Volvox (DIVERSITY OF MICROBES)
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Volvox is a genus of green algae that forms spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. Each cell possesses two flagella and chloroplasts. The cells are attached to each other and move the colony through flagellar movement. Volvox reproduces both asexually through cell division and sexually through the fusion of egg and sperm cells. It is a model organism for studying the evolution of multicellular organisms from unicellular ancestors.
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Volvox ppt
Volvox is a genus of green algae that forms spherical colonies called coenobia. Each coenobium contains many cells embedded in a gelatinous sheath. The cells are biflagellate and work together to propel the coenobium through water. Volvox reproduces both asexually through the formation of daughter coenobia inside parent coenobia, and sexually through the development of male antheridia and female oogonia. During sexual reproduction, antherozoids fertilize eggs within oogonia to form zygotes, which overwinter on the bottom of water bodies before germinating into new coenobia.
Coleochaete
The genus Coleochaete is represented by about 10 species, out of which 3 species are found in India. They grow in fresh water either as epiphytes on different angiosperms. They show much variation in their heterotrichous nature. Due to well-developed prostrate system, it forms discoid thailus and looks like
pseudo- parenchyma of one cell in thickness.
Batrachospermum.pptx
1. Batrachospermum is a freshwater red alga found in slow moving waters like lakes and streams in tropical and temperate regions.
2. The thallus appears as branching chains of beads and can reach 20 cm in length. It is differentiated into a main axis and two types of branches.
3. Reproduction occurs sexually through the formation of carpogonia and carposporophytes, and asexually through monosporangia and monospores which germinate to form the juvenile Chantrantia stage.
4. The life cycle is haplobiontic with an alternation between a diploid carposporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations
Oedogonium
Oedogonium is a freshwater, filamentous green alga identified by rings formed at the ends of cells during cell division. It reproduces through both sexual and asexual means. Asexual reproduction occurs through fragmentation, zoospore formation, or aplanospore formation. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and can be either macrandrous or nannandrous. Fertilization occurs when sperm enter an egg, forming a zygote. The zygote produces a thick-walled oospore which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid zoospores that germinate into new haploid filaments.
Vaucheria ppt.pptx
1. The document describes the algal genus Vaucheria, which has coenocytic, filamentous thalli.
2. Vaucheria reproduces through both asexual and sexual means. Asexually, it produces zoospores, aplanospores, and akinetes. Sexually, it produces antheridia and oogonia that undergo fertilization to form zygotes.
3. The zygotes develop thick walls called oospores that allow the alga to survive unfavorable conditions. When conditions improve, the oospores germinate to form new haploid thalli.
Riccia
This document summarizes the external and internal structures of Riccia. Externally, the plant body is thalloid and flattened with dichotomous branching. It has scales and rhizoids on the ventral surface. Internally, it has a photosynthetic region on the dorsal side with chloroplast-containing cells, air spaces, and an upper epidermis. The ventral side has a storage region of closely packed cells containing starch and lacking intercellular spaces. Vegetative reproduction occurs through decay and detachment of branches, formation of tubers or adventitious branches, and development of gemmae from rhizoid cells.
Anthoceros.ppt
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that reproduces both sexually and asexually. The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a dominant haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte.
2. The gametophyte is a small, thalloid structure that produces male antheridia and female archegonia for sexual reproduction. Fertilization of an egg cell within the archegonium forms a zygote that develops into the sporophyte.
3. The sporophyte is an elongated structure that bears haploid spores through meiosis. Upon germination, the spores develop into new gametophyte plants, completing the
Cynobacteria Structure and Reproduction
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic prokaryotes that reproduce through binary fission and have specialized structures like hormogones, akinetes, and heterocysts that aid in reproduction and survival. They have a multilayer cell wall and lack organelles but contain pigments like chlorophyll and phycobilins within thylakoid membranes to perform photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria inhabit various environments like freshwater, marine water, soil and hot springs.
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Volvox ppt
Volvox is a genus of green algae that forms spherical colonies called coenobia. Each coenobium contains many cells embedded in a gelatinous sheath. The cells are biflagellate and work together to propel the coenobium through water. Volvox reproduces both asexually through the formation of daughter coenobia inside parent coenobia, and sexually through the development of male antheridia and female oogonia. During sexual reproduction, antherozoids fertilize eggs within oogonia to form zygotes, which overwinter on the bottom of water bodies before germinating into new coenobia.
