2. VAT Basics
Value Added Tax-
-- is a multi-point tax on value addition i.e., increase
in value
Which is collected at different stages of sale, and
With a provision for set-off for tax paid at the
previous stage/tax paid on inputs against the tax
collections on sales before remitting to the
Government’s account
3. Objectives of VAT
Prevents distortion – in trade and economy through
uniform tax rates
Easy computation of tax
Harmonization in the tax structure of various
states
Availing of credit on inputs leading to cost
efficiency and rationalization
Avoids Double taxation through input credit
Ensure equitable distribution of tax impact
amongst dealers
Easy compliance and procedures through
transparency
4. Meaning of Goods
VAT is applicable only if there is a
transfer of property in goods from one
person to another for a consideration
Goods means all kinds of movable
property
12. Addition Method
Suitability : This method is mainly used with
Income variant of VAT
Computation :
Step1 : Aggregate all the Factor Payments including
Profits to arrive at the Total Value Addition
Step2: Apply the Rate on Step 1 to calculate the tax
13. Invoice Method
Suitability : This method is followed under Central
Excise Law
Computation :
Step1 : compute the tax to be imposed at each stage of
sales on the entire sale value
Step2: Set-off the Tax paid at the earlier stage
Step3: The differential Tax is paid
14. Subtraction Method
Suitability : This method is normally applied
where the tax is not charged separately
Methods of determination of Value Added:
Direct Subtraction Method
Intermediate Subtraction Method
Indirect Subtraction Method
15. Direct Subtraction Method
Compute Value Added =Total Value of Sales exclusive
of Tax
(less)
Total value of Purchases exclusive of tax
Compute VAT amount =
Value Added X Tax rate
16. Intermediate Subtraction Method
Compute Value Added =Total Value of Sales inclusive
of Tax
(less)
Total value of Purchases inclusive of tax
Compute VAT amount =
Value Added X Tax rate
17. Indirect Subtraction Method
Compute Value Added =VAT on Sales
(less)
VAT on Purchases
Note :
This is same as Invoice Method
35. Inputs
Are goods meant for re-sale or use in manufacturing,
processing of other goods or packing of goods
manufactured
36. Input Tax
Means..
Tax paid or payable under VAT law
By a Registered Dealer to another Registered Dealer
On the purchase of goods ,including Capital Goods in
the course of Business
37. Output
Means …
Sale of goods made by a Registered Dealer to another
Registered Dealer
And
Consumers in the course of his business
38. Output Tax
Is tax collected on sale of goods from the Buyer.
The output tax is calculated by applying the rate of tax
on Taxable turnover of these goods
39. Dealer
Means any person..
Who carries on the business of
buying,selling,supplying or distributing goods,
directly or otherwise,
Whether for Cash/Deferred payment/commission,
Remuneration/ other valuable Consideration
40. Sales
Means …
Every transfer of property in goods (other than by way
of a mortgage , hypothecation ,charge or pledge)
By one person to another, in the course of business
For cash , deferred payment or other valuable
consideration
41. Eligibility for Input Tax Credit
Dealer—required to be registered under the
respective state Law
Eligible Purchases- Tax paid on purchases which
are meant for sale or for utilization in the process
of production for such sale
Eligible Sales- Input Tax credit will be given to both
manufacturers and traders for purchase of
inputs/supplies meant for both sales within the state
as well as to other states
42. Tax Payment
VAT liability of the Dealer is calculated by
deducting VAT credit from Tax payable on
Sales during the tax/ payment period
43. Carry forward of VAT Credit &
Refund
If VAT credit exceeds the tax payable on sales in a
month, the excess credit may be carried over to
the future month(s) and the unadjusted VAT
credit at the end of the specified period is eligible
for REFUND
44. Eligible Purchases
Particulars Examples
Sale or re-sale within the State Computers purchased and
sold in A.P.
Sale to other parts of India in
the course of inter-state trade
or commerce
Computers purchased in A.P.
and sold in T.N.
