The document discusses various vitamins including their sources, functions and deficiencies. It covers both fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water soluble vitamins (B vitamins, C). Key points include: vitamins are organic compounds required for health; 13 vitamins are essential for humans; vitamin deficiencies can be primary or secondary; and both deficiencies and toxicities of different vitamins can impact health.

1. VITAMIN
Musab Gibreel Elibead
Msc. Food Quality Control
Prof. Ali
Elsaid

2.  Vitamin is an organic compound and a vital
nutrient that an organism requires in limited
amounts.
 Pro-vitamin is a substance that may be
converted within the body to a vitamin.
 Thirteen vitamins are necessary for health
 Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble, and all
others are water-soluble (B and C)
 A deficiency of vitamins may be
 primary (dietary in origin) or
 secondary because of disturbances in intestinal
absorption, transport in the blood, tissue storage,
or metabolic conversion

3. Fat-soluble
Vitamin

4. Vitamin A
 Vitamin A is the name given to a group of
related compounds
 retinol (vitamin A alcohol),
 retinal (vitamin A aldehyde),
 retinoic acid (vitamin A acid)
 The generic term retinoids encompasses
vitamin A in its various forms and both
natural and synthetic chemicals that are
structurally related to vitamin A

5. Sources of Vit A
 Cod liver oil (30000 μg)
 Liver (turkey) (8058 μg 895%)
 Liver (beef, pork, fish) (6500 μg
722%)
 Liver (chicken) (3296 μg 366%)
 Dandelion greens (5588 IU
112%)[
 Sweet potato (961 μg 107%)
 Carrot (835 μg 93%)
 Butter (684 μg 76%)
 Kale (681 μg 76%)
 Cheddar cheese (265 μg 29%)
 Cantaloupe melon (169 μg 19%)
 Egg (140 μg 16%)
 Apricot (96 μg 11%)
 Papaya (55 μg 6%)
 Mango (38 μg 4%)
 pea (38 μg 4%)
 Milk (28 μg 3%)
 Tomatoes
 Seaweed
Note: Data taken from USDA
database, Bracketed values are
retinol activity equivalences
(RAEs) and percentage of the
adult male RDA, per 100 grams
of the foodstuff (average).

7. Functions of vitamin A
 Maintenance of normal vision
 Cell growth and differentiation
 Metabolic effects of retinoids
 Host resistance to infections

8. Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency can occur as either a primary or a
secondary deficiency.
 A primary vitamin A deficiency occurs among children
and adults who do not consume an adequate intake of
provitamin A carotenoids from fruits and vegetables or
preformed vitamin A from animal and dairy products.
Early weaning from breast milk can also increase the
risk of vitamin A deficiency.
 Secondary vitamin A deficiency is associated with
chronic malabsorption of lipids, impaired bile production
and release, and chronic exposure to oxidants, such as
cigarette smoke, and chronic alcoholism.

9.  The most devastating changes occur in the
eyes and are referred to as xerophthalmia
(dry eye).
 First, xerosis conjunctivae
 Buildup of keratin debris in small opaque
plaques (Bitot spots) and, eventually,
 Erosion of the roughened corneal surface with
softening and destruction of the cornea
(keratomalacia) and total blindness.

11. Vitamin A Toxicity
 Acute toxicity occurs over a period of hours or a
few days, and is less of a problem than chronic
toxicity.
 Chronic toxicity - ingestion of high amounts of
preformed vitamin A for months or years - results
from daily intakes greater than 25,000 IU for 6
years or longer and more than 100,000 IU for 6
months or longer - are considered toxic.
 Well-established teratogenic effects of
retinoids – contraindicated in pregnancy

12.  Sources of toxicity
 Diet - liver is high in vitamin A. The liver of certain
animals — including the polar bear, bearded seal,
walrus, moose, and husky — are particularly
toxic.
 Supplements - usually when taken above
recommended dosages - can be toxic. Cod liver
oil is particularly high in vitamin A.
 Medications - at high doses of vitamin A - are
often used on long-term basis in numerous
preventive and therapeutic medical applications,
which may lead to hypervitaminosis A.

