human biochemistry - Vitamins

1. VITAMINS
DR.MUHAYMIN AIDAB

2. CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
• Vitamin B1,
• Vitamin B2,
• Vitamin B3,
• Vitamin B6,
• Vitamin B12,
• Vitamin C,
• Vitamin Biotin,
• Vitamin Folic acid.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin K
• Vitamin E
• Vitamin D

3. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

4. VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE)
• Other Name  THIAMINE
• Active form  Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

5. VITAMIN B1
• Function:
• Co factors of enzymes

6. VITAMIN B1
• Deficiency:
• 1. Beriberi:
• 2. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome:

7. VITAMIN B1
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity:

8. VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
• Other Name  RIBOFLAVIN
• Active form 
• flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
• flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD),

9. VITAMIN B2
• Function: electron transfer

10. VITAMIN B2
• Deficiency:

11. VITAMIN B2
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity:

12. VITAMIN B3
• Other Name  Niacin, or nicotinic acid,
• Active form 
• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADP)

13. VITAMIN B3
• Function: electron transfer

14. VITAMIN B3
• Deficiency:
• pellagra, a disease involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, & CNS.
• The symptoms of pellagra progress through the three Ds:
• dermatitis,
• diarrhea,
• dementia, and,
• if untreated, death.

15. VITAMIN B3
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity:

16. PANTOTHENIC ACID
• Other Name:
• Active form:

17. PANTOTHENIC ACID
• Function: a coenzyme

18. PANTOTHENIC ACID
• Deficiency:

19. PANTOTHENIC ACID
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity:

20. VITAMIN B6
• Other Name  PYRIDOXINE, PYRIDOXAMINE, PYRIDOXAL
• Active form  pyridoxal phosphate

21. VITAMIN B6
• Function: coenzyme for a large number of enzymes
• Transamination
• Deamination
• Decarboxylation
• Condensation

22. VITAMIN B6
• Deficiency:

23. VITAMIN B6
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity: Neurologic symptoms have been observed at intakes of greater than 2
g/day.

24. BIOTIN
• Other Name: Biotin
• Active form: Biotin

25. BIOTIN
• Function: a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions

26. BIOTIN
• Deficiency:

27. BIOTIN
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity:

28. FOLIC ACID
• Other Name  Folate
• Active form  Tetrahydrofolate

29. FOLIC ACID
• Function:
• Transfer one carbon units
• receives one-carbon fragments from donors such as serine, glycine, and histidine and
transfers them to intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids, purines,

30. FOLIC ACID
• Deficiency:
• Anemia:
• Neural tube defects in the fetus:

31. FOLIC ACID
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity:

32. VITAMIN B12
• Other Name (COBALAMIN)
• Active form (methyl cobalamin and 5'-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin)

33. VITAMIN B12
• Function
• synthesis of methionine and the isomerization of methylmalonyl CoA

34. VITAMIN B12
• Deficiency:
• Pernicious anemia:

35. VITAMIN B12
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity:

36. VITAMIN C
• Other Name (ASCORBIC ACID)
• Active form  ascorbate acid

37. VITAMIN C
• Function:
• Antioxidant
• coenzyme in hydroxylation reactions

38. VITAMIN C
• Deficiency: scurvy

39. VITAMIN C
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity:

40. LIPID SOLUBLE VITAMIN

41. VITAMIN A
• Other Name (retinoids,)
• Active form
1. Retinoic acid,
2. Retinal:
3. Retinol:
4. β-carotene:

42. VITAMIN A
• Function
• Visual cycle:
• Growth:
• Reproduction:
• Maintenance of epithelial cells:

43. VITAMIN A
• Deficiency:
1. Night blindness
2. xerophthalmia,
3. Acne and psoriasis:
4. Prevention of chronic disease

44. VITAMIN A
• Daily requirement:
• 1000 retinol equivalents (RE) for males
• 800 retinol equivalents (RE) for females

45. VITAMIN A
• Toxicity:
• Amounts exceeding 7.5 mg/day of retinol should be avoided.
1. the skin, dry and pruritic,
2. the liver, enlarged and can become cirrhotic,
3. the nervous system, rise in intracranial pressure.
4. Pregnant women because of causing congenital malformations in the developing
fetus.

46. VITAMIN K
• Other Name (Menadione) (phylloquinon vitamin K1) (menaquinone vitamin
K2)
• Active form

47. VITAMIN K
• Function
• 1. Formation of
• 2. Interaction of prothrombin with platelets:
• 3. Role of gama carboxyglutamate residues in other proteins:

48. VITAMIN K
• Deficiency:

49. VITAMIN K
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity:

50. VITAMIN E
• Other Name: Alpha tocopherol
• Active form

51. VITAMIN E
• Function: Antioxidant

52. VITAMIN E
• Deficiency:

53. VITAMIN E
• Daily requirement:
• Toxicity:

54. VITAMIN D
• Other Name 
• Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)
• Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
• Active form  1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol D3

55. VITAMIN D
• Function:
• maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium
• 1) increasing uptake of calcium by the intestine,
• 2) minimizing loss of calcium by the kidney, and
• 3) stimulating resorption of bone when necessary
• 1. Effect of vitamin D on the intestine:
• 2. Effect of vitamin D on bone:

56. VITAMIN D
• Deficiency:
• 1. Nutritional rickets:
• 2. Renal rickets (renal osteodystrophy):
• 3. Hypoparathyroidism:

57. VITAMIN D
• Daily requirement: for adults is 5 cholecalciferol, or 200 international units (IU).

58. VITAMIN D
• Toxicity:
• Vitamin D is the most toxic of all vitamins. Like all fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin D can be
stored in the body and is only slowly metabolized.
• High doses 100,000 IU for weeks or months) can cause loss of appetite, nausea, thirst, and
stupor.
• Enhanced calcium absorption and bone resorption results in hypercalcemia, which can lead
to deposition of calcium in many organs, particularly the arteries and kidneys.