Absorption, transport and metabolism of thiaminDomina Petric
Thiamin is absorbed in the small intestine through both active transport and passive diffusion. It is carried in the blood bound to proteins and taken up by tissues, where it is phosphorylated. The majority of thiamin in tissues is in phosphorylated form. Thiamin is metabolized through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Excess thiamin is rapidly excreted in the urine, with the half-life being 10-20 days. Deficiency can deplete tissue stores within a couple weeks.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of riboflavinDomina Petric
Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine where coenzyme forms FMN and FAD are hydrolyzed to free riboflavin by intestinal enzymes. Free riboflavin is actively transported into intestinal cells and converted back to FMN by phosphorylation. Riboflavin enters circulation bound to proteins and is transported to tissues where it is converted to FMN and FAD coenzymes. Tissues store riboflavin primarily as FMN and FAD bound to flavoproteins. Unused coenzymes are broken back down to free riboflavin which is excreted primarily in urine.
Water soluble vitamin pyridoxine (vitamin B6) introduction, Chemistry of vitamin B6, Biochemical role of vitamin B6, active form of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxal phosphate) synthesis and their role, Recommended dietary allowance of vitamin B6, Dietary sources of vitamin B 6, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B6.
Niacin, or vitamin B3, is an essential vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in many metabolic reactions related to energy production. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin deficiency causes the disease pellagra, with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Treatment of pellagra involves niacin supplementation. Therapeutically, niacin is used to treat hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia by lowering LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels and raising HDL levels.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of pantothenic acidDomina Petric
Pantothenic acid is absorbed from food as coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl-carrier protein, which are broken down to release pantothenic acid. It is transported through the body bound to proteins and converted to CoA for use in cellular metabolism. CoA is synthesized from pantothenic acid through a series of phosphorylation and addition of amino acids in the cytosol and mitochondria. Excess pantothenic acid and its breakdown products are excreted in the urine and breathed out as carbon dioxide.
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) which plays a key role in numerous metabolic pathways. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated and linked to cysteine to form 4'-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to dephospho-CoA and CoA. CoA is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and ketone bodies as well as the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids through acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare but can cause burning feet syndrome in experimental
This document summarizes information about vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid). It discusses the discovery of pantothenic acid and its role in Coenzyme A (CoA), the structure of pantothenic acid and CoA, the synthesis of CoA from pantothenic acid, the biochemical functions of pantothenic acid through CoA in various metabolic pathways, dietary sources of pantothenic acid, and symptoms of deficiency. The recommended daily intake of pantothenic acid for adults is 5-10 mg, and while deficiency symptoms have not been reported in humans, deficiency in experimental animals can cause issues like anemia and fatty liver.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of niacinDomina Petric
The document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of niacin. It discusses how niacin is absorbed in the small intestine through facilitated diffusion. It is transported through the bloodstream as nicotinic acid and nicotinamide and taken up by tissues. Within tissues, it is converted to its coenzyme forms NAD and NADP which are used to drive cellular processes. The document also outlines how humans can synthesize niacin from the amino acid tryptophan through multiple enzymatic steps in the liver.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of thiaminDomina Petric
Thiamin is absorbed in the small intestine through both active transport and passive diffusion. It is carried in the blood bound to proteins and taken up by tissues, where it is phosphorylated. The majority of thiamin in tissues is in phosphorylated form. Thiamin is metabolized through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Excess thiamin is rapidly excreted in the urine, with the half-life being 10-20 days. Deficiency can deplete tissue stores within a couple weeks.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of riboflavinDomina Petric
Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine where coenzyme forms FMN and FAD are hydrolyzed to free riboflavin by intestinal enzymes. Free riboflavin is actively transported into intestinal cells and converted back to FMN by phosphorylation. Riboflavin enters circulation bound to proteins and is transported to tissues where it is converted to FMN and FAD coenzymes. Tissues store riboflavin primarily as FMN and FAD bound to flavoproteins. Unused coenzymes are broken back down to free riboflavin which is excreted primarily in urine.
