The document summarizes the reproductive cycles of various organisms. It describes the stages of development for mammals from zygote to neonate. It also outlines the life cycles of birds, amphibians, insects, fish, and plants. Key stages discussed include eggs, larvae, pupae, adults, gametophytes, and sporophytes. The plant life cycle of alternation of generations is also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of flower anatomy and the process of angiosperm fertilization and fruit development.

1. THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
Rex S. Jardeleza
MAEd – Biological Sciences

2. The Mammal Reproductive Cycle

3. ZYGOTE
• a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
MORULLA
• a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is
formed.
BLASTOCYST
• a mammalian blastula in which some differentiation of cells has occurred.
EMBRYO
• an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.
FETUS
• an unborn offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human baby more than eight
weeks after conception.
NEONATE
• a baby from birth to four week

4. The Bird Reproductive Cycle

6. The Amphibian Reproductive Cycle

7. The Amphibian Reproductive Cycle
A jelly-like eggs are laid in
water, hatch into legless
tadpoles with gills, the
tadpoles grow one set of
legs, then they
metamorphose into an airbreathing froglet with a tail.
Froglets lose their tails as
they grow into adult frogs. A
lot of amphibians lay their
eggs out of water, finding
interesting ways to keep
their eggs and tadpoles wet.

8. The Insect Reproductive Cycle

9. EGG: unborn stage.
LARVA: the active immature form of an insect, esp. one
that differs greatly from the adult and forms the stage
between egg and pupa, e.g., a caterpillar or grub.
PUPA: an insect in its inactive immature form between larva
and adult, e.g., a chrysalis.
ADULT: final, breeding stage (they usually grow wings)

10. The Fish Reproductive Cycle

12. The Plant Reproductive Cycle

13. Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction is natural “cloning.”
Parts of the plant, such as leaves or stems,
produce roots and become an independent
plant.
Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction requires fusion of male
cells in the pollen grain with female cells in
the ovule.

14. Terms to know:
• Haploid: having a single set of chromosomes
in each cell.
• Diploid: having two sets of chromosomes in
each cell.
• Mitosis: cell division, which produces two
genetically identical cells.
• Meiosis: reduction division, which produces
four haploid reproductive cells.

15. Plant Life Cycle
Alternation of Generations
• Plants have a double life cycle with two
distinct forms:
– Sporophyte: diploid, produce haploid spores by
meiosis.
– Gametophyte: haploid, produce gametes by
mitosis.

16. Non-flowering plants
Mosses, ferns, and related plants have motile,
swimming sperm.

17. Parts of the Flower

18. Incomplete flowers
• Flowers are complete if they have all
parts, and perfect if they have both
male and female parts.
• Grass flowers: incomplete, usually
imperfect (separate male and female
flowers)
• A tulip is complete (though the sepals
are the same color as the petals) and
perfect.

19. Angiosperm Life Cycle

20. Double Fertilization

21. Flower to Fruit

22. Seed Anatomy

23. Seed Germination

25. Thank You for Listening