Coleochaete
The genus Coleochaete is represented by about 10 species, out of which 3 species are found in India. They grow in fresh water either as epiphytes on different angiosperms. They show much variation in their heterotrichous nature. Due to well-developed prostrate system, it forms discoid thailus and looks like
pseudo- parenchyma of one cell in thickness.
Batrachospermum.pptx
1. Batrachospermum is a freshwater red alga found in slow moving waters like lakes and streams in tropical and temperate regions.
2. The thallus appears as branching chains of beads and can reach 20 cm in length. It is differentiated into a main axis and two types of branches.
3. Reproduction occurs sexually through the formation of carpogonia and carposporophytes, and asexually through monosporangia and monospores which germinate to form the juvenile Chantrantia stage.
4. The life cycle is haplobiontic with an alternation between a diploid carposporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations
Oedogonium
Oedogonium is a freshwater, filamentous green alga identified by rings formed at the ends of cells during cell division. It reproduces through both sexual and asexual means. Asexual reproduction occurs through fragmentation, zoospore formation, or aplanospore formation. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and can be either macrandrous or nannandrous. Fertilization occurs when sperm enter an egg, forming a zygote. The zygote produces a thick-walled oospore which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid zoospores that germinate into new haploid filaments.
Vaucheria ppt.pptx
1. The document describes the algal genus Vaucheria, which has coenocytic, filamentous thalli.
2. Vaucheria reproduces through both asexual and sexual means. Asexually, it produces zoospores, aplanospores, and akinetes. Sexually, it produces antheridia and oogonia that undergo fertilization to form zygotes.
3. The zygotes develop thick walls called oospores that allow the alga to survive unfavorable conditions. When conditions improve, the oospores germinate to form new haploid thalli.
Riccia
This document summarizes the external and internal structures of Riccia. Externally, the plant body is thalloid and flattened with dichotomous branching. It has scales and rhizoids on the ventral surface. Internally, it has a photosynthetic region on the dorsal side with chloroplast-containing cells, air spaces, and an upper epidermis. The ventral side has a storage region of closely packed cells containing starch and lacking intercellular spaces. Vegetative reproduction occurs through decay and detachment of branches, formation of tubers or adventitious branches, and development of gemmae from rhizoid cells.
Anthoceros.ppt
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that reproduces both sexually and asexually. The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a dominant haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte.
2. The gametophyte is a small, thalloid structure that produces male antheridia and female archegonia for sexual reproduction. Fertilization of an egg cell within the archegonium forms a zygote that develops into the sporophyte.
3. The sporophyte is an elongated structure that bears haploid spores through meiosis. Upon germination, the spores develop into new gametophyte plants, completing the
Cynobacteria Structure and Reproduction
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic prokaryotes that reproduce through binary fission and have specialized structures like hormogones, akinetes, and heterocysts that aid in reproduction and survival. They have a multilayer cell wall and lack organelles but contain pigments like chlorophyll and phycobilins within thylakoid membranes to perform photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria inhabit various environments like freshwater, marine water, soil and hot springs.
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Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
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2. It reproduces both sexually, with separate male and female gametophytes, and asexually through carpospores and tetraspores.
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cycas.pptx
This document provides information about the plant Cycas, including its systematic position as a gymnosperm in the division Cycadophyta. It describes key aspects of the Cycas plant body such as its short, tuberous stem covered in tough leaf bases that bears a crown of large fern-like leaves. The document outlines the structure and development of Cycas female cones and ovules, which have an erect structure with a micropyle opening and integument layer that becomes stony during seed formation. References on gymnosperms and the genus Cycas are also provided.
Oedogonium
Oedogonium is a genus of filamentous green algae that reproduces both sexually and asexually. It has distinctive rings formed at cell divisions. Sexual reproduction involves the production of sperm by antheridia and eggs by oogonia, which can fuse to form zygotes. Zygotes and fragments of the algae can then develop into new filaments through asexual reproduction. Oedogonium is classified in the kingdom Protista, division Chlorophyta, class Chlorophyceae, and order Oedogonianles.
