Invertebrates are animals without backbones. They make up 97% of the animal kingdom and can be found in water and other environments. They exhibit various symmetries and belong to phyla like porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminths, and arthropods. Paramecium are single-celled protozoans that move using cilia, feed by ingesting bacteria and algae, and reproduce through binary fission. Sponges are filter-feeding aquatic animals with pores, skeletal elements, and multiple cell types including choanocytes. Cnidarians like jellyfish have stinging cells and a diploblastic structure, with many exhibiting a complex life cycle involving polyps and medusae
NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 5 | The Fundamental ...Biswarup Majumder
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NCERT Solutions | Class IX | Science (Biology) | Chapter 5 | The Fundamental ...Biswarup Majumder
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paramecium is a microscopic organism. it is an protozoan that comes under ciliates. they are even visible under naked eyes. Paramecium are unicellular organism they lives in aquatic environment. they are used as live feed for fishes.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Assalam Alikum! here is the presentationn of PHYLUM PORIFERA. prepared to benefit you guys. material in slides is authentic 100%. Once you read the slides you will say ''OMG its soooooooo awesom dude!!''
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Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
Multiple choice Which type of cells in Porifera create water current.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
Multiple choice: Which type of cells in Porifera create water currents? Pinacocytes
Mesenchyme Choanocytes Current ceils True/False: Porifera are triploblastic and bilaterally
symmetric. True False True/False: Protozoans exhibit some tissue level organization. True False
Solution
Ans. 1. Choanocytes in Porifera create water currents.
Ans. 2. False. Have single germ layer.
Triploblastic organisms have three germ layers.
Ans. 3. False
Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes and lack any tissue level organization.
Phylum Porifera:
The members lack tissue level organization, thus are NOT triploblastic. Multicellular body, most
of them with cellular level of organization, some may form incipient tissue. Generally
asymmetric, but some may present superficial radial symmetry.
Body Organization: The outer surface of sponges, called pinacoderm, is composed one cell-thick
layer of pinacocytes. A rigid skeletal framework (siliceous or calcareous) covering the
pinacoderm may also be present in many sponges and is called spicules. The pinacoderm bears
perforation through which the water enters the body. The perforation is called ostium (pore is
lined by one cell) or dermal pore (pore is lined by several cells). Some pinacocytes are modified
as contractile myocytes and generally arranged around oscula/ dermal pores to regulate water
flow.
The inner one-cell thick surface, called choanoderm, is composed of choanocytes (collar cells).
The uniflagellated choanocytes bear a collar of microvilli surrounding the flagella. The oval end
of choanocytes is embedded in mesohyl and the flagellated end exposed in the water canal. The
large central cavity of sponges is called spongocoel. The coordinated beating of flagella of the
choanocytes lining the ostium/ dermal pores draws water in through the water canal system and
the food particles are trapped at the collar of choanocytes.
The matrix in between pinacoderm and choanoderm is called mesohyl/ mesenchyme and consists
of spicules, collagen fibers and many other type of cells (collencytes, archaeocytes, etc.)
embedded in a noncellular colloidal mesoglea. It plays crucial roles in digestion, gamete
production, secretion of skeletal components, and transport of nutrients and waste removal by
amoebocytes. The archaeocytes are amoeboid cells and can different into many other types of
cells with specialized functions- sclerocytes (secretes spicules), spongocytes (secretes spongin
collagen), collencytes (secrete collagen fibers) and lophocytes (secrete relatively large quantity
of fibrillar collagen)..
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. What is an Invertebrate?
Invertebrates are animals that do not have
backbones.
97% of the animal kingdom is made up of
invertebrates.
Some can be found in ponds, oceans, and other
water environments.
.
3. Animal Characteristics
Many-celled organisms sharing similar
features and that are made of different
kinds of cells.
Animal cells have a nucleus and
organelles surrounded by a membrane –
EUKARYOTIC.
Cannot make their own food –
HETEROTROPHIC – digest their food.
Can move from place to place to find food,
shelter, and mates, and to escape from
predators.
4. Symmetry
Symmetry: arrangement of the individual
parts of an object
Radial: body parts arranged in a circle
around a central point
Bilateral: parts are mirror images of each
other
Asymmetrical: bodies cannot be divided
into matching halves
8. 1.They are unicellular with some
colonial and multicellular stages.
2. Most are microscopic.
3. All symmetries are present within
members of the group.
4. No germ layers are present.
5. No organs or tissues are formed,
but specialized organelles serve many
of these functions.