Water soluble vitamin pyridoxine (vitamin B6) introduction, Chemistry of vitamin B6, Biochemical role of vitamin B6, active form of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxal phosphate) synthesis and their role, Recommended dietary allowance of vitamin B6, Dietary sources of vitamin B 6, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B6.
Niacin, or vitamin B3, is an essential vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in many metabolic reactions related to energy production. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin deficiency causes the disease pellagra, with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Treatment of pellagra involves niacin supplementation. Therapeutically, niacin is used to treat hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia by lowering LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels and raising HDL levels.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of pantothenic acidDomina Petric
Pantothenic acid is absorbed from food as coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl-carrier protein, which are broken down to release pantothenic acid. It is transported through the body bound to proteins and converted to CoA for use in cellular metabolism. CoA is synthesized from pantothenic acid through a series of phosphorylation and addition of amino acids in the cytosol and mitochondria. Excess pantothenic acid and its breakdown products are excreted in the urine and breathed out as carbon dioxide.
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) which plays a key role in numerous metabolic pathways. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated and linked to cysteine to form 4'-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to dephospho-CoA and CoA. CoA is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and ketone bodies as well as the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids through acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare but can cause burning feet syndrome in experimental
This document summarizes information about vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid). It discusses the discovery of pantothenic acid and its role in Coenzyme A (CoA), the structure of pantothenic acid and CoA, the synthesis of CoA from pantothenic acid, the biochemical functions of pantothenic acid through CoA in various metabolic pathways, dietary sources of pantothenic acid, and symptoms of deficiency. The recommended daily intake of pantothenic acid for adults is 5-10 mg, and while deficiency symptoms have not been reported in humans, deficiency in experimental animals can cause issues like anemia and fatty liver.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of niacinDomina Petric
The document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of niacin. It discusses how niacin is absorbed in the small intestine through facilitated diffusion. It is transported through the bloodstream as nicotinic acid and nicotinamide and taken up by tissues. Within tissues, it is converted to its coenzyme forms NAD and NADP which are used to drive cellular processes. The document also outlines how humans can synthesize niacin from the amino acid tryptophan through multiple enzymatic steps in the liver.
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism. It consists of a pyrimidine ring connected to a thiazole ring. Thiamine acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates and the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of thiamine can cause diseases like beriberi, which presents as either "wet" beriberi with edema or "dry" beriberi with neurological symptoms. Treatment involves high doses of thiamine supplementation.
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a water-soluble vitamin that exists as three closely related compounds - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. All three can be converted to the active coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is involved in many important metabolic processes like amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters and heme. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can cause neurological, dermatological and hematological issues due to impairment of these metabolic pathways. While essential for many functions, excess intake of vitamin B6 beyond recommended limits may cause sensory neuropathy.
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and division. It is involved in amino acid metabolism and the formation of DNA and RNA. A deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis. Folic acid is found naturally in green leafy vegetables and citrus fruits. Dietary deficiencies are common and can be caused by inadequate intake, malabsorption, or drug interactions. Supplementation is important during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in newborns.
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential to numerous metabolic processes in the body. It is involved in the synthesis of coenzyme A, which acts as a carrier of acyl and acetyl groups in many vital reactions like the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme A is required for the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to release energy. Pantothenic acid deficiency is rare in humans but can cause burning feet syndrome with symptoms like numbness and pain. Good dietary sources include eggs, meat, yeast, and vegetables.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of biotinDomina Petric
This document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of biotin in the human body. It discusses how biotin is released from food proteins and absorbed through both facilitated transport and passive diffusion in the small intestine. It then describes how biotin circulates in the bloodstream, is taken up by cells through sodium-dependent and monocarboxylate transporters, and is stored in tissues like the liver. Finally, it outlines how biotin is attached to carboxylase enzymes, recycled through cleavage by the enzyme biotinidase, catabolized, and excreted in the urine and feces.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin CDomina Petric
Vitamin C is absorbed through passive diffusion at high doses and active transport at low doses, with 80-90% absorption efficiency for doses under 180 mg. It is transported plasma predominantly as ascorbic acid and taken up by cells via sodium-dependent and glucose transporters. Vitamin C is oxidized through loss of electrons to ultimately form metabolites that are excreted in urine or undergo decarboxylation. Under 100 mg daily intake, little vitamin C is excreted in urine, but amounts above 500 mg are largely excreted unchanged.
Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It functions as a coenzyme in many biochemical reactions involved in amino acid metabolism. Deficiency can cause neurological symptoms like depression, confusion, and seizures as well as anemia. Toxicity from high doses over 200mg/day can cause nerve damage.
This document discusses vitamin B1 (thiamine). It begins by classifying B1 as a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B-complex group. It then describes B1's functions in energy metabolism and as a coenzyme. Sources of B1 are also listed, including pork, liver, beans and enriched grains. The document concludes by covering absorption in the small intestine, deficiencies that can arise from inadequate intake such as beriberi, and issues related to toxicity.
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins B and C. It discusses the classification of vitamins based on solubility and describes key features of the B-complex vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. It also covers vitamin C, describing its isolation, sources, functions, deficiency manifestations, and role in collagen formation and wound healing. The roles of these vitamins as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways are emphasized.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It is an important antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the body during oxidation. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. A deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, and neurological problems due to increased lipid peroxidation in tissues.
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. It contains pyrimidine and thiazole rings connected by a methylene bridge. Thiamine is converted to its active coenzyme form, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is involved in several metabolic reactions like pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and transketolase. Deficiency of thiamine causes beriberi disease characterized by peripheral neuropathy or heart failure.
Niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, is essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It has two active forms, NAD+ and NADP+, which serve as coenzymes in various oxidation-reduction reactions in the electron transport chain. A deficiency in niacin can cause pellagra, known as the "3D disease" as it results in dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. It can also cause gingivitis, stomatitis, fatty liver, and affect plasma lipids. Rich dietary sources include liver, kidney, meat, fish, legumes, nuts, green vegetables, coffee, and tea.
Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in single-carbon transfers in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. It is required for DNA synthesis and cell division. A deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis. Rich dietary sources include green leafy vegetables. Folic acid supplementation is important during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in newborns.
Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, forms part of coenzyme A which plays an important role in energy metabolism. It is essential for the formation of ATP from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohol. Pantothenic acid is used to synthesize coenzyme A, which transports carbon atoms within cells to form acetyl-CoA and related compounds for energy metabolism and biosynthesis of important compounds like fatty acids and cholesterol. Coenzyme A is also required for the formation of acetyl carrier protein needed for fatty acid synthesis.
Folate, also known as vitamin B9, consists of three components and its active form is tetrahydrofolate. Tetrahydrofolate acts as a coenzyme that receives one-carbon fragments from donors like serine and glycine and transfers them for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, and thymidylate monophosphate. Folate deficiency can result from inadequate intake, impaired absorption, drug interference, increased demand, or hemolytic anemia and can cause megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in developing fetuses, and increased homocysteine levels.
This document discusses vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) for dogs. It provides information on the structure and functions of pantothenic acid, including that it is a component of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein which are essential for metabolism. The document also outlines pantothenic acid requirements for dogs according to the NRC and AAFCO, signs of deficiency, and food sources of the vitamin.
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in multiple forms including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. It plays an essential role in vision, cell growth and differentiation. Vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver where it is stored. A deficiency can impair vision and cause dry eyes and corneal ulceration or blindness in severe cases. The recommended daily intake is 400-1000 μg depending on age, sex and life stage.
The presentation has been uploaded by the student of ESIC Medical College, Gulbarga. This PPT is related to Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). It is focusing on the biochemical point of view. It gives detailed and understandable knowledge about Vitamin B1.
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism. It consists of a pyrimidine ring connected to a thiazole ring. Thiamine acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates and the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of thiamine can cause diseases like beriberi, which presents as either "wet" beriberi with edema or "dry" beriberi with neurological symptoms. Treatment involves high doses of thiamine supplementation.
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a water-soluble vitamin that exists as three closely related compounds - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. All three can be converted to the active coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is involved in many important metabolic processes like amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters and heme. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can cause neurological, dermatological and hematological issues due to impairment of these metabolic pathways. While essential for many functions, excess intake of vitamin B6 beyond recommended limits may cause sensory neuropathy.