13. Vitamin D
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble
secosteroids responsible for enhancing
intestinal absorption of calcium, iron,
magnesium, phosphate and zinc. In humans,
the most important compounds in this group
are vitamin D3 (also known as cholecalciferol)
and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol).
Vitamin D is found in few dietary sources,
Sunlight exposure is the primary source of
vitamin D for majority of people, other than
supplements.

14.  Major function of the fat-soluble vitamin D
is the maintenance of adequate plasma
levels of calcium and phosphorus
 Metabolic functions,
 Bone mineralization, and
 Neuromuscular transmission

17. Vitamin D deficiency
 Normal reference range for circulating 25-
(OH)-D is 20 to 100 ng/mL
 concentrations of less than 20 ng/mL constitute
vitamin D deficiency.
 vitamin D deficiency leading to bone softening
diseases as rickets in children and osteomalacia
and osteoporosis in adults.
 Causes
 Diet deficiency
 Limited exposure to sunlight
 Renal disorder

18. Rickets
Rickets a childhood disease, is
characterized by impeded growth and soft,
weak, deformed long bones that bend and bow
under their weight as children start to walk.
This condition is characterized by bow legs,
which can be caused by calcium or phosphorus
deficiency, as well as a lack of vitamin D.

20. Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia is a disease in adults that results
from vitamin D deficiency. Characteristics of this
disease are softening of the bones, leading to bending
of the spine, bowing of the legs, proximal muscle
weakness, bone fragility, and increased risk for
fractures, Osteomalacia reduces calcium absorption
and increases calcium loss from bone, which
increases the risk for bone fractures, The effects of
osteomalacia are thought to contribute to chronic
musculoskeletal pain There is no persuasive evidence
of lower vitamin D levels in chronic pain sufferers.

22. Vitamin D toxicity
Vitamin D toxicity is usually caused by taking
too many supplements Vitamin D toxicity can
lead to too much calcium in the blood.
Symptoms of this include: Weakness, Nausea
and vomiting, Increased urination, Constipation,
Weight loss, Not feeling hungry, Confusion,
Irregular heart beat, Kidney stones
Vitamin D toxicity can be treated by stopping
any supplements of vitamin D and taking in less
calcium.

23. Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds that include
both tocopherols and tocotrienols, It is dissolves in fat
• α-tocopherol
• β-tocopherol
• γ-tocopherol
• δ-tocopherol
Tocopherols
• α-tocotrienols
• β-tocotrienols
• γ-tocotrienols
• δ-tocotrienols
Tocotrienols
Vitamin E

24. Sources

25. Vitamin E Function
As a biological
antioxidant
Prevents lipid
peroxidation of
biological membrane
Prevents
peroxidation of
vitamin A & PUFA
Reproductive
functions & prevents
sterility
Vitamin E

26. Vitamin E deficiency
 Causes
 Inadequate intake
 Impaired absorption
 Features
 Hemolytic anaemia in the new born
 Muscle weakness (myopathy)
 Spinocerebellar ataxia and impaired vision

27. Myopathy
Myopathy is a muscular disease in which the muscle
fibers do not function for any one of many reasons,
resulting in muscular weakness. "Myopathy" simply means
muscle disease (myo- Greek μυο "muscle" + pathos -pathy
Greek "suffering"). This meaning implies that the primary
defect is within the muscle, as opposed to the nerves
("neuropathies" or "neurogenic" disorders) or elsewhere
(e.g., the brain etc.). Muscle cramps, stiffness, and spasm
can also be associated with myopathy.
Capture Myopathy, or Shock Disease, is a little-studied
condition observed in wild animals such as hares and birds
that have been captured or handled The condition is
usually lethal and stress has been identified as the single
most determining factor, exacerbated by muscle exertion.

