To obtain result Compilation of data is done
and associating it in order to compare the data before and
after cleaner production.
II. INDUSTRY PROFILE
Industry studied for the research produces gelatin with
specific bloom strengths suited to a variety of applications in
the pharmaceutical and food industry. Gelatins are suitable
for a variety of uses in the pharmaceutical industry,
including hard and soft shell capsules; vitamin
encapsulation, tablet binding and others. Product Ranges
offered limed processed (Type B) Pharmaceutical gelatins
with Bloom gel strengths ranging from 150 to 270.
A. Gelatinization
Pretreatment includes cleaning of raw material, based on
type of raw materials two type of process followed to make
gelatin- in acid process The raw material ( pigskin) is
subjected to a 24-h conditioning process. This involves
treatment with acid. After this,
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Appearance
Colorless or pale yellow
powder or granules
Bloom % ±10g
Moisture % Max 13
Ash % Max 2
pH 5-6.5
CHEMICAL
CHARECTERISTICS
Arsenic in ppm Max 1
Lead Max 1
Copper Max 3
Zinc Max 100
So2 Max 1000
MICROBIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
2. Waste minimization and energy conservation in gelatin production by raw material size minimization
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 08/2014/057)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 250
Total count Max 1000
Salmonellae in 10g Absent
Coliforms in 0.1g Absent
Table 1: Typical specifications
the gelatin can be extracted. Where as in Alkaline
process the raw material (bovine hide) is subjected to
several weeks of treatment with alkali. This enables the
collagen structure to be gently transformed. The collagen it
contains, now softened by the pretreatment, can now be
extracted using warm water. The raw materials are then
treated with warm water, the gelatin being removed in a
number of process steps in contaminated form. The first
gelatin extracts, obtained at relatively low temperatures, are
firm and have a light color compared to final product. The
extraction solutions contain approximately 6 % gelatin.
After these first extracts, the remaining material is treated
with fresh water, at a higher temperature compared to
previous step. This sequence is continued until all the
gelatin has been extracted into solution. A variation of this
classical extraction process is the so-called continuous
process. The desired properties of the gelatin can be
adjusted by means of temperature and Ph. The gelatin
solution obtained from the extraction process is placed in
high-performance separators where it is freed from residual
traces of fat from the raw material and from any insoluble
particles. Precoat filters are then employed to remove fine-
particle contamination with the help of ultrafilteration
process, followed by ion exchange process. Purification of
the gelatin is completed by removing any salts present using
an ion exchange process. Plate and frame filter with manual
operation is also used to get the concentrate. In the
concentration step, multi-stage vacuum evaporators are used
to remove part of the water from the dilute gelatin extraction
solution in a gentle process. In this way, the gelatin becomes
viscous, highly viscous solution is then passed through
polishing filters made of cellulose plates; these remove the
very finest of particles that may remain. Noodles of liquid
gelatin is now formed. Subsequent to the concentration step,
the gelatin solution is heat-sterilized for safety purposes; it is
then cooled and set. The gelatin is now in the form of gelatin
noodles; these are then run onto a enclosed conveyor belt of
a dryer. Here, the gelatin is dried. At the end of the drier, the
now hard and brittle gelatin is broken up and stored in the
warehouse until required for further use. Individual batches
are only released for further use on the successful
completion of physical, chemical and biological testing in
the lab. Gelatin is packed in multiply paper sacks, all
containing a polythene liner. Gelatins should be stored in the
sealed containers in cold dry conditions away from
odoriferous materials. Under such conditions, gelatins are
generally considered to be stable almost indefinitely.
III. CLEANER PRODUCTION OPTIONS
After studying entire process of gelatin production cleaner
production options are generated at several stages for
environmental and economic benefits. At primary stage of
process, bone washing is done which requires large quantity
of water. Waste water produced at other steps can be used
again for bone washing as it does not required standard
quality of water. Raw material minced smaller than usual
can speed up process at every stage. After extraction phase
in the process, by product produced has property like
dichlorophosphate, hence it can be used as animal feed.
Industry uses 4 manual filter press, for which flow rate of
filtrate is less instead use of 2 filter press at a time can
increase the flow rate and pressure required for filtration can
also be increased. Waste water in huge quantity is generated
in settling stage, filtration process, and evaporation. At first
stage of evaporation only 6% of gelatin is retrieved and then
it is followed by second stage of evaporation. Instead if
waste water generated at each stage of process is sent back
to settling again, more amount of gelatin can be regained.
Effluent discharge practice at each stage can be done by
practicing controlling spills at filtration stage, draining of
pipe before cleaning and use of automatic shutoff systems
which can result in BOD reduction in waste water and
Reduced trade waste discharge volume and loading. Storage
of gelatin noodles and gelatin granules require cold and dry
condition. After formation of gelatin, it is stored in ware
house where cold and dry condition for quality of gelatin is
maintained, instead of open storage of gelatin it can be
directly packed in to desired quantity.
Per day production 7-8 tons
Wash water requirement 8.5 m3
/ton
Total waste water produced per ton
gelatin
2000-3000 tons
Byproduct produced Dichlorophosphate
Process type continuous
Electricity consumption per day 45Kwh
Table 2: production details
IV. RESULT
Result obtained from process study and cleaner Production
suggestions showed that there can be huge conservation of
energy and water by adopting simple cleaner production
methods. In many stages such as filtering there can be
reduction in cost too. For example if instead of 4 filter press
only 2 is used according to need, it saves amount of 2 filter
press as well as energy required for it is conserved. In
preliminary stage of mincing of raw material when it is
minced to very small size than usual, time require for
washing and mincing reduced to 1-4 hours instead of 10-60
hours hence energy required in case of the process for such
long duration has been reduced to more than 10%. Waste
water is used again for washing, BOD reduction; proper
handling of effluent discharge time and energy in waste
water treatment is conserved. Gelatin is stored in cold, dry
condition so when it is directly packed cost of storage and
maintenance of specific condition is saved.
Condition
before CP
CP Options
Environmental
benefit
Mincing of
raw material
Mincing in very
small size
Conservation of water
up to 5 m3
/ton,
residue after
extraction is
negligible
Fresh water
used for bone
washing
Use of waste
water for bone
washing
Conservation of fresh
water and reduced
quantity of waste
waster
Total 4 filter
press used
with low flow
Use of 2 filter
press for filtering
Conservation of
energy and increased
efficiency.
3. Waste minimization and energy conservation in gelatin production by raw material size minimization
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 08/2014/057)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 251
rate and
pressure.
Waste water at
each stage is
discharged as
effluent.
Waste water at
each stage is fed
back to settling
tank for
retrieving gelatin
out of it.
BOD reduction in
waste water.
Effluent
discharge
Spill control,
drainage of pipe
adopted.
Clean process
Storage of
gelatin at cold,
dry condition
in ware house
Direct packaging
of gelatin.
Conservation of
energy and reduced
wastage of product in
in-house
transportation.
V. CONCLUSION
The adoption of simple techniques without many changes in
process and without cost involvement can also lead to
environmental and economical benefits. From study
conducted above it is concluded that small process change
where waste minimization and energy conservation can lead
to major benefits such as reduction in BOD in waste water,
controlled use of water, limited use of electricity, increased
efficiency, reduced process time, etc. hence in gelatin
industry adoption of feasible cleaner production
opportunities helps in improvisation.
REFERENCE
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[4] Ribas canal x., Muxach navvaro J. and Junka Riuro.
"new process for gelatin production using innovative
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