9. 6.They include free-living,
mutualistic, commensal and
parasitic forms.
7.They move by pseudopodia,
flagella, cilia and they can direct
cell movements.
8.Most are naked, but some have
a simple endoskeleton or
exoskeleton.
12. Paramecium Movement
The outer surface of the cell is
covered with many hundreds of tiny
hair-like structures called cilia.
These act like microscopic oars to
push through the water, enabling the
organism to swim.
If Paramecium comes across an
obstacle, it stops, reverses the
beating of the cilia, swims backwards,
turns through an angle and moves
forward again on a slightly different
course.
It moves so quickly that we have to
add a thickening agent or quieting
solution to the slide to slow it down
to study it.
13. Paramecium Feeding
Paramecium has a permanent feeding
mechanism, consisting of an oral groove and
a funnel-shaped gullet into which food is
drawn by the combined action of cilia which
cover the body and other cilia lining the oral
groove and the gullet.
As it moves through the water it rotates on its
axis and small particles of debris and food are
collected and swept into the gullet.
They feed on small organisms such as
bacteria, yeasts, algae and even other
smaller protozoa.
14. Paramecium Reproduction
In favourable conditions the
cell divides in two by a
process called binary fission
(asexual reproduction).
This forms two new cells,
each of which rapidly grows
any new structures required
and increases in size.
This whole process may take
place two or three times a
day if conditions were right.
15. Paramecium Reproduction
This is a more complicated
method called conjugation
(sexual reproduction).
It involves two cells coming
together to exchange nuclear
material.
The two cells then separate
and continue to reproduce by
simple division.
It is similar in some ways to
sexual reproduction in more
complex animals.
16. Paramecium Excretion
Food waste left in a food
vacuole is excreted through
the anal pore (the vacuole
and pore fuse.
Other wastes left over from
cellular activity (metabolic
waste) simply diffuse
through the pellicle.
Excess water and some
metabolic wastes are
excreted through the
contractile vacuole.
18. Porifera Characteristics
They live in water. (Most are found in the ocean.)
They look like plants but they are animals.
Sponges stay fixed in one place - SESSILE.
Their bodies are full of pores and their skeleton
is made of spiky fibers (spicules) or rubbery
spongin
Sponges are divided into classes according to the
type of spicule they have – 5,000 species
identified!
Water flows through the pores of their body,
aided by flagella, which enables them to catch
food – FILTER FEEDERS
19. Porifera Characteristics
Sponges can reproduce asexually through
budding ~ GEMMULES; a new sponge grows
from pieces of an old sponge
Most sponges that reproduce sexually are
hermaphrodites, meaning they have both eggs
and sperm
Sperm is released into water
Sperm floats until they are drawn into another
sponge where they fertilize an egg
Larva develops in sponge, leaves sponge, and
settles to the bottom where it grows into an adult
21. General Morphology
• The internal cavity is called the atrium or spongocoel
• Water is drawn into it through a series of incurrent pores or dermal ostia present in the
body wall into a central cavity and then flows out of the sponge through a large
opening at the top called the osculum
22. Body layers
1. The pinacoderm - an outer layer of
flattened cells called pinacocytes
2. An inner lining containing flagellated cells
(choanocytes) - draw water in through the
pores and move out through the osculum; also
trap food particles
• The water current is also used for gas
exchange, removal of wastes, and release of
the gametes
3. Between the pinacodern and the
choanocytes is a gelatinous material called
mesenchyme;
Archaeocytes are amoeboid cells and they
can also undergo differentiation to form other
cells(Totipotency)
23. The Skeleton
In the mesenchyme is the skeleton composed of tiny pointed structures
made of silica or calcium carbonate called spicules.
