This document discusses vitamins and their classification. It provides details on vitamin B1 (thiamine) including its absorption, daily requirements, deficiency symptoms and management. Deficiency of vitamin B1 can cause beriberi, which has wet and dry forms. Management involves thiamine supplementation. The document also briefly covers other B vitamins and their roles.
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
Vitamins are chemical compounds that regulate human body functions and metabolism. They are necessary for converting food into energy and tissues. There are several types of vitamins including A, B1, B2, B12, C, D, E, and K. Each vitamin plays an important role and deficiency can cause specific health issues. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, while vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy. The document provides information on each vitamin's function, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources.
Minerals are inorganic elements essential for human nutrition. Fourteen minerals are required for proper body function and play key roles in health. They include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and others. Minerals help with chemical reactions in cells, muscle contraction, nerve transmission and more. They are divided into major minerals needed in larger amounts daily and trace minerals needed in smaller amounts. Maintaining proper mineral balance is important for overall health and prevention of deficiencies or toxicities.
Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the body and play important roles in metabolism. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, and immunity. Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption and bone development. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is required for blood clotting through synthesis of coagulation factors. These vitamins have synergistic and antagonistic relationships with each other and other nutrients like minerals in carrying out their metabolic functions. Deficiencies can cause various health issues depending on the vitamin. Requirements vary between species, life stages, and physiological state.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- ravisankar - iIntroduct...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Vitamins are organic substances that are essential in small amounts for fundamental body functions. There are different types of vitamins that can be divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble categories. Vitamin A plays important roles in vision, growth, immune function, and cellular differentiation. A deficiency can lead to night blindness and other vision problems.
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
Vitamins are chemical compounds that regulate human body functions and metabolism. They are necessary for converting food into energy and tissues. There are several types of vitamins including A, B1, B2, B12, C, D, E, and K. Each vitamin plays an important role and deficiency can cause specific health issues. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, while vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy. The document provides information on each vitamin's function, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources.
Minerals are inorganic elements essential for human nutrition. Fourteen minerals are required for proper body function and play key roles in health. They include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and others. Minerals help with chemical reactions in cells, muscle contraction, nerve transmission and more. They are divided into major minerals needed in larger amounts daily and trace minerals needed in smaller amounts. Maintaining proper mineral balance is important for overall health and prevention of deficiencies or toxicities.
Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the body and play important roles in metabolism. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, and immunity. Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption and bone development. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is required for blood clotting through synthesis of coagulation factors. These vitamins have synergistic and antagonistic relationships with each other and other nutrients like minerals in carrying out their metabolic functions. Deficiencies can cause various health issues depending on the vitamin. Requirements vary between species, life stages, and physiological state.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- ravisankar - iIntroduct...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Vitamins are organic substances that are essential in small amounts for fundamental body functions. There are different types of vitamins that can be divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble categories. Vitamin A plays important roles in vision, growth, immune function, and cellular differentiation. A deficiency can lead to night blindness and other vision problems.
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
The minerals form only a small portion of the total body weight. They form only 7% of the composition of human body.
Many of these minerals are widely distributed in foods so that a well-balanced diet will supply them in sufficient quantities.
The mineral elements present in the animal body may be classified into 2 groups:
1.Principal elements(macro nutrients)
2.Trace elements(micro nutrients)
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
This document provides information about minerals found in the human body. It discusses major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium which are required in amounts greater than 100mg per day. It also discusses trace minerals like iron, iodine, and magnesium which are required in smaller amounts less than 20mg per day. For each mineral, the document outlines its sources, absorption, functions, requirements, deficiency disorders, and treatment where relevant. The document provides an overview of the essential roles various minerals play in bone formation, soft tissue maintenance, enzyme and hormone production, and other physiological processes in the human body.
This document provides an overview of vitamins presented by three students. It defines vitamins as organic compounds needed in small quantities to sustain life that humans obtain from food. The document discusses the characteristics, classifications, functions and examples of various vitamins including Vitamin A, D, E, C. It also explains the mechanisms of action, sources, deficiencies and daily allowances of these vitamins.
Vitamins are essential nutrients that our bodies cannot produce on their own and must be obtained through foods or supplements. They play important roles in many life functions and providing good health. While a balanced diet is the best way to meet daily vitamin needs, supplements can help ensure proper nutrition, especially for those not eating well. It is important to choose supplements carefully and follow dosage recommendations to avoid potential toxicity from excess intake of certain fat-soluble vitamins.
Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Structures,Functions,Deficiency,Diseases,Toxicity and uses.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
This document defines vitamins, describes the different types including their sources and functions. It discusses vitamin toxicities and provides examples of common multivitamin tablets containing combinations of vitamins. The main types described are lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water soluble B complex and C vitamins. The document outlines several brand name multivitamin products and their ingredients.
This document provides information on fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, and discusses their sources, functions, and deficiency symptoms. It notes that vitamins A, D, E, K are fat soluble and essential for processes like vision, bone growth, blood clotting, and antioxidant activity. The document also mentions newly discovered vitamins Q and U and their proposed functions in blood clotting and gastrointestinal health.
This document discusses water-soluble vitamins. It provides an overview of vitamin types, definitions, and differences. It describes the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various water-soluble vitamins. Popular deficiency diseases associated with each vitamin are outlined. Potential toxicity and side effects from too much of certain water-soluble vitamins are explained. Finally, recommended dosages and common forms that each water-soluble vitamin is available in are summarized.
The document discusses various B vitamins, including their chemistry, food sources, roles in the body, and deficiency diseases. It provides information on vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), and B9 (folic acid). The key points made are that B vitamins serve as cofactors in many enzyme reactions involved in metabolism and must be obtained through the diet as humans cannot synthesize most of them. Deficiencies can result in diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and anemia.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for bone and muscle health. It is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight or obtained from dietary sources. The liver and kidneys work to activate vitamin D before it can be used by the body. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia or osteoporosis in adults and is associated with increased risk of various diseases. Treatment of deficiency involves obtaining more vitamin D through diet, supplements, or sunlight exposure.
This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification as either water-soluble or fat-soluble, roles and deficiencies. Water-soluble vitamins like C and B vitamins must be replenished daily as they are not stored in the body, while fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K can accumulate and potentially cause toxicity. The document outlines the names, roles and recommended daily amounts of each vitamin, along with absorption and storage processes. Sources of vitamins and deficiency symptoms are also summarized.