Spirogyra
Spirogyra is a large genus of green algae found in freshwater environments around the world. It grows as floating masses of long, cylindrical filaments. Vegetatively, it reproduces through fragmentation of filaments. Sexually, it reproduces through both scalariform and lateral conjugation of non-flagellated gametes to form zygospores. Zygospores have thick walls and can remain dormant before germinating into new haploid plants. Spirogyra is commonly found in ponds and slow moving streams.
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Ectocarpus is a genus of brown algae found worldwide in marine and some freshwater environments. It grows as delicate, highly branched filaments attached to rocks. The thallus has a prostrate system that attaches to the substrate and an erect system of branches. Growth occurs through intercalary meristems. Ectocarpus reproduces asexually through haploid zoospores produced in one-celled or many-celled sporangia, and sexually through isogamous or anisogamous gametes that fuse to form diploid zygotes. This alternates between a haploid gametophyte generation and diploid sporophyte generation in its life cycle.
Lycopodium
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Vaucheria
Vaucheria is a genus of green algae in the order Heterosiphonales. It is a coenocytic, filamentous alga that can live in aquatic or terrestrial environments. It reproduces asexually through the formation of sporangia containing zoospores or aplanospores, and sexually through an oogamous process involving antheridia and oogonia. Fragmentation of the filament is also a form of vegetative reproduction in Vaucheria.
Vaucheria
1. Vaucheria is a yellow-green, filamentous, aquatic or terrestrial alga that grows in dense tufts.
2. It reproduces asexually through the production of multiflagellate zoospores inside club-shaped sporangia or non-motile aplanospores.
3. Under unfavorable conditions, it produces thick-walled akinetes or hypnospores that can directly form new plants when conditions improve.
Nostoc
Nostoc is a genus of blue-green algae that forms ball-like colonies encased in a gelatinous sheath. The colonies contain many filaments made of cylindrical cells. Some cells called heterocysts are involved in nitrogen fixation. Nostoc can be found in soil, rocks, lakes and springs. It contains pigments and has the ability to fix nitrogen. Certain species of Nostoc are edible and have been used as a food supplement in Asia. Research is being conducted on cultivating edible Nostoc species for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.
Nostoc ppt.pptx
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the cyanobacteria Nostoc. Nostoc occurs in freshwater environments, forming spherical colonies embedded in mucilage. It has filaments made up of spherical, bead-like cells. Some cells are heterocysts that fix atmospheric nitrogen. Nostoc reproduces vegetatively through colony fragmentation, hormogones, and akinetes (resting spores), which form in filaments during unfavorable conditions. Nostoc is important in fertilizing soil in paddy fields through its nitrogen fixation.
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2. Gelidium has a stiff, cartilaginous thallus that is often pinnately branched. It reproduces both sexually, through non-motile gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation and non-motile spores.
3. Red algae like Gelidium are used for medicines, food, and industrial products like agar and carrageenan. Some can also cause harmful algal blo
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Chlamydomonas is a single-celled green alga that is found in fresh water environments like ponds, ditches, and wet soil. It reproduces both asexually through the production of zoospores and sexually through isogamy, anisogamy, or oogamy depending on the species. The cell contains a cup-shaped chloroplast, pyrenoid, two flagella, contractile vacuoles, and sometimes an eye spot. Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism in research due to its simple structure and life cycle.
General characters of bryophytes
Bryophytes are small, green, leafy or flat-bodied plants that generally grow in damp, shaded areas. They have a life cycle that alternates between a photosynthetic gametophyte generation and a sporophyte generation. The gametophyte generation is the dominant phase and lacks true roots, stems, and leaves. It reproduces sexually through structures called antheridia and archegonia that produce sperm and eggs. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into the sporophyte generation, which is dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte produces spores through meiosis in structures called sporangia.
Hydrodictyon
Hydrodictyon is a genus of green algae that forms large floating colonies composed of elongate, coenocytic cells linked together in a reticulated net-like pattern. Each cell is connected to two other cells, forming meshes of 5-6 cells. The colonies reproduce vegetatively through fragmentation, and asexually through the formation of daughter colonies inside parent cells. Sexual reproduction involves the production of biflagellate gametes that fuse to form quadriflagellate zygotes, which develop into thick-walled zygospores. Zygospores remain dormant over winter and germinate in spring, undergoing meiosis to produce zoospores that develop into new daughter colonies.