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and division. It is involved in amino acid metabolism and the formation of DNA and RNA. A deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis. Folic acid is found naturally in green leafy vegetables and citrus fruits. Dietary deficiencies are common and can be caused by inadequate intake, malabsorption, or drug interactions. Supplementation is important during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in newborns.
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential to numerous metabolic processes in the body. It is involved in the synthesis of coenzyme A, which acts as a carrier of acyl and acetyl groups in many vital reactions like the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme A is required for the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to release energy. Pantothenic acid deficiency is rare in humans but can cause burning feet syndrome with symptoms like numbness and pain. Good dietary sources include eggs, meat, yeast, and vegetables.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of biotinDomina Petric
This document summarizes the absorption, transport, and metabolism of biotin in the human body. It discusses how biotin is released from food proteins and absorbed through both facilitated transport and passive diffusion in the small intestine. It then describes how biotin circulates in the bloodstream, is taken up by cells through sodium-dependent and monocarboxylate transporters, and is stored in tissues like the liver. Finally, it outlines how biotin is attached to carboxylase enzymes, recycled through cleavage by the enzyme biotinidase, catabolized, and excreted in the urine and feces.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin CDomina Petric
Vitamin C is absorbed through passive diffusion at high doses and active transport at low doses, with 80-90% absorption efficiency for doses under 180 mg. It is transported plasma predominantly as ascorbic acid and taken up by cells via sodium-dependent and glucose transporters. Vitamin C is oxidized through loss of electrons to ultimately form metabolites that are excreted in urine or undergo decarboxylation. Under 100 mg daily intake, little vitamin C is excreted in urine, but amounts above 500 mg are largely excreted unchanged.
Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It functions as a coenzyme in many biochemical reactions involved in amino acid metabolism. Deficiency can cause neurological symptoms like depression, confusion, and seizures as well as anemia. Toxicity from high doses over 200mg/day can cause nerve damage.
This document discusses vitamin B1 (thiamine). It begins by classifying B1 as a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B-complex group. It then describes B1's functions in energy metabolism and as a coenzyme. Sources of B1 are also listed, including pork, liver, beans and enriched grains. The document concludes by covering absorption in the small intestine, deficiencies that can arise from inadequate intake such as beriberi, and issues related to toxicity.
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins B and C. It discusses the classification of vitamins based on solubility and describes key features of the B-complex vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, and cyanocobalamin. It also covers vitamin C, describing its isolation, sources, functions, deficiency manifestations, and role in collagen formation and wound healing. The roles of these vitamins as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways are emphasized.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists as both tocopherols and tocotrienols. It is an important antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the body during oxidation. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is absorbed with dietary fat and transported throughout the body associated with lipoproteins. A deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, and neurological problems due to increased lipid peroxidation in tissues.
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. It contains pyrimidine and thiazole rings connected by a methylene bridge. Thiamine is converted to its active coenzyme form, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is involved in several metabolic reactions like pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and transketolase. Deficiency of thiamine causes beriberi disease characterized by peripheral neuropathy or heart failure.
Niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, is essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It has two active forms, NAD+ and NADP+, which serve as coenzymes in various oxidation-reduction reactions in the electron transport chain. A deficiency in niacin can cause pellagra, known as the "3D disease" as it results in dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. It can also cause gingivitis, stomatitis, fatty liver, and affect plasma lipids. Rich dietary sources include liver, kidney, meat, fish, legumes, nuts, green vegetables, coffee, and tea.
Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in single-carbon transfers in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. It is required for DNA synthesis and cell division. A deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis. Rich dietary sources include green leafy vegetables. Folic acid supplementation is important during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in newborns.
Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, forms part of coenzyme A which plays an important role in energy metabolism. It is essential for the formation of ATP from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohol. Pantothenic acid is used to synthesize coenzyme A, which transports carbon atoms within cells to form acetyl-CoA and related compounds for energy metabolism and biosynthesis of important compounds like fatty acids and cholesterol. Coenzyme A is also required for the formation of acetyl carrier protein needed for fatty acid synthesis.