This document discusses several water soluble B vitamins, including their functions, food sources, and deficiency symptoms. Thiamine (B1) helps release energy from carbohydrates and is found in meats, cereals and legumes. Riboflavin (B2) is also involved in energy release and is abundant in milk, eggs and green leaves. Niacin (B3) deficiency can cause pellagra and is countered by eating liver, groundnuts and whole grains. Vitamin B6, folate, B12, pantothenic acid and biotin all act as enzyme cofactors in energy production and synthesis of proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. Animal products generally provide more B
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Vitamin C and vitamin B12 are essential water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin C aids in tissue growth and repair, acts as an antioxidant, and supports the immune system. It is found in many fruits and vegetables. A vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy. Vitamin B12 is important for brain and nervous system function as well as blood cell formation. It supports energy production and cardiovascular health. Good sources are animal products. Deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia. Both vitamins have recommended daily intake amounts to support health.
Constipation is defined as infrequent and difficult bowel movements. It affects 2-27% of the population and has many potential causes. Treatment options include non-drug approaches like diet and exercise changes as well as various drug approaches using laxatives. There are several classes of laxatives including bulk-forming, emollient, hyperosmotic, saline, and stimulant laxatives. All laxative use requires monitoring for side effects and electrolyte disturbances.
Biological products, or biologics, are medical products made from sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or living entities like cells and tissues. They are used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases. Biologics are made from natural sources through complex production processes involving cell culture, purification, analysis, and formulation. Examples include vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and products for cancer, arthritis, and skin/nerve conditions. Their production requires tightly controlled conditions to consistently produce safe, pure, and potent products.
The minerals form only a small portion of the total body weight. They form only 7% of the composition of human body.
Many of these minerals are widely distributed in foods so that a well-balanced diet will supply them in sufficient quantities.
The mineral elements present in the animal body may be classified into 2 groups:
1.Principal elements(macro nutrients)
2.Trace elements(micro nutrients)
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
This document provides information about minerals found in the human body. It discusses major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium which are required in amounts greater than 100mg per day. It also discusses trace minerals like iron, iodine, and magnesium which are required in smaller amounts less than 20mg per day. For each mineral, the document outlines its sources, absorption, functions, requirements, deficiency disorders, and treatment where relevant. The document provides an overview of the essential roles various minerals play in bone formation, soft tissue maintenance, enzyme and hormone production, and other physiological processes in the human body.
This document provides an overview of vitamins presented by three students. It defines vitamins as organic compounds needed in small quantities to sustain life that humans obtain from food. The document discusses the characteristics, classifications, functions and examples of various vitamins including Vitamin A, D, E, C. It also explains the mechanisms of action, sources, deficiencies and daily allowances of these vitamins.
Vitamins are essential nutrients that our bodies cannot produce on their own and must be obtained through foods or supplements. They play important roles in many life functions and providing good health. While a balanced diet is the best way to meet daily vitamin needs, supplements can help ensure proper nutrition, especially for those not eating well. It is important to choose supplements carefully and follow dosage recommendations to avoid potential toxicity from excess intake of certain fat-soluble vitamins.
Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Structures,Functions,Deficiency,Diseases,Toxicity and uses.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
This document defines vitamins, describes the different types including their sources and functions. It discusses vitamin toxicities and provides examples of common multivitamin tablets containing combinations of vitamins. The main types described are lipid soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water soluble B complex and C vitamins. The document outlines several brand name multivitamin products and their ingredients.
This document provides information on fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, and discusses their sources, functions, and deficiency symptoms. It notes that vitamins A, D, E, K are fat soluble and essential for processes like vision, bone growth, blood clotting, and antioxidant activity. The document also mentions newly discovered vitamins Q and U and their proposed functions in blood clotting and gastrointestinal health.
This document discusses water-soluble vitamins. It provides an overview of vitamin types, definitions, and differences. It describes the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various water-soluble vitamins. Popular deficiency diseases associated with each vitamin are outlined. Potential toxicity and side effects from too much of certain water-soluble vitamins are explained. Finally, recommended dosages and common forms that each water-soluble vitamin is available in are summarized.
The document discusses various B vitamins, including their chemistry, food sources, roles in the body, and deficiency diseases. It provides information on vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), and B9 (folic acid). The key points made are that B vitamins serve as cofactors in many enzyme reactions involved in metabolism and must be obtained through the diet as humans cannot synthesize most of them. Deficiencies can result in diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and anemia.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for bone and muscle health. It is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight or obtained from dietary sources. The liver and kidneys work to activate vitamin D before it can be used by the body. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia or osteoporosis in adults and is associated with increased risk of various diseases. Treatment of deficiency involves obtaining more vitamin D through diet, supplements, or sunlight exposure.
This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification as either water-soluble or fat-soluble, roles and deficiencies. Water-soluble vitamins like C and B vitamins must be replenished daily as they are not stored in the body, while fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K can accumulate and potentially cause toxicity. The document outlines the names, roles and recommended daily amounts of each vitamin, along with absorption and storage processes. Sources of vitamins and deficiency symptoms are also summarized.
This document discusses several water soluble B vitamins, including their functions, food sources, and deficiency symptoms. Thiamine (B1) helps release energy from carbohydrates and is found in meats, cereals and legumes. Riboflavin (B2) is also involved in energy release and is abundant in milk, eggs and green leaves. Niacin (B3) deficiency can cause pellagra and is countered by eating liver, groundnuts and whole grains. Vitamin B6, folate, B12, pantothenic acid and biotin all act as enzyme cofactors in energy production and synthesis of proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. Animal products generally provide more B
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Chemistry of Vitamin K, Biochemical role of Vitamin K, Recommended dietary allowance of Vitamin K, Dietary sources of Vitamin K, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin K, Toxicity of Vitamin K
Vitamin C and vitamin B12 are essential water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin C aids in tissue growth and repair, acts as an antioxidant, and supports the immune system. It is found in many fruits and vegetables. A vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy. Vitamin B12 is important for brain and nervous system function as well as blood cell formation. It supports energy production and cardiovascular health. Good sources are animal products. Deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia. Both vitamins have recommended daily intake amounts to support health.
Constipation is defined as infrequent and difficult bowel movements. It affects 2-27% of the population and has many potential causes. Treatment options include non-drug approaches like diet and exercise changes as well as various drug approaches using laxatives. There are several classes of laxatives including bulk-forming, emollient, hyperosmotic, saline, and stimulant laxatives. All laxative use requires monitoring for side effects and electrolyte disturbances.
Biological products, or biologics, are medical products made from sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or living entities like cells and tissues. They are used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases. Biologics are made from natural sources through complex production processes involving cell culture, purification, analysis, and formulation. Examples include vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and products for cancer, arthritis, and skin/nerve conditions. Their production requires tightly controlled conditions to consistently produce safe, pure, and potent products.
Lithium is a mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder. It works by altering sodium transmission in nerves and modulating neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
The document discusses antidiarrheals and laxatives. It describes the mechanisms, indications, side effects and nursing implications of different classes of antidiarrheal and laxative agents. The main classes covered are adsorbents, anticholinergics, opiates, bulk forming laxatives, emollients, hyperosmotics, salines and stimulant laxatives. It provides details on how each class works, examples of common medications, appropriate uses, potential side effects and important considerations for patient education and monitoring.