Chara
This document summarizes key details about the freshwater green alga Chara. It describes the order, common species, occurrence in freshwater ponds and lakes, thallus structure including main axis, nodes, branches, rhizoids, and cell structure. Reproduction is both vegetative through structures like bulbils and sexually through oogamous fertilization. Chara has economic importance as food for aquatic animals, in purifying water, as green manure, and used dried as an insect repellent.
Nostoc
Nostoc is a genus of cyanobacteria that commonly occurs in freshwater ponds and soils. It forms large, blue-green colonies that appear as circular balls made up of twisted filaments embedded in a gelatinous sheath. The cells lack organelles like mitochondria and Golgi bodies. They contain pigments like phycoerythrin that give them a blue color. Nostoc reproduces through colony fragmentation, the formation of hormogonia fragments from filaments, and the production of resting spores called akinetes that help the plant survive unfavorable conditions.
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Volvox.pptx
Volvox is a spherical multicellular green alga, which contains many small biflagellate somatic cells and a few large, non-motile reproductive cells called gonidia, and swims with a characteristic rolling motion.
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Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
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1. Polysiphonia is a genus of red algae that has a complex life cycle involving alternating haploid and diploid generations.
2. It reproduces both sexually, with separate male and female gametophytes, and asexually through carpospores and tetraspores.
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cycas.pptx
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Spirogyra
Spirogyra is a large genus of green algae found in freshwater environments around the world. It grows as floating masses of long, cylindrical filaments. Vegetatively, it reproduces through fragmentation of filaments. Sexually, it reproduces through both scalariform and lateral conjugation of non-flagellated gametes to form zygospores. Zygospores have thick walls and can remain dormant before germinating into new haploid plants. Spirogyra is commonly found in ponds and slow moving streams.
Ectocarpus
Ectocarpus is a genus of brown algae found worldwide in marine and some freshwater environments. It grows as delicate, highly branched filaments attached to rocks. The thallus has a prostrate system that attaches to the substrate and an erect system of branches. Growth occurs through intercalary meristems. Ectocarpus reproduces asexually through haploid zoospores produced in one-celled or many-celled sporangia, and sexually through isogamous or anisogamous gametes that fuse to form diploid zygotes. This alternates between a haploid gametophyte generation and diploid sporophyte generation in its life cycle.
Lycopodium
Lycopodium is a genus of small herbaceous or shrubby plants classified in the division Lycophyta. The modern representatives are small compared to related plants from the Carboniferous period that grew as large trees. Lycopodium species have small, simple leaves and produce homosporous sporangia. They have a heteromorphic life cycle with a subterranean gametophyte generation. Lycopodium species are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical forests. Some grow as epiphytes in the tropics. Traditional herbal medicine uses certain Lycopodium species.
Vaucheria
Vaucheria is a genus of green algae in the order Heterosiphonales. It is a coenocytic, filamentous alga that can live in aquatic or terrestrial environments. It reproduces asexually through the formation of sporangia containing zoospores or aplanospores, and sexually through an oogamous process involving antheridia and oogonia. Fragmentation of the filament is also a form of vegetative reproduction in Vaucheria.
Vaucheria
1. Vaucheria is a yellow-green, filamentous, aquatic or terrestrial alga that grows in dense tufts.
2. It reproduces asexually through the production of multiflagellate zoospores inside club-shaped sporangia or non-motile aplanospores.
3. Under unfavorable conditions, it produces thick-walled akinetes or hypnospores that can directly form new plants when conditions improve.
Nostoc
Nostoc is a genus of blue-green algae that forms ball-like colonies encased in a gelatinous sheath. The colonies contain many filaments made of cylindrical cells. Some cells called heterocysts are involved in nitrogen fixation. Nostoc can be found in soil, rocks, lakes and springs. It contains pigments and has the ability to fix nitrogen. Certain species of Nostoc are edible and have been used as a food supplement in Asia. Research is being conducted on cultivating edible Nostoc species for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.
Nostoc ppt.pptx
This document summarizes the key characteristics of the cyanobacteria Nostoc. Nostoc occurs in freshwater environments, forming spherical colonies embedded in mucilage. It has filaments made up of spherical, bead-like cells. Some cells are heterocysts that fix atmospheric nitrogen. Nostoc reproduces vegetatively through colony fragmentation, hormogones, and akinetes (resting spores), which form in filaments during unfavorable conditions. Nostoc is important in fertilizing soil in paddy fields through its nitrogen fixation.