Folate, also known as vitamin B9, consists of three components and its active form is tetrahydrofolate. Tetrahydrofolate acts as a coenzyme that receives one-carbon fragments from donors like serine and glycine and transfers them for the synthesis of amino acids, purines, and thymidylate monophosphate. Folate deficiency can result from inadequate intake, impaired absorption, drug interference, increased demand, or hemolytic anemia and can cause megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in developing fetuses, and increased homocysteine levels.
This document discusses vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) for dogs. It provides information on the structure and functions of pantothenic acid, including that it is a component of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein which are essential for metabolism. The document also outlines pantothenic acid requirements for dogs according to the NRC and AAFCO, signs of deficiency, and food sources of the vitamin.
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in multiple forms including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. It plays an essential role in vision, cell growth and differentiation. Vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver where it is stored. A deficiency can impair vision and cause dry eyes and corneal ulceration or blindness in severe cases. The recommended daily intake is 400-1000 μg depending on age, sex and life stage.
The presentation has been uploaded by the student of ESIC Medical College, Gulbarga. This PPT is related to Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). It is focusing on the biochemical point of view. It gives detailed and understandable knowledge about Vitamin B1.
This document summarizes vitamin B1 (thiamine). It discusses the chemistry of thiamine and its coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate, which is important for carbohydrate metabolism. A deficiency in thiamine results in beriberi disease, which has different forms including dry beriberi affecting the nervous system and wet beriberi affecting the cardiovascular system. The document outlines recommended daily intakes of thiamine, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms, and conditions caused by thiamine deficiency like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in alcoholics. Thiamine deficiency can also occur due to the presence of thiaminase in some foods or pyrithiamine in plant fer
This document discusses vitamin B1 (thiamine) for dogs. It provides information on the structure, functions, absorption, transport, excretion and deficiency of thiamine. Thiamine acts as a coenzyme to support carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. It is water soluble, unstable to heat and light, and not stored in the body. Sources of thiamine for dogs include spinach, eggs, fish and liver. A thiamine deficiency can cause neurological and muscular issues in dogs.
Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, was first isolated from rice bran in 1912 by Casimir Funk. It consists of an aminopyrimidine and thiazole ring linked by a methylene bridge. Thiamine acts as a coenzyme in cellular respiration to produce energy and supports carbohydrate metabolism. Thiamine deficiency results in a condition called beri-beri with symptoms like weakness, loss of appetite, and pins and needles sensation in the legs. Beri-beri can present as either a "wet" form with edema or a "dry" form with neurological manifestations like difficulty walking. The recommended daily allowance of thiamine is 0.7-1.2 mg
This document discusses vitamin B1 (thiamine). It notes that thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The key points are:
- Thiamine's coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate, facilitates the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and links glycolysis to the TCA cycle.
- Deficiency can cause beriberi disease, characterized by neuropathy, edema, and heart failure.
- Good dietary sources include cereals, legumes, nuts and meat. Cooking can reduce thiamine levels in foods.
Medical Biochemistry | Food and Nutrition, Vitamins and Minerals: Water Solub...MarufaAkhter2
This is a lecture class presentation for the students of Medical Biochemistry on the water-soluble vitamin - vitamin B1, its dietary sources, co-enzyme forms, chemical structure, functions, deficiency diseases, and their prevention and treatments.
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in energy production and nerve function. It is involved in carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid metabolism as the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine deficiency can lead to diseases like beriberi, which has wet, dry, and infantile forms causing symptoms like edema, nerve damage, and heart problems. Other deficiency symptoms include weakness, confusion, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Good dietary sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, pork, and nuts.
This document discusses vitamin B1 (thiamine). It provides information on the structure of thiamine, dietary sources, roles in the body including as a coenzyme in important metabolic reactions, deficiency manifestations such as beriberi, and absorption/transport of thiamine in the body. The key points are that thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin required for important metabolic processes, it acts as a coenzyme (thiamine pyrophosphate) in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, and deficiency can cause diseases like beriberi if intake is inadequate.
Thiamine (vitamin B1) and biochemical aspects of beriberirohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Thiamine and biochemical aspects of Beriberi for MBBS, BDS, B Pham and Biotechnology students to facilitate easy leaning.