The document discusses occupational health hazards in the pharmaceutical industry, including physical hazards like dust, formaldehyde, UV lamps, and ergonomic stresses, as well as specific health risks from exposure to drugs like hormones, antibiotics, and other pharmaceutical agents, which can cause allergic reactions, vitamin deficiencies, fungal infections, and toxic effects for workers exposed during manufacturing. Control measures are outlined to prevent adverse health outcomes for pharmaceutical workers through engineering solutions, personal protective equipment, training, and medical surveillance programs.
this presentation shows different watre soluble vitamins and their role in our daily life and what happens if they become deficient in our body and how we can overcome this deficiency of these vitamins.
The document discusses the roles and oral manifestations of various vitamins. It begins by introducing vitamins and their essential functions. It then classifies vitamins as fat-soluble or water-soluble and discusses each group. For each vitamin, the document outlines its functions, deficiency manifestations, recommended daily intake, food sources, and potential oral health impacts such as bleeding gums, ulcers, or enamel defects. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance for healthcare professionals to understand the oral implications of vitamin deficiencies to provide comprehensive patient care.
This document provides information on various water soluble vitamins, including their functions, dietary sources, and deficiency symptoms. It discusses Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, and C. For each vitamin, it outlines key facts like daily requirements, roles in metabolic processes, and signs of deficiency. The document also describes conditions that can result from deficiencies, such as beriberi from lack of B1 and megaloblastic anemia from deficiencies in B12 or folate. Treatment options involving vitamin supplementation are also mentioned.
This document discusses calcium and vitamin D. It provides information on:
- Calcium's essential roles in the body and importance for life.
- Sources of calcium including milk, cheese, fish, and leafy greens.
- Intestinal absorption of calcium which is aided by vitamin D and can be influenced by diet and other factors.
- Symptoms of calcium deficiency such as osteoporosis, fractures, and muscle cramps.
- The roles of hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in bone formation.
- Causes of vitamin D deficiency including lack of sun exposure, aging, and inadequate dietary intake.
This document provides an overview of vitamin A, including its classification, sources, functions, deficiency diseases, and national prevention programs in India. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in active forms of retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Major sources include animal foods like liver, eggs and dairy, and plant foods like carrots, sweet potatoes and dark leafy greens. Vitamin A plays an essential role in vision, cell growth and immune function. Deficiency can cause night blindness, xerophthalmia, and increased susceptibility to infection. India has implemented national programs to provide supplemental vitamin A to children and pregnant/lactating women to reduce deficiency.
Vitamins are essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet as they cannot be produced by the body, with a few exceptions. They are categorized as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Deficiencies can cause various diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and scurvy. The document discusses several B vitamins in detail, including their roles, sources, deficiencies, and treatment. Thiamine deficiency can cause beriberi while niacin deficiency results in pellagra. Maintaining a balanced diet is important to prevent vitamin deficiencies.
This document discusses vitamins and vitamin deficiencies. It provides details on 13 vitamins, including 8 B vitamins. Key points include:
- Vitamins are chemically unrelated substances that are needed in small amounts for metabolism and are not made by the body, with the exceptions of vitamins D and K.
- Deficiencies of certain vitamins can cause diseases like beriberi (vitamin B1), pellagra (vitamin B3), and scurvy (vitamin C).
- The document focuses on specific B vitamins including their roles, sources, deficiencies, and related diseases. Thiamine (B1) deficiency can cause beriberi, and niacin (B3) deficiency can cause pell
This document provides an overview of various vitamins and their oral manifestations. It defines vitamins and classifies them. It discusses the differences between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. It then examines individual vitamins (C, B complex, A, D, E) detailing their properties, functions, deficiencies, dietary sources, and potential oral signs of deficiency. The document aims to inform readers about the roles of vitamins and how deficiencies can impact oral health.
This document summarizes water soluble vitamins, focusing on vitamin C. It discusses the chemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism, functions, deficiency, sources and recommended intake of vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in several enzymatic reactions. It is essential for collagen formation, iron absorption and immune function. Deficiency results in scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums and fragile blood vessels. Good dietary sources include citrus fruits and vegetables.
This document discusses various B vitamins, including their sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It provides details on thiamine (B1) and its role in energy production. Deficiencies of B1 can cause beriberi, which presents as acute or chronic peripheral neuropathy. It also covers riboflavin (B2) and its role in redox reactions as part of FAD. Riboflavin deficiency can result in ariboflavinosis with mouth sores and dermatitis. The document provides recommendations to prevent deficiencies through a balanced diet and vitamin supplements when needed.
This document provides information on vitamins, including their definition, classification, importance, and specific details about fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. Some key points:
- Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts that must be obtained through diet as they are not synthesized by the body.
- They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat and stored in liver while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored.
- Vitamins play important roles as coenzymes and precursors for biochemical reactions involved in growth, metabolism and disease
This document provides information on vitamins, including their definition, classification, importance, and specific details about fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. Some key points:
- Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts that must be obtained through diet as they are not synthesized by the body.
- They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat and stored in liver while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored.
- Vitamins play important roles as coenzymes and precursors for biochemical reactions involved in growth, tissue maintenance,
This document discusses vitamins and supplements. It defines key terms related to vitamins and provides recommendations for several B vitamins, including their functions, dietary sources, recommended intake levels, deficiency symptoms, and those at risk. The B vitamins covered are B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin). It also discusses factors to consider before taking supplements and risks of excess intake.
This document provides information on vitamins and minerals. It discusses the classification and properties of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, and folate. Key details include the metabolic functions of each vitamin, associated deficiency diseases, recommended human requirements, and possible side effects.