Rhodophyta
1. The document discusses the classification, characteristics, and life cycle of the red algae Gelidium. It belongs to the division Rhodophycophyta, class Rhodophyceae, sub-class Florideae, and order Gelidiales.
2. Gelidium has a stiff, cartilaginous thallus that is often pinnately branched. It reproduces both sexually, through non-motile gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation and non-motile spores.
3. Red algae like Gelidium are used for medicines, food, and industrial products like agar and carrageenan. Some can also cause harmful algal blo
Marchantia ppt
This document summarizes the plant Marchantia. It belongs to the division Bryophyta, class Hepaticopsida, order Marchantiales, and family Marchantiaceae. The genus Marchantia has about 65 species found worldwide, including 11 species in India. It reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia borne on special stalked branches, and asexually through gemmae. Fertilization leads to a sporophyte generation that produces spores which develop into a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle of alternation of generations. Key structures include the dorsal gemma cups and ventral rhizoids, and the dorsiventral thallus bears the reproductive organs in
Chlamydomonas
Chlamydomonas is a single-celled green alga that is found in fresh water environments like ponds, ditches, and wet soil. It reproduces both asexually through the production of zoospores and sexually through isogamy, anisogamy, or oogamy depending on the species. The cell contains a cup-shaped chloroplast, pyrenoid, two flagella, contractile vacuoles, and sometimes an eye spot. Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism in research due to its simple structure and life cycle.
General characters of bryophytes
Bryophytes are small, green, leafy or flat-bodied plants that generally grow in damp, shaded areas. They have a life cycle that alternates between a photosynthetic gametophyte generation and a sporophyte generation. The gametophyte generation is the dominant phase and lacks true roots, stems, and leaves. It reproduces sexually through structures called antheridia and archegonia that produce sperm and eggs. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into the sporophyte generation, which is dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte produces spores through meiosis in structures called sporangia.
Hydrodictyon
Hydrodictyon is a genus of green algae that forms large floating colonies composed of elongate, coenocytic cells linked together in a reticulated net-like pattern. Each cell is connected to two other cells, forming meshes of 5-6 cells. The colonies reproduce vegetatively through fragmentation, and asexually through the formation of daughter colonies inside parent cells. Sexual reproduction involves the production of biflagellate gametes that fuse to form quadriflagellate zygotes, which develop into thick-walled zygospores. Zygospores remain dormant over winter and germinate in spring, undergoing meiosis to produce zoospores that develop into new daughter colonies.
Chara
This document summarizes key details about the freshwater green alga Chara. It describes the order, common species, occurrence in freshwater ponds and lakes, thallus structure including main axis, nodes, branches, rhizoids, and cell structure. Reproduction is both vegetative through structures like bulbils and sexually through oogamous fertilization. Chara has economic importance as food for aquatic animals, in purifying water, as green manure, and used dried as an insect repellent.
Nostoc
Nostoc is a genus of cyanobacteria that commonly occurs in freshwater ponds and soils. It forms large, blue-green colonies that appear as circular balls made up of twisted filaments embedded in a gelatinous sheath. The cells lack organelles like mitochondria and Golgi bodies. They contain pigments like phycoerythrin that give them a blue color. Nostoc reproduces through colony fragmentation, the formation of hormogonia fragments from filaments, and the production of resting spores called akinetes that help the plant survive unfavorable conditions.
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This document discusses green algae. It notes that the group contains over 20,000 species that contain chlorophyll A and B which gives them their green color. About 90% are freshwater while 10% are marine or terrestrial. They exhibit a wide range of thallus forms from unicellular to filamentous or branched. Green algae store starch and sometimes oils as food reserves and reproduce through vegetative, asexual and sexual means. They are an important food source for animals and humans as they provide vitamins, minerals and carotene.
Bryophytes: alternation of generation, morphology, anatomy and reproductive c...