This document discusses four disorders of amino acid metabolism:
1. Tyrosinemia is caused by a defect in the breakdown of tyrosine, leading to its buildup. There are three types caused by different enzyme deficiencies. Symptoms vary but can include liver and kidney failure.
2. Maple syrup urine disease results from a defect in breaking down branched chain amino acids. Affected individuals cannot metabolize certain amino acids, causing neurologic issues and a maple syrup smelling urine.
3. Homocystinuria is caused by the inability to metabolize the amino acid homocysteine. It can cause skeletal abnormalities and intellectual disabilities if left untreated.
4. Albinism is caused by a lack
Thiamine pyrophosphate is the biologically active form of the vitamin, formed by the transfer of a pyrophosphate group (PPi) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to thiamine
ATP → AMP + PPi
TPP serves as a coenzyme (a non-protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of the enzyme)
In the formation or degradation of α-ketols by transketolase (A)
In the oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids (B)
ATP
α-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
This document discusses vitamins, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, and C. It provides details on the sources, absorption, functions, deficiency symptoms, and important facts about each vitamin. The document emphasizes that vitamins are essential organic compounds required in small amounts for normal physiological functions and most must be obtained from diet as they are not synthesized by the body.
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a cofactor for several enzyme complexes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. It contains pyrimidine and thiazole rings joined by a methylene bridge. Thiamine is converted to its active coenzyme form, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which participates in reactions like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Deficiency can result in beriberi disease, characterized by neuropathy or heart failure depending on whether the dry or wet form occurs. Diagnosis involves measuring transketolase levels in red blood cells.
This document defines vitamins and classifies them as either water soluble or fat soluble. It then discusses the vitamin thiamine (vitamin B1) in detail. Thiamine acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. Deficiency results in beriberi disease. The document also covers the structure, functions, deficiency and food sources of riboflavin (vitamin B2).
Thiamin (vitamin B1) is essential for carbohydrate metabolism and neural function. Severe deficiency causes beriberi while milder deficiency causes non-specific symptoms like malaise. Thiamin deficiency has been common in people relying mainly on polished rice. The removal of rice bran during polishing removes thiamin. The richest sources of thiamin are brewer's yeast, pork liver, and whole grains. However, thiamin is unstable when heated or exposed to oxidizing and alkaline conditions.
This document summarizes the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. It discusses that phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that is converted to tyrosine. Tyrosine can then be incorporated into proteins or used to synthesize important compounds like catecholamines, thyroid hormones, and melanin. It also describes disorders that can occur if there are defects in the metabolic pathways of phenylalanine and tyrosine, including phenylketonuria (PKU), tyrosinemia types 1 and 2, and albinism. PKU is caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and causes accumulation of phenylalanine that can lead to intellectual disability if left untreated.
This document summarizes key aspects of several water-soluble vitamins, including their functions, absorption, clinical deficiencies, food sources, and uses for supplementation. It discusses the vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and vitamin C, describing how each acts as a coenzyme in important metabolic processes and what health issues can result from deficiencies. Food sources rich in each vitamin are also outlined, as well as therapeutic uses for supplementation.
English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptxMatSouthwell1
Presentation made by Mat Southwell to the Harm Reduction Working Group of the English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners. Discuss stimulants, OAMT, NSP coverage and community-led approach to DCRs. Focussing on active drug user perspectives and interests
Sectional dentures for microstomia patients.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Microstomia, characterized by an abnormally small oral aperture, presents significant challenges in prosthodontic treatment, including limited access for examination, difficulties in impression making, and challenges with prosthesis insertion and removal. To manage these issues, customized impression techniques using sectional trays and elastomeric materials are employed. Prostheses may be designed in segments or with flexible materials to facilitate handling. Minimally invasive procedures and the use of digital technologies can enhance patient comfort. Education and training for patients on prosthesis care and maintenance are crucial for compliance. Regular follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other specialists, ensure comprehensive care and improved quality of life for microstomia patients.