INTRODUCTION
Vitamins may be regarded as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biologic functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the organisms
Generally, vitamins are not synthesized by the body, and need to be supplied through the diet
History and Nomenclature
HOPKINS - Coined term ACCESSORY FACTORS to unknown and essential nutrients present in the natural foods
FUNK - 1) Isolated an active principle from rice polishing's and in yeast cured Beri - Beri in pigeons
2) Coined the term VITAMINE from the words vital + amines
3) Later it was called “ VITAMIN ”
Mc COLLUM and DAVIS - Introduced the usage of A, B, and C to vitamins
CLASSIFICATION
There are about 13 vitamins, essential for humans classified as follows
Vitamers:
Chemically similar substances that possess qualitatively similar vitamin activity
VITAMIN A
Fat soluble vitamin
Present only in foods of animal origin
Carotenes - Plants
Dietary Sources:
Animal sources
Liver
Kidney
Egg yolk
Milk
Cheese
Fish liver oils
Plant sources
Carrots
Papaya, Mangoes
Avocado, Melon
Pumpkins
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance):
Men - 1000 RE (3500 IU)
Women - 800 RE (2500 IU)
Children - below 6 years - 350 - 400 µg Retinol
- 6-17 years – 600 µg Retinol
Pregnancy – 800 µg Retinol
Lactation – 950 µg Retinol
1 RE – 1 µg of Retinol
1 IU – 0.3 mg of Retinol
Biochemical Functions:
Vision - the role of vit A in the process
of vision was first elucidated
by GEORGE WALD(1968)
The events occur in a cyclic process known as Rhodopsin Cycle (or) Wald’s Cycle
RODS and CONES:
Retina of eye possesses rods and cones
Human eye - 10 million rods
5 million cones
Rods –Periphery – Dim light vision
Cones – Centre – Bright light and color vision
Deficiency of Vitamin A:
1) Night Blindness
2) Conjuctival X
VITAMIN D
ANGUS – Isolated and named it as CALCIFEROL
Resembles sterols in structure
Functions like hormone
Dietary Sources:
Fatty acids
Fish liver oils
Egg yolk
Cheese
Butter
RDA:
400 IU or 10 mg of cholecalciferol
Countries with good sunlight – 200 IU or 5 mg
Deficiency:
1) RICKETS - In young children aged 6 months to 2 years
Due to reduced calcification of young bones
Characterized by Growth failure
Bone deformity
Muscular hypotonia
Tetany and convulsions
Elevated conc. Of alkaline phosphatase in serum
Bony deformities - Bow legs, Deformed pelvis, Pigeon chest, Harrison’s sulcus
walking and teething are delayed.
OSTEOMALACIA
In adults, women, during pregnancy and lactation
Prevention:
Educating parents to expose their children regularly to sunshine.
brief Details about Vitamins and oral healthDrSumanB
This document provides an overview of various vitamins that are important for oral and overall health. It discusses the history, sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, recommended intake and oral manifestations of several water-soluble vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B7, C) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). The key vitamins covered are thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin, vitamin C, A, D, E and K. Deficiency in these vitamins can impact oral health and cause issues like bleeding gums, angular cheilitis and ulcerative gingivitis.
This document contains information about a biochemistry assignment for group 2. It lists the 7 group members and their student IDs. It then provides details about various vitamins, including their definitions, classifications, structures, dietary sources, functions, and deficiency symptoms. Vitamins discussed include the water soluble vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 and vitamin C as well as the fat soluble vitamins.
Vit defficiency, micro, obesity_ consized.pptIsmet23
This document discusses vitamins and their roles and functions. It begins by defining a vitamin as an organic compound needed in small amounts for normal bodily processes that cannot be synthesized in the body. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The document then provides details on specific vitamins including Vitamin A, the B vitamins, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D. For each vitamin, the document outlines its biochemical functions, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms, recommended daily allowances, and other relevant information.
This document discusses vitamin B3 (niacin). It begins with a brief history, noting that niacin was identified as the cure for pellagra and black tongue in dogs. The key points are:
- Niacin is involved in many metabolic processes as a coenzyme and helps convert nutrients to energy.
- Deficiency can cause pellagra with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Severe deficiency is characterized by a reddened rash around the neck known as Casal's necklace.
- Good dietary sources include meat, fish, legumes and whole grains. Corn is a poor source due to its low tryptophan content.
-
The survey by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau indicates that vitamins are essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet as they cannot be synthesized by the body. It provides information on the common sources and recommended daily allowances of important water-soluble vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid as well as fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and C. Deficiency in these vitamins can result in various diseases which are described in the document.
1. Exodontia refers to the painless removal of whole teeth or roots with minimal trauma to surrounding tissues to allow for uneventful healing and no postoperative prosthetic problems.
2. Key factors in exodontia include proper radiographic and clinical evaluation, choice of anesthesia, application of mechanical principles like leverage and wedges, and careful extraction technique and postoperative care of sockets.
3. Challenging extractions may require additional steps like mucoperiosteal flap reflection, bone removal, tooth sectioning, or leaving root fragments to avoid damage to surrounding anatomy.
This document discusses various nerve blocks for anesthetizing different areas innervated by branches of the mandibular nerve, including the inferior alveolar nerve block. It provides details on the nerves anesthetized, areas anesthetized, techniques, indications, and complications for the inferior alveolar nerve block as well as mental nerve block, incisive nerve block, long buccal nerve block, and lingual nerve block. Modifications to the classical inferior alveolar nerve block technique including those of Clarke and Holmes and Gow Gates are also summarized.
The document discusses the principles and techniques of exodontia, or tooth extraction. It begins by defining exodontia as the painless removal of a whole tooth or root with minimal trauma. It then lists the minimum essential equipment needed and discusses pre-surgical evaluation including clinical and radiographic examination. Key techniques covered include forceps extraction, elevator extraction, and open or transalveolar extraction involving bone removal. Post-operative care of the extraction socket is also addressed.
The document summarizes key changes in the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) head and neck cancer staging manual. It notes changes to the T categories for nasopharynx, oral cavity and skin cancers to incorporate depth of invasion. It also includes the addition of extra-nodal extension to the N category for lymph node metastases. The summary highlights limitations of the TNM system and discusses the future of incorporating additional prognostic factors into cancer staging to improve accuracy and predictive ability.
This document discusses hemorrhage in oral surgery, including:
- Defining hemorrhage as prolonged or uncontrolled bleeding.
- Local causes of hemorrhage from soft tissues or bone during oral surgery procedures.
- Systemic causes like bleeding disorders or anticoagulant use.
- Types of hemorrhage including primary, reactionary, and secondary bleeding.
- Management techniques for primary hemorrhage in normal patients including ligation of vessels, cautery, hemostatic agents, and hypotensive anesthesia.
This document provides an overview of trigeminal neuralgia, including its definition, causes, characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment methods. Trigeminal neuralgia causes severe facial pain and is characterized by sudden, brief, recurrent episodes of sharp, shooting pain in the face that is triggered by mundane activities like eating or talking. It is typically treated first through medications like carbamazepine, but when medications fail or cause intolerable side effects, surgical procedures may be used to ablate or compress the trigeminal nerve to reduce pain. The goal of treatment is to effectively manage the debilitating facial pain caused by this condition.
This document discusses the process of deglutition (swallowing). It begins with an introduction describing that swallowing involves coordinated activity of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus muscles. It is partly under voluntary and partly under reflexive control. The document then covers the components, phases (oral, pharyngeal, esophageal), muscles involved, theories of swallowing, and neural control of deglutition. Key points include that swallowing has oral preparatory and oral phases under voluntary control and a pharyngeal phase that is reflexive, propelling the bolus into the esophagus for involuntary transport.