These structures act as an internal scaffolding, but also function in
protection
Among some sponges the skeleton consist of spongin fibers made of
collagenous material; found in many of the commercial sponges
25. Types of Canal Systems
ASCON TYPE
• Simple vaselike structure
• This stucture puts limitations on
size; (increase in volume without a
corresponding increase in the
surface area of the choanocytes)
26. SYCON TYPE
• The flagellated choanocyte layer
has undergone folding forming
finger like projections
• There is a single osculum but
the body wall is more complex,
with water being received
through incurrent canals, which
pass it along to radial canals
through to the spongocoel
• Results in an increase in the
surface area which allowed
sponges to increase in the size
27. LEUCON TYPE
• No atrium; several small
chambers in which choanocytes
are located
• There is a whole series of
incurrent canals leading to the
choanocyte chambers; water is
discharges through excurrent
canals
• The leuconoid sponges exhibit a
significant increase in surface
area and are, therefore, among the
largest sponges
31. MODE OF REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction can occur by bud
formation
External buds
Small individuals that break off after
attaining a certain size
Internal buds or gemmules
Formed by archaeocytes that collect in
mesenchyme
Coated with tough spongin and spicules
Survive harsh environmental conditions
12-31
36. Basic Characteristics
A. Tissue level
1. Sac – like body with 3 layers
a. epidermis
b. mesoglea
c. gastrodermis
2. Gastrovascular cavity –
hollow internal body cavity
B. Nervous system
1. Nerve net – nerves evenly
spaced
2. Statocysts – structures for
balance (hollow ball of cells
with a grain of sand)
3. Ocelli – light sensitive
structure
38. C. Tentacles
1. Capture food
2. Cnidoblast/cnidocyte – cell
that contains the stinging
organelle
3. Nematocyst – stinging organelle
a. capsule with coiled
“harpoon” containing
toxins
b. Operculum – flap that
holds the coil inside
c. Stimulated by touch and
chemicals
40. D. Habitat
1. Mostly shallow, marine
2. Pelagic – open water
3. Benthic – bottom dweller
4. Symbiosis
a. on other animal’s shells
b. with algae that provide
energy from
photosynthesis
41. E. Reproduction
1. Polymorphism “many
shapes”
2. Polyp – sessile, tentacles up
3. Medusa – floating, tentacles
down
4. Many alternate forms
5. Asexual reproduction
a. budding
b. regeneration
6. Sexual reproduction
a. mostly dioecious
45. Class Scyphozoa – “cup animal”
A. genus Aurelia – common
jellyfish
B. Thick mesoglea
C. Tentacles can be up to 70 m
D. Dioecious, polymorphic life
cycle
51. General Characteristics
• They exhibit bilateral symmetry: anterior and
posterior ends are different; so are the dorsal
(top) and ventral (bottom) surfaces
•The platyhelminths also exhibit some degree of
cephalization Commonly referred to as the
'flatworms' because their bodies are
dorsoventrally flattened.
•They are acoelomates
•This phylum (and all remaining phyla) possess
3 germ layers (=triploblastic)
•The mesoderm (third germ layer) gives rise to
muscles, various organ systems, and the
parenchyma, a form of solid tissue containing
cells and fibers
52. Outer Body Covering
• The body of some platyhelminthes (e.g.,
turbellarians) is covered by a ciliated
epidermis
• Epidermal cells contain rod-shaped
structures called rhabdites that when
released into the surrounding water,
expand and form a protective mucous
coat around the animal
• The outer body covering of other
platyhelminthes (e.g., parasitic forms) is a
non-ciliated tegument
• The tegument is referred to as a
syncytial epithelium
53. Organ Systems of the Platyhelminthes
Digestive System
• Some of the flatworms possess a digestive system, with a mouth, pharynx, and a
branching intestine from which the nutrients are absorbed
• The intestine, with only one opening, is a blind system
54. Excretory System (osmoregulation)
• A network of water collecting tubules adjacent to flame cells or a
protonephridia
• When cilia beat they move water into the tubules and out the body through
pores called nephridiopores
56. Cestoda
The Tapeworms
Endoparasites
Body consists of proglottids and scolex
Proglottids snapshots of development
Scolex has structures for attachment
(Hooks, suckers and rostellum)
No digestive system
57.
58. Class Cestoda
General Morphology
• Nonciliated tegument composed of glycoprotein
• The anterior region is called a scolex; often armed with suckers and hooks
• Extending from the neck is a
series of proglottids; contain the
sex organs and eggs; no digestive
system
• Mature eggs released through an
opening in the proglottid or leave
the host when the proglottids are
separated from the main body of the
worm.
64. Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common
liver fluke or sheep liver fluke.
Is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda,
phylum Platyhelminthes that infects liver of
various mammals, including humans.
The disease caused by the fluke is called
fascioliasis (also known as fasciolosis).
F. hepatica is world-wide distributed and causes
great economic losses in sheep and cattle.
64
69. HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESENTATION
• Helpful in understanding the trend of
evolution.
• For better understanding the living
conditions and behaviour of
animals,specially Jellyfish,Taenia and
Fasciola.
• Their economic status.