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This document summarizes the life cycle and reproductive structures of the liverwort Riccia. It describes the alternation of generations between its haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte phases. The gametophyte is a small, flat thallus that reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia. Fertilization occurs when sperm from the antheridia fertilize eggs in the archegonia, forming a sporophyte. The sporophyte is a simple spore sac that produces haploid spores through meiosis. The spores germinate to form new gametophytes, completing the life cycle.What's hot (20)
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Volvox.pptx
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Chlorophyta: (Green Algae) The Phylum of Kingdom Protista.
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Life cycle of volvox and...
Volvox and Anabaena have similar life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction.
Volvox is a spherical colony of green algae cells that reproduces asexually through the formation of daughter colonies within the parent colony. Sexually, it produces gametes that fuse to form a zygote which overwinters before germinating into a new haploid colony.
Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that can reproduce asexually through fragmentation or hormogone formation. It also produces heterocysts, endospores, or akinetes for reproduction and survival in unfavorable conditions. Both organisms have life cycles that alternate between haploid and diploid stages
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Volvox aureus form spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells and have green orbs that move slowly. Paramecium are oval shaped with crater-like openings and closings that can move, digest food, and reproduce. Euglena resemble small green caterpillars and move slowly with clear structures on their bodies. Amoebas are clear, shape-shifting cells that move extremely fast. The document describes and compares these four protists: Volvox aureus, Paramecium, Euglena, and Amoebas.
3 kingdom
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Class Bivalvia , cephalopoda , Gastropoda
Class Bivalvia ,cephalopoda ,Gastropoda
Reproduction
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Sponges And Placozoa(2)
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- Two hypotheses for the origin of multicellularity are the syncytial ciliate hypothesis and the colonial flagellate hypothesis.
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The reproductive cycle rex
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9. origins of multicellularity & phylum porifera part I in clear explanation
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Algae
This power point presentation will enhance your knowledge about different types of algae,their occurrence and habitat.
It is very useful for school projects and assignments.
really excellent for curious biologists.
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Volvox (DIVERSITY OF MICROBES)
- 3. Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Plantae Phylum Chlorophyta Class Chlorophyceae Order Chlamydomonodales Family Volvocaceae Genus Volvox Volvox Classification
- 4. Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae. It forms spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells. They live in a variety of freshwater habitats, and were first reported by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1700. Volvox diverged from unicellular ancestors approximately 200 million years ago.
- 6. Characteristics •The volvox grows well in eutrophic water bodies. Lakes that are rich in nutrients allow a prolific and healthy growth of this algae. •Every single ovoid or spherical cell in volvox colonies possess two flagella. A pair of contractile vacuoles, along with single cup-shaped chloroplasts, are present at the base of these flagella. •The cells of volvox can be single or biflagellate. •Individual algal cells of volvox are attached to each other by means of cytoplasmic strands. These individual cells are characterized by the presence of red eye spots on their
- 7. •Flagellar movement of cells present in volvox colonies is used for swimming (rolling motion) and also in changing the direction. •The mucilage produced by every individual cell in the colony can be distinct or inconspicuous. •In a particular colony of volvox, cells at the anterior possess phototactic abilities, which are attributed to larger eyespots. •Posterior cells of the volvox colonies are more into other functions, like reproduction. •Volvox is a polyphyletic organism, which means that it has multiple ancestral lineages. •Different species of volvox have evolved from at least four different ancestral lineages.
- 8. •The size of volvox colonies can range from 100-6000 microns. •Most of the volvox species are microscopic organisms, and therefore we cannot see them with naked eyes. However, few colonies are as big as 1 mm in diameter, making them easily visible. •In the different stages of development of volvox, one can get to see their daughter cells and in few cases, even grand-daughter cells. •One can find parasites feeding on cells of volvox in some colonies. A rotifer called Proales parasita thrives by feeding on cells of volvox.
- 10. Reproduction The volvox regenerates both by sexual and asexual reproduction. The asexual cells, called gonidia, present at the posterior of volvox colonies contribute in asexual reproduction through repeated division. Growth of the gonads (daughter cells) takes place from cells that are present around the equator of the colony.
- 12. The somatic/vegetative cells do not divide and are therefore unable to take part in reproduction. Sexual reproduction takes place by the fusion of sperms and egg cells. It is necessary to note that volvox can be monoecious or dioecious. The fertilization of male and female gametes in sexual reproduction leads to the formation of zygotes. The species called Volvox aureus has a smooth surface. Volvox globator, on the other hand, has zygotes that are star-shaped.