The facial nerve is a mixed nerve that originates in the brainstem and has multiple branches that innervate muscles of facial expression and provide motor, sensory, parasympathetic, and taste functions. It exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen, giving off branches along its course like the chorda tympani nerve. The facial nerve has motor, sensory, parasympathetic, and special sensory components that allow for facial muscle movement and provide various sensory functions like taste.
This document discusses shock, including its definition, causes, stages, classifications, signs, symptoms, and treatments. Shock is defined as a clinical state of circulatory collapse caused by a reduction in cardiac output or circulating blood volume, resulting in hypotension and impaired tissue perfusion. The stages of shock include compensated, uncompensated, and irreversible. The main types of shock covered are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic), and obstructive. Treatment aims to restore adequate tissue perfusion through volume expansion and vasopressor support.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions. The trigeminal nerve divides into three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve is purely sensory and innervates parts of the face including the eye, forehead, and nose. It divides further into the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. The frontal nerve gives off the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves which supply the forehead.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
3. INTRODUCTION
Group of organic compounds that are essential for normal
growth & nutrition & are required in small quantities in
diet as they cannot be synthesized by the body.
•The term vitamin is derived from the words VITAL & AMINE,
because vitamins are required for life & were originally thought to be
amines
4. Water – solubleWater – soluble
Vitamin B complexVitamin B complex
Vitamin BVitamin B11(thiamine)(thiamine)
Vitamin BVitamin B22 (riboflavin)(riboflavin)
Vitamin BVitamin B33 (niacin)(niacin)
Vitamin BVitamin B55 ( pantothenic acid )( pantothenic acid )
Vitamin BVitamin B66 (pyridoxine)(pyridoxine)
Vitamin BVitamin B88 (biotin)(biotin)
Vitamin BVitamin B99 (folic acid)(folic acid)
Vitamin BVitamin B1212 (cyanocobalamin)(cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Fat-SolubleFat-Soluble
Vitamin AVitamin A
Vitamin DVitamin D
Vitamin EVitamin E
Vitamin KVitamin K
5. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
- Soluble in water
- Absorption is simple except for vitamin B12
- Deficiency manifests rapidly as there is no storageno storage
- Toxicity is unlikely, since excess is excreted
- Major vitamins are B & C
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
- They are soluble in fat
- Absorption requires bile salts
- Deficiency manifests when stores are depleted
- Hypervitaminosis may result
- Major vitamins are A, D, E & K
6. • Also known asAlso known as aneurin.aneurin. for the detrimental neurological effects if
not present in the diet
• Discovered by Eijkman in 1897.Discovered by Eijkman in 1897.
• It is a colorless basic organic compound composed of a sulfatedIt is a colorless basic organic compound composed of a sulfated
pyrimidine ring.pyrimidine ring.
ABSORPTION & EXCRETION:ABSORPTION & EXCRETION:
AbsorbedAbsorbed
• It is phosphorylated by the liver & kidneys.It is phosphorylated by the liver & kidneys.
• In tissues, it is found as thiamine pyrophosphate which is a coenzymeIn tissues, it is found as thiamine pyrophosphate which is a coenzyme
for decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A.for decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A.
ExcessExcess -excreted in the urine-excreted in the urine
THIAMINTHIAMIN
EE
7.
8. RDA FOR THIAMIN
• 1.1 mg/day for women
• 1.2 mg/day for men
• Most exceed RDA in diet
• Surplus is rapidly lost in urine; non toxic
WHO IS AT RISK FOR DEFICIENCY?
• Poor
• Alcoholics
• Elderly
• Diet consisting of highly processed
foods
10. It is marked by cardiac
dilation with 4
chamber enlargement,
pallor & flabbiness of
myocardium.
CARDIOVASCULAR
MANIFESTATIONS
-COMMON
11. Loss of reflexes in knees
& feet
Numbnesss of feet
DRY BERIBERI
emaciation
aphonia
Wrist dropGreat
weakness
Dyspnea
orthropnea
foot drop
12. WET BERIBERIWET BERIBERI
• Complete rest.Complete rest.
• Thiamine 50 mg IM for 3 daysThiamine 50 mg IM for 3 days
then 10 mg TID daily by P.Othen 10 mg TID daily by P.O
INFANTILE BERIBERIINFANTILE BERIBERI is treated via mother's milk.is treated via mother's milk.
The mothers should receive 10,000 mcg BD daily.The mothers should receive 10,000 mcg BD daily.
In addition, infants should be given thiamine in doses of 10,000-20,000In addition, infants should be given thiamine in doses of 10,000-20,000
mcg IM OD in a day for 3daysmcg IM OD in a day for 3days
WERNICKE'S ENCEPHALOPATHYWERNICKE'S ENCEPHALOPATHY
• Injection of thiamine should be given.Injection of thiamine should be given.
50 mg by slow IV infusion followed by 50 mg daily P.O for a week.50 mg by slow IV infusion followed by 50 mg daily P.O for a week.
MANAGEMENT
13. • Also called as the Beauty vitamin (ANTIOXIDANT)Also called as the Beauty vitamin (ANTIOXIDANT)
• Derived from two sources ribose-referring to ribose(sugar found inDerived from two sources ribose-referring to ribose(sugar found in
several vitamins & enzymes) & flavin meaning yellow.several vitamins & enzymes) & flavin meaning yellow.
ABSORPTION & EXCRETIONABSORPTION & EXCRETION
• AbsorptionAbsorption
• StoredStored
• ExcretedExcreted primarily in the urine,bile & sweatprimarily in the urine,bile & sweat
16. Deficiency symptomsDeficiency symptoms :-:-
• It affects the nasolabial fold & ala of the nose which exhibits aIt affects the nasolabial fold & ala of the nose which exhibits a scalyscaly
gray dermatitis.gray dermatitis.
• Ocular changesOcular changes:-:- corneal vasodilatation,photophobia, superficial &corneal vasodilatation,photophobia, superficial &
interstitial keratitis, Itching & burning of the eyes.interstitial keratitis, Itching & burning of the eyes.
• Skin & nailsSkin & nails:: dull or oily hairdull or oily hair,, an oily skin, premature wrinkles on thean oily skin, premature wrinkles on the
face & arms, & split nails.face & arms, & split nails.
• Others:Others:-- malfunctioning of adrenal glands, anemia, vaginal itching &malfunctioning of adrenal glands, anemia, vaginal itching &
cataract.cataract.
17. ORAL MANIFESTATIONSORAL MANIFESTATIONS
Tongue :Tongue :
• Glossitis begins with soreness of lip & lateral margins of the tongue.Glossitis begins with soreness of lip & lateral margins of the tongue.
