Viral haemorrhagic fevers (vhf) plus questions.

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Viral haemorrhagic fevers are caused by several viruses and occur mostly in rural parts of Africa. Lassa fever is widespread in West Africa with an overall mortality of around 15% for hospitalized cases. Ebola outbreaks occur about once per year in countries like Congo, Uganda, and Sudan. While most have mild symptoms, all can present with fever, body aches, and bleeding. Transmission is through contact with infected individuals, animals, or insect bites. Treatment involves isolation and supportive care, with ribavirin used for Lassa fever and South American haemorrhagic fevers.

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Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF) Dr.Mohamed Shekhani.

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Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor disease, fecal-oral Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases, meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body): pleurodynia, myocarditis Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like coxsackievirus Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does not replicate above 33° C Biology, Virulence, and Disease • Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA genome with terminal protein • Genome is sufficient for infection • Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, replicates in cytoplasm Enteroviruses • Capsid virus resistant to inactivation • Disease due to lytic infection of important target tissue • Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis • Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot- and-mouth disease, common cold, meningitis • Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal myocarditis, type 1 diabetes Rhinoviruses • Acid labile and cannot replicate at body temperature • Restricted to upper respiratory tract • Common cold Epidemiology • Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route and aerosols • Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and contact Diagnosis • Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant sample Treatment, Prevention, and Control • OPV and IPV polio vaccines P icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and includes some of the most important human and animal viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230 members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enteroviruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil- ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases

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