28. Vitamin E Toxicity
 Vitamin E can act as an anticoagulant,
increasing the risk of bleeding problems. As a
result, many agencies have set a tolerable
upper intake levels (UL) at 1,000 mg (1,500
IU) per day.[
 In combination with certain other drugs such
as aspirin, hypervitaminosis E can be life-
threatening.
 Hypervitaminosis E may also counteract
vitamin K, leading to a vitamin K deficiency

29. Vitamin K
 Vitamin K refers to a group of structurally
similar, fat-soluble vitamins the human body
needs for complete synthesis of certain
proteins that are required for blood
coagulation, and also certain proteins that the
body uses to control binding of calcium in
bone and other tissues

30. Vitamin K Types
• Pylloquinone
• Present in plants
Vitamin
K1
• Menaquinone
• Produced by intestinal bacteria
Vitamin
K2
• Menadione
• Synthetic form
Vitamin
K3

31. Sources

32. Function
Role in blood
coagulation
• Cofactor for gamma
carboxylation of
glutamic acid in
clotting factors II, VIII,
IX and X
Role in bone
mineralization
• Cofactor for gamma
carboxylation of
glutamic acid in
osteocalcin

33. Deficiency
Causes In newborn
Impaired absorption
Sterile bacterial flora
Features Bleeding
Prolonged prothrombin time

34. Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding
(VKDB)
Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn, also known as
Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB) is a coagulation
disturbance in newborns due to vitamin K deficiency. As a
consequence of vitamin K deficiency there is an impaired
production of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and
protein S by the liver.
Signs and symptoms The disease causes an increased
risk of bleeding. The most common sites of bleeding are the
umbilicus, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract,
circumcision and venepunctures.
Causes Newborns are relatively vitamin K deficient for a
variety of reasons. They have low vitamin K stores at birth,
vitamin K passes the placenta poorly, the levels of vitamin K in
breast milk are low and the gut flora has not yet been
developed (vitamin K is normally produced by intestinal
bacteria.
Treatment consists of vitamin K supplementation. This is

35. Vitamin K Toxicity
 Although allergic reaction from supplementation is
possible, no known toxicity is associated with high
doses of the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) or
menaquinone (vitamin K2) forms of vitamin K, so
no tolerable upper intake level (UL) has been set.
 Blood clotting (coagulation) studies in humans
using 45 mg per day of vitamin K2 (as MK-4) and
even up to 135 mg/day (45 mg three times daily)
of K2 (as MK-4), showed no increase in blood clot
risk. Even doses in rats as high as 250 mg/kg
body weight did not alter the tendency for blood-
clot formation to occur.

36. Water-soluble
Vitamin
(Vit B and Vit C)

37. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid, or simply ascorbate
(the anion of ascorbic acid), is an essential nutrient for
humans and certain other animal species. Vitamin C
refers to a number of vitamers that have vitamin C
activity in animals, including ascorbic acid and its
salts, and some oxidized forms of the molecule like
dehydroascorbic acid. Ascorbate and ascorbic acid
are both naturally present in the body when either of
these is introduced into cells, since the forms
interconvert according to pH.
Vitamin C is present in milk and some animal
products (liver, fish) and is abundant in a variety of
fruits and vegetables.

38. Function
 Best-established function of vitamin C is
the activation of prolyl and lysyl
hydroxylases from inactive precursors,
providing for hydroxylation of procollagen.
 Collagen, which normally has the highest
content, of hydroxyproline, particularly in
blood vessels, accounts for the
predisposition to hemorrhages in scurvy.
 Antioxidant properties
 scavenge free radicals directly and
 Act indirectly by regenerating the antioxidant
form of vitamin E

39. Vitamin C Sources

40. Vitamin C Deficiency(Scurvy)
Scurvy is an avitaminosis resulting from
lack of vitamin C, since without this vitamin, the
synthesized collagen is too unstable to perform
its function. Scurvy leads to the formation of
brown spots on the skin, spongy gums, and
bleeding from all mucous membranes. The
spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs,
and a person with the ailment looks pale, feels
depressed, and is partially immobilized. In
advanced scurvy there are open, suppurating
wounds and loss of teeth and, eventually, death.
The human body can store only a certain

42. Vitamin C toxicity
Vitamin C toxicity is usually caused by
taking too many supplements. It is usually
not caused by getting too much vitamin C
from food, It can cause: Diarrhea, Nausea,
Stomach cramps.
Hemochromatosis causes the body to
store too much iron, High doses of vitamin C
could worsen iron overload and cause
damage to body tissues. It is important to
stay within the recommended dosage range
and talk to a healthcare provider before
starting vitamin supplements.