45. Inputs used as raw
materials, consumable
stores, containers or
packing materials intended
to be sold in the state or
inter state
Carton boxes & other
packing materials
For the use in works contracts Cement and steel purchased by
construction company within
the state of A.P.
To be used as Capital Goods Plant & Machinery installed in
factory
46. Particulars Examples
Inputs used as raw materials,
consumable stores, containers
or packing materials intended
to be sold in the course of
export
Goods manufactured in A.P.
exported to Singapore
For making zero rated sales
other than those referred to in
the point above
47. Non availability of Input Tax Credit
Purchases from Unregistered Dealers
Purchases from other states/countries
Purchase of goods used in manufacture of exempted
goods
Purchase of Capital Goods (credit is available in
installments)
Purchase of goods used as a fuel in power generation
Purchase of goods to be dispatched as branch transfers
outside states/consignment
48. Non availability of Input Tax Credit
Purchase of goods where the purchase invoice is not
available
Purchase of goods where the Dealer does not have Invoices
showing amounts of tax charged separately by the selling
Dealer
Purchase of non-creditable goods
Purchase from a Dealer who has opted for composition
Scheme
Goods in Stock , which have suffered tax under an earlier
Act, but exempted under VAT
Purchase of Goods for personal use
49. Zero Rated Sale
Export
Deemed Export /Penultimate Sale
Zero rated Sale
Refund to exporters (within 3 months)
50. Sale to Dealers in Special Economic
Zone (SEZ)
Sale should be made to a Registered Dealer in SEZ
Purchase for Manufacture at SEZ
AUTHORISED by central Government
Exemption to SEZ and EOU or refund of Input Tax
paid within 3 months
51. VAT on Capital Goods
Definition…as understood under CENVAT CREDIT
RULES, 2004
State Governments can provide to give set-off on a
staggering basis , at the most in 36 installments
Capital Goods mentioned in Negative List would NOT
be eligible for Input Tax Credit
If prior permission is required, the same should be
duly obtained
52. VAT on Stock Transfer
Transfer from one state to another state
Transfer other wise than by a sale
Branch transfer
Transfer to Agent or Principal
Burden of proof on the Dealer
53. VAT credit for Stock Transfer
VAT credit is given to a Dealer for purchase of
inputs/supplies in a state meant for sales within
the state as well as in other states
Even for stock transfer/consignment sale of goods
out of the state, Input tax paid in excess of 2% is
eligible for VAT credit
61. Works Contracts
Option 1…
Pay tax on the value of the goods at the time of
incorporation of such goods in the works executed, at
the rates applicable to the Goods….
or
62. Works Contracts
Option 2
Pay tax by way of composition at applicable rates on a
certain percentage of the Total consideration
received as may be prescribed
No VAT Credit or only partial VAT Credit
66. Registration
is the process of obtaining Certificate of Registration
(RC) from VAT authorities under the respective State
Act
A Dealer registered under the state VAT law is called a
Registered Dealer
Persons liable…
Dealers whose turnover exceeds the prescribed limit
Casual traders , agent of Non-resident dealer, dealers
in jewellery (irrespective of quantum)
69. Maintenance of Books
VAT invoice is a document listing goods sold with
price, tax and other details
Contents of VAT invoice
Tax invoice
Name & Address of the selling Dealer
Registration number of the selling Dealer
Name & Address of the purchasing Dealer
Registration number of the purchasing Dealer
70. Contents of VAT invoice
Pre printed serial number
Date of issue
Description, quantity and value of Goods sold
Rate and amount of tax charged
Signature of the selling dealer
71. Importance of VAT invoice
Helps in determining the input tax credit
Prevents cascading effect of taxes
Facilitates multi point taxation on value
addition
Assists in audit and investigation
Checks evasion of tax
72. Records to be maintained
Sales Records
Purchase Records
VAT Account
Goods Details
Penalty –failure to maintain records
No concessional Sales
73. Assessment Procedure
Filing of Return—monthly , quarterly /annually
according to the state laws
Assessment – no compulsory assessment..dealer can