• Tongue has a reddened coarsely granular appearance.Tongue has a reddened coarsely granular appearance.
• In severe cases, the tongue becomes glazed & smooth due to completeIn severe cases, the tongue becomes glazed & smooth due to complete
atrophy of the papillae & exhibits a magenta color.atrophy of the papillae & exhibits a magenta color.
Lip :-Lip :-
• Lips become red & shiny because of desquamation of epithelium.Lips become red & shiny because of desquamation of epithelium.
• There is maceration at angle of mouth withThere is maceration at angle of mouth with
pain on the opening mouth, it again results inpain on the opening mouth, it again results in
fissuring & cracking with ulceration.fissuring & cracking with ulceration.
• As the disease progresses, angular cheilitisAs the disease progresses, angular cheilitis
spread to the cheek, the tissues bleed easilyspread to the cheek, the tissues bleed easily
& are painful if secondary infected.& are painful if secondary infected.
19. • Its also known as nicotinic acid.
• Deficiency of niacin leads to a disease called as pellagra - rough skin.
• Absorbed
• Excreted in the urine mostly as salts & to a smaller extent as free
niacin.
20.
21. DAILY REQUIREMENTSDAILY REQUIREMENTS
• Infants- 650 mcg per kg body weight daily.Infants- 650 mcg per kg body weight daily.
• Men-17 mg daily.Men-17 mg daily.
• Women- 13 mg daily.Women- 13 mg daily.
• Children- I3 mg daily.Children- I3 mg daily.
• Pregnancy & lactation- 12 to 15 mg dailyPregnancy & lactation- 12 to 15 mg daily
22. Clinical features:-Clinical features:-
Prodromal symptoms: developed in 3 weeks with loss of appetite, vagueProdromal symptoms: developed in 3 weeks with loss of appetite, vague
G.I disturbances & numbness or burning in various locations.G.I disturbances & numbness or burning in various locations.
• It is called as disease ofIt is called as disease of
33
DEMENTIA
DIARRHEA
DERMATITIS
23. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS SEEN IN PELLAGRA:ORAL MANIFESTATIONS SEEN IN PELLAGRA:
Oral mucosaOral mucosa: becomes fiery red & painful & profuse salivation.: becomes fiery red & painful & profuse salivation.
TongueTongue::
• The epithelium is desquamated.The epithelium is desquamated.
• The filiform papillae are most sensitive & disappear 1The filiform papillae are most sensitive & disappear 1STST
; the fungiform; the fungiform
papillae may become enlarged.papillae may become enlarged.
• In early stagesIn early stages, only the tip & margins of the tongue are swollen &, only the tip & margins of the tongue are swollen &
beefybeefy
24. • In advanced cases, the tongue loses all the papillae & the reddening
becomes intense.The tongue becomes so swollen that indentation from
the teeth are found along the borders of the tongue.
• The mouth is sore & shows angular cheilitis.
• Tenderness, pain & ulceration begin at the interdental papillae &
spreads rapidly
25. MANAGEMENT
• Niacin 10 mg or 10,000 mcg per day.
• Alcohol should be stopped.
THERAPEUTIC USES OF NIACIN
•Nicotinic acid when given parentrally ,produce
vasodilatation & histamine release.
•Serum cholesterol levels are lowered
26. pantothen meaning "from everywhere“-small quantities of pantothenic acid
are found in nearly every food
ABSORPTION & EXCRETIONABSORPTION & EXCRETION
• AbsorbedAbsorbed ExcretedExcreted in urinein urine
SOURCESSOURCES
27. DAILY REQUIREMENT
Men – 10 mg
Women – 10 mg
Children – 5.5 mg
DEFICIENCY
Gopalan’s
burning foot syndrome
Manifested as paresthesia
In lower extremities
MANAGEMENT
1000 mg daily
for 6 weeks.
28. • It’s a white crystalline substance soluble in water & alcohol.
Absorption & excretion :-
• Absorbed by passive diffusion.
• Excreted in the feces & in sweat.
29.
30. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• NervousNervous :- peripheral neuropathy, mental retardation, irritability,:- peripheral neuropathy, mental retardation, irritability,
mental confusion & nervousness.mental confusion & nervousness.
• BloodBlood: Anemia, albuminuria & leukopenia.: Anemia, albuminuria & leukopenia.
• SSkinkin : dermatitis & eczema.: dermatitis & eczema.
• OthersOthers :- kidney stones, inflammation of the colon, damage to the:- kidney stones, inflammation of the colon, damage to the
pancreas, loss of muscular control, migraine headache & prematurepancreas, loss of muscular control, migraine headache & premature
senility.senility.
ManagementManagement
• 10-50 mg daily in divided doses.10-50 mg daily in divided doses.
31. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON ACTIVITY OF B6 CO-ENZYME
•Isoniazid inhibit pyridoxal kinase,which reduces formation of PLP &
cause deficiency of vitamin B6
•Penicillamine also act on B6 antagonist.
•Mild deficiency in women taking oral contraceptives & steroids
•Ethanol inactivates PLP,So deficiency common in alcoholics
32. • Known as anti egg white injury factor(avidin,protein present in egg
white has great affinity to biotin)
DAILY REQUIREMENTS
• Men & women – 100-200 mg
• Children – 50-200 mg
• Infants – 35 mg.
33.
34. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
MANAGEMENT:MANAGEMENT:
• 20 mcg of biotin taken daily for 10 days IM can heal skin lesions.20 mcg of biotin taken daily for 10 days IM can heal skin lesions.
• Oral biotin to be taken in amount of 400 mcg daily for 8-12 weeks.Oral biotin to be taken in amount of 400 mcg daily for 8-12 weeks.
• Shampoo coating with 1% biotin can be useful in controlling excessiveShampoo coating with 1% biotin can be useful in controlling excessive
Oral:Oral: fleshy part of tonguefleshy part of tongue
may waste awaymay waste away
35. • Also known as folacin or folate.
• It is yellow crystalline substance sparingly soluble
in water & soluble in acid solution.
ABSORPTION & EXERTION
• Absorbed
• stored
• Excreted in the feaces & urine
38. CAUES FOR FOLATE DEFICIENCY
•Pregnancy
•Defective absorption
•Drugs(anticonvusants will inhibit the intestinal enzyme,so folate
absorption is reduced)
•Hemolytic anemia
•Dietary deficiency
39. MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
A daily dose of 5,000 -10,000 mcg of folic acid is sufficient & maintenanceA daily dose of 5,000 -10,000 mcg of folic acid is sufficient & maintenance
dose of 5000 mcg in week is given in cases of megaloblastic anemia.dose of 5000 mcg in week is given in cases of megaloblastic anemia.
40. • It is freely soluble in water.It is freely soluble in water.
ABSORPTION & EXCRETIONABSORPTION & EXCRETION
• gastric juice , Calcium & protein rich foods is essential to facilitate itsgastric juice , Calcium & protein rich foods is essential to facilitate its
absorption in the intestine.absorption in the intestine.
• storedstored
• ExcretedExcreted in normal urine, stools & breast milk .in normal urine, stools & breast milk .
43. ManagementManagement
• Oral :6-150 mcg.Oral :6-150 mcg.
Helps in the treatment of lack of concentration, fatigue depression,Helps in the treatment of lack of concentration, fatigue depression,
insomnia, anorexia, poor memory & loss of weight.insomnia, anorexia, poor memory & loss of weight.
• Parenteral - 1000 mcg of vitamin given twice weekly in cases of anemia.Parenteral - 1000 mcg of vitamin given twice weekly in cases of anemia.
44. • It is also called as ascorbic acid & antibiotic vitamin.It is also called as ascorbic acid & antibiotic vitamin.
Daily requirementsDaily requirements ::
• Men & women – 40 mg.Men & women – 40 mg.
• Infants – 25 mgInfants – 25 mg
• Children – 40 mgChildren – 40 mg
• Pregnant & lactating women – 80 mg.Pregnant & lactating women – 80 mg.
45.
46. Deficiency:Deficiency:
• Mild deficiency may appear in the form of lassitude fatigue, anorexia,Mild deficiency may appear in the form of lassitude fatigue, anorexia,
muscular pain & greater susceptibility to infection.muscular pain & greater susceptibility to infection.
• A prolonged deficiency may causeA prolonged deficiency may cause scurvy.scurvy.
PathogenesisPathogenesis
• There is defective formation of collagen in connective tissues becauseThere is defective formation of collagen in connective tissues because
of failure of hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline which is aof failure of hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline which is a
characteristic amino acid of collagen.characteristic amino acid of collagen.
• There is also increase permeability of capillary (hemorrhage), anemiaThere is also increase permeability of capillary (hemorrhage), anemia
due to erythropoiesis & defective collagen formation.due to erythropoiesis & defective collagen formation.
47. CLINICAL FEATURESCLINICAL FEATURES
• Infantile scurvyInfantile scurvy – lassitude, anorexia, painful limbs & enlargement– lassitude, anorexia, painful limbs & enlargement
of costochondral junction.of costochondral junction.
• FolliculosisFolliculosis – hair follicle rises above skin & there are perifollicular– hair follicle rises above skin & there are perifollicular
hemorrhage.hemorrhage.
• HemorrhageHemorrhage may occur in the joint, into nerve sheath under themay occur in the joint, into nerve sheath under the
nails or conjunctiva.nails or conjunctiva.
• Petechial hemorrhagePetechial hemorrhage occurs in abdomen, legs, arms, ankle &occurs in abdomen, legs, arms, ankle &
nailbeds.nailbeds.
48. • Scorbutic child usually assumes a frog like position & this may reflect as
subperiosteal hemorrhage.
• Epistaxis, anemia & delayed wound healing.
• Edema of the limbs & face in severe ascorbic acid deficiency.
• It may lead to premature aging, thyroid insufficiency
& lower resistance to all infections.
49. ORAL MANIFESTATIONSORAL MANIFESTATIONS
• SiteSite – it occurs chiefly in gingival & periodontal region.– it occurs chiefly in gingival & periodontal region.
• AppearanceAppearance – interdental & marginal gingiva is bright red, swollen,– interdental & marginal gingiva is bright red, swollen,
smooth, shiny surface producing an appearance known assmooth, shiny surface producing an appearance known as scurvyscurvy
budbud. In fully developed scurvy, the gingiva becomes boggy, ulcerated &. In fully developed scurvy, the gingiva becomes boggy, ulcerated &
bleeds easily.bleeds easily.
• ColorColor – color changes to violaceous red.– color changes to violaceous red.
• BreathBreath – typical– typical fetid breathfetid breath of the patient withof the patient with
fusospirochetal stomatitis.fusospirochetal stomatitis.
• Severe casesSevere cases-hemorrhage & swelling of PDL membrane occurs-hemorrhage & swelling of PDL membrane occurs
followed by loss of bone & loosening of teeth which are exfoliated.followed by loss of bone & loosening of teeth which are exfoliated.
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
• VitaminC 250 mg 3 times daily can be givenVitaminC 250 mg 3 times daily can be given
50. THERAPEUTIC USE OF VITAMIN C
•Used as an adjuvant in bacterial infections
•Beneficial in treating tuberculosis
•Heal wounds
TOXICITY
Can cause diarrhoea & eventual iron overload
51. • Vitamin A or retinol is found in foods of animal origin, while caroteneVitamin A or retinol is found in foods of animal origin, while carotene
in foods of plant.in foods of plant.
AbsorptionAbsorption StorageStorage
• Absorption of vitamin A increases if it is taken with fats.Absorption of vitamin A increases if it is taken with fats.
• Absorption more rapid in men than in women.Absorption more rapid in men than in women.
• Absorption in diarrhea, Jaundice & abdominal disorders.Absorption in diarrhea, Jaundice & abdominal disorders.
ExcretionExcretion
52.
53. REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
• Men & women-600 mcgMen & women-600 mcg
• Pregnancy & lactation-950 mcgPregnancy & lactation-950 mcg
• Children-600 mcgChildren-600 mcg
• Infants-350 mcgInfants-350 mcg
54. Oral manifestationsOral manifestations
• Epithelial invasionEpithelial invasion of pulpal tissue. Distortion of shapes of theof pulpal tissue. Distortion of shapes of the
incisors & the molars .incisors & the molars .
• Hypoplasia of teethHypoplasia of teeth-since the enamel forming cells are disturbed,-since the enamel forming cells are disturbed,
enamel matrix is poorly defined so that calcification is disturbed &enamel matrix is poorly defined so that calcification is disturbed &
enamel hypoplasia results.enamel hypoplasia results.
• DentinDentin-it is atypical in structure. lacking the normal tubular-it is atypical in structure. lacking the normal tubular
arrangement & containing vascular & cellular inclusions.arrangement & containing vascular & cellular inclusions.
• CariesCaries-increased caries susceptibility.-increased caries susceptibility.
55. • EruptionEruption-eruption is delayed. In prolonged deficiency, eruption-eruption is delayed. In prolonged deficiency, eruption
ceases completely.ceases completely.
• AAlveolarlveolar bonebone-alveolar bone is retarded in its rate of formation.-alveolar bone is retarded in its rate of formation.
• Gingiva-Gingiva-gingival epithelium becomes hyperplastic .gingival epithelium becomes hyperplastic .
In prolonged deficiency it shows keratinization.In prolonged deficiency it shows keratinization.
• PeriodontalPeriodontal diseasedisease-tissue is easily invaded by bacteria that may-tissue is easily invaded by bacteria that may
cause periodontal disease & microabscess formation.cause periodontal disease & microabscess formation.
• Salivary gland-Salivary gland-majormajor & minor salivary glands undergo typical& minor salivary glands undergo typical
keratinizing metaplasia.keratinizing metaplasia.
56. FormsForms
• DD33-it is present in fish liver oils & animal fats.-it is present in fish liver oils & animal fats.
It is called as cholecalciferol.It is called as cholecalciferol.
• DD22-it is obtained artificially by irradiation of ergosterol-it is obtained artificially by irradiation of ergosterol
& called as& called as ergocalciferolergocalciferol..
AbsorptionAbsorption
• Bile is essential for the absorption of vitamin D, fat helps in itsBile is essential for the absorption of vitamin D, fat helps in its
absorption too.absorption too.
• AbsorbedAbsorbed from the jejunum of the small intestinefrom the jejunum of the small intestine
• ExcretionExcretion -primarily in the feces with the aid of bile salts.-primarily in the feces with the aid of bile salts.
RequirementRequirement
• Infants & children- 0.01 mg.Infants & children- 0.01 mg.
• Men & women- 5-10 mg.Men & women- 5-10 mg.
SUNSHINE
VITAMIN
57.
58. RICKETSRICKETS
Any disorder in vitamin-calcium phosphorous metabolism that results inAny disorder in vitamin-calcium phosphorous metabolism that results in
hypomineralised bone matrix &leads failure of endochondralhypomineralised bone matrix &leads failure of endochondral
calcification.calcification.
• It develops in an area where sunlight is deficient.It develops in an area where sunlight is deficient.
• Develops secondary to malabsorption of vitamin DDevelops secondary to malabsorption of vitamin D
• Secondary to abnormality of Vit D activationSecondary to abnormality of Vit D activation
• Secondary to abnormalities in renal absorptionSecondary to abnormalities in renal absorption
60. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Caries- there is higher caries index in rickets as compared to normal.
• Enamel- there may be hypoplasia of enamel
• Pulp- there are large pulp chamber, high pulp horns & delayed closure
of root apices.
• Malocclusion- the osteoid is so soft that teeth get displaced leading to
malocclusion of the teeth
61. OSTEOMALACIAOSTEOMALACIA
Known asKnown as adult rickets .adult rickets .
Only flat bones & diaphysis of it are affectedOnly flat bones & diaphysis of it are affected
Clinical featuresClinical features
• Seen in adults & pelvic deformities are commonly seen in females.Seen in adults & pelvic deformities are commonly seen in females.
• BoneBone- remodeling of bone occur in the absence of adequate calcium- remodeling of bone occur in the absence of adequate calcium
resulting in softening & distortion of the skeleton.resulting in softening & distortion of the skeleton.
• SymptomsSymptoms- the majority of patients have bone pain & muscle- the majority of patients have bone pain & muscle
weaknessweakness
• Others-Others- there is increased tendency towards fracture, peculiarthere is increased tendency towards fracture, peculiar
waddling or penguin gait, tetany & green stick bone fractureswaddling or penguin gait, tetany & green stick bone fractures
Oral manifestationsOral manifestations
62. • It is also called asIt is also called as anti-aginganti-aging factor.factor.
Absorption & excretionAbsorption & excretion
• Vitamin E in the diet isVitamin E in the diet is absorbedabsorbed from the GITfrom the GIT
• About 1/3rd of the vitamin isAbout 1/3rd of the vitamin is excretedexcreted in through the bile & thein through the bile & the
balance is excreted in the urine.balance is excreted in the urine.
Daily requirementsDaily requirements
• Men - 8-10 mgMen - 8-10 mg
• Women - 5-8 mgWomen - 5-8 mg
• Children - 8.3 mgChildren - 8.3 mg
• Infants - 4-5 mgInfants - 4-5 mg
63.
64. DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMSDEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
• MusclesMuscles--itit causes degenerative changes in muscles. There is musclecauses degenerative changes in muscles. There is muscle
fiber atrophy which is replaced by connective tissue.fiber atrophy which is replaced by connective tissue.
• Heart-Heart-there is necrosis & fibrosis of heart muscles.there is necrosis & fibrosis of heart muscles.
• Blood capillaries-Blood capillaries- degenerative changes in the blood capillariesdegenerative changes in the blood capillaries
which in turn lead to heart & lung diseases, pulmonary embolism &which in turn lead to heart & lung diseases, pulmonary embolism &
brain stroke.brain stroke.
HYPERVITAMINOSISHYPERVITAMINOSIS
Doses above 1000IU per day causes hemorrhageDoses above 1000IU per day causes hemorrhage
65. • It is essential for the production of a type of protein calledIt is essential for the production of a type of protein called
prothrombin & other factors involve in the blood clotting mechanism.prothrombin & other factors involve in the blood clotting mechanism.
Hence it is known asHence it is known as ANTI-ANTI-HEMORRHAGICHEMORRHAGIC VITAMINVITAMIN..
FormsForms
• K1-K1- itit is the form which occurs in plants.is the form which occurs in plants.
• KK22 -- itit is produced by most bacteria present in human intestine if notis produced by most bacteria present in human intestine if not
supplied in the diet .supplied in the diet .
RequirementsRequirements
• Men & women-Men & women- 50-100mg/day50-100mg/day
66.
67. Functions
• Synthesis- hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors II, V, VII, IX & X.
• Clotting- it prevents hemorrhage only in cases when there is defective
production of prothrombin.
• Oxidative phosphorylation- It acts as a cofactor, in oxidative
phosphorylation associated with lipid.
Effects of deficiency
• Prolongation of prothrombin time &
• Delayed clotting time
• There may be nasal bleeding
Oral manifestations
• Gingival bleeding can also occur in cases of vitamin K deficiency.
Hypervitamnosis
• Large quantities of menadione may cause.
68. IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS
VITAMINS FUNCTION
B1, B2, B3, B5, B 6, B7, B9, B12, C,
K
COENZYME
B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7 METABOLISM OF ENERGY
YIELDING NUTRIENTS
B 6, B 9, B12 RED BLOOD CELL SYNTHESIS
B6, B9, B12 AMINO ACID METABOLISM
B 7, B 5, B 3 FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS
C , E ANTIOXIDENT PROTECTION
B1, B6, B12 NERVE TRANSMISSION
A, D GENE EXPRESSION
69.
70. CONCLUSION
Do not mislead: Vitamins may be required to supplement an
inadequate diet but never to complement it.
Vitamins provide a profitable market for the pharmaceutical
industry ,and a rent in the consumer’s wallet.