43. B vitamins
The B vitamins are a group of water-soluble
vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism.
The B vitamins were once thought to be a single
vitamin, referred to as vitamin B (much as people refer
to vitamin C or vitamin D). Later research showed that
they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist
in the same foods. In general, supplements containing
all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex.
Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by
the specific name of each vitamin (e.g., B1, B2, B3 etc).

44. Vitamin B Types
 Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
 Vitamin B3 (niacin or niacinamide)
 Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or
pyridoxamine, or pyridoxine hydrochloride)
 Vitamin B7 (biotin)
 Vitamin B9 (folic acid)
 Vitamin B12 (various cobalamins; commonly
cyanocobalamin in vitamin supplements)

45. Function
 Support and increase the rate of
metabolism.
 Maintain healthy skin and muscle tone.
 Enhance immune and nervous system
function.
 Promote cell growth and division, including
that of the red blood cells that help prevent
anemia.
 Reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer - one
of the most lethal forms of cancer- when
consumed in food, but not when ingested

46. Source
 Thiamine: Fortified bread and cereal, fish, lean meat and milk.
 Riboflavin: Cereal, Nuts, Milk, Egg, Green leafy Vegetables.
 Niacin: Diary poultry, fish, Nuts, Egg, Lean Meat.
 Pantothenic acid: Meat, Legumes, whole Grain Cereals.
 Pyridoxine: Bean, Legumes, fish, Nuts, Egg, Meat, bread and
cereal.
 Folic acid: Yeast, Liver, Green Vegetables and whole Grain
Cereals.
 Cobalamin: Meat, Egg, Milk and Milk products, poultry,
shelfish.
 Biotin: Peanuts, Swiss chard and other leafy green vegetables,
raw egg yolk liver, and Saskatoon berries.

47. Deficiency

48. Beriberi (vitamin B1
Deficiency)
Beriberi refers to a cluster of symptoms caused
primarily by a nutritional deficit in vitamin B1
(thiamine). Beriberi has conventionally been divided
into three separate entities, relating to the body
system mainly involved (peripheral nervous system
or cardiovascular) or age of person (infantile).
Beriberi is one of several thiamine-deficiency related
conditions which may occur concurrently, including
Wernicke's encephalopathy (mainly affecting the
central nervous system), Korsakoff's syndrome
(amnesia with additional psychiatric manifestations),
and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (with both
neurologic and psychiatric symptoms)

49. Signs and symptoms
 Symptoms of beriberi include weight loss, emotional
disturbances, impaired sensory perception, weakness and
pain in the limbs, and periods of irregular heart rate.
Edema (swelling of bodily tissues) is common. It may
increase the amount of lactic acid and pyruvic acid within
the blood. In advanced cases, the disease may cause
high-output cardiac failure and death. Symptoms may
occur concurrently with those of Wernicke's
encephalopathy, a primarily neurological thiamine-
deficiency related condition.
 Beriberi is divided into three historical classifications:
 Dry beriberi specially affects the peripheral nervous
system.
 Wet beriberi specially affects the cardiovascular system
and other bodily systems.
 Infantile beriberi affects the children of malnourished

50. Treatment
Many people with beriberi can be treated with
thiamine alone, Given thiamine intravenously
(and later orally), rapid and dramatic recovery
can occur within hours. In situations where
concentrated thiamine supplements are
unavailable, feeding the person with a thiamine-
rich diet (e.g. whole grain brown bread) will lead
to recovery, though at a much slower rate.

52. Vitamin B toxicity
Some B vitamins do not have any toxic effects while
others do. For instance, there are no known toxic effects
linked to taking too much thiamine, riboflavin, or biotin.
Large doses of niacin can cause: Increased blood sugar
(glucose) level ,Liver damage, Peptic ulcers ,Skin rashes ,
Even normal doses of niacin can be associated with skin
flushing.
Large doses of vitamin B6 from food sources have not
been reported to cause adverse effects, but taking large
doses regularly can cause: Difficulty coordinating
movement , Numbness ,Sensory changes
Folic acid intake from food is not associated with any
health risk. The risk of toxicity from folic acid intake from
supplements or fortified foods is also low. Be sure to tell
your healthcare providers about any supplements and
medicines you take to make sure that they won’t interfere
with each other.