Joker Wigs has been a one-stop-shop for hair products for over 26 years. We provide high-quality hair wigs, hair extensions, hair toppers, hair patch, and more for both men and women.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
2. Contents
Introduction
Chemistry of Thiamine
Functions
Sources
Absorption
Transportation
Storage
Excretion
Deficiency
Common symptoms of thiamine deficiency
Some researches on Thiamine
2
3. Introduction
Thiamine is also known as vitamin B1, anti Beri-Beri
vitamin.
Discovered by Christian Eijkman in 1897.
Water –soluble.
Needed on daily basis.
Non-toxic.
Plays critical role in energy production.
Required as co-enzyme.
3
4. Chemistry of Thiamine
White, water soluble crystalline solid.
It’s an organosulphur compound having formula
C12H17ON4S
Structure consists of an aminopyrimidine & thiazolium ring
linked by a methylene bridge.
Stable at acidic pH, destroys at alkaline pH.
4
5. Functions
Precursor of co-enzyme TPP(Thiamine pyro
phosphate).
Stimulate appetite.
Normal nerve function by providing energy.
Synthesize & regulate neurotransmitters (myelin
sheath production)
Cure Beri-Beri.
Proper function of heart muscles.
Formation of RBCs
Healthy mucus membrane.
5
8. Absorption
Most of the absorption of thiamine occurs in the
jejunum & ileum of small intestine.
If thiamine is consumed in small amounts, is absorbed
by sodium dependent active transport mechanism.
If large amounts are consumed, passive diffusion takes
place.
Thiamine as TPP within food must be dephosphorylated
to thiamine before absorption.
TPP is then reformed from thiamine & phosphate
within cells whenever required.
8
10. Transportation
Thiamine is transported via blood.
Majority of thiamine is bound to protein Albumin.
Approx. 90% of total thiamine in blood is in
erythrocytes.
Thiamine-Binding Protein (TBP) is important for tissue
distribution of thiamine.
10
11. Storage
Very low Thiamine is stored in liver & erythrocytes in
the form of TPP.
When circulating thiamine levels decrease , the stored
TPP TMP Thiamine
Released into the circulation
11
12. Excretion
Excess thiamine is excreted in urine.
Mainly excreted as thiamine & TMP.
Other acid metabolites are:
2-methyl-4-amino-5-pyrimidine carboxylic acid
4-methyl-thiazole-5-acetic acid
Thiamine acetic acid
12
13. Deficiency
13
When healthy individuals are deprived of Thiamine,
thiamine stores are depleted within one month.
Within a week after thiamine intake stops :
tachycardia, weakness, decreased tendon reflexes,
some develops diseases.
15. Wet Beri- Beri
Affects cardiovascular system.
Pathophysiology :
15
vasodilat
ation
Left
ventricle do
not pump
blood
effectively
Blood
backs up
in left
atrium
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
capillaries
Pulmonary
hypertension
Watercomes
into
interstitial
space
Pulmonary
edema
Less
oxygen
19. Infantile Beri- Beri
It occurs in infants between 2-5 months of age( who are
fed only breast milk) & whose mothers are thiamine
deficient.
The affected baby develops cyanosis ( skin turns blue
due to lack of oxygen), tachycardia, vomiting &
convulsions.
Cyanosis becomes visible when there is >3-5g/dl of
deoxygenated hemoglobin.
19
21. Wernicke- Korsakoff Syndrome
Consumption of excessive alcohol can lead to
malnutrition & poor absorption of thiamine.
Sometimes reason may be Bariatric surgery
(Gastrectomy).
21
Wernicke’s encephalopathy Korsakoff’s syndrome
Language problem
Unusual eye movements
Mental confusion
Memory loss
Impaired ability to learn
Confabulation( making up
stories)
22. Common symptoms of thiamine deficiency
Tachycardia
Numbness in legs & hands
Edema
Weakness
Mental confusion
22
25. In diabetic patient, endothelial glycocalyx layer damages
so can’t restrict albumin excretion.
25
Thiamine could reverse early kidney diseases
in Diabetes
26. Consuming high thiamine (300mg/day) will reduce the
excretion of albumin.
26
27. Consumption of Thiamine fortified Fish Sauce by
pregnant women for 6 months – reduces chances of
infantile beri -beri.
27
Thiamine fortified Fish Sauce help fight Infantile
Beri-Beri in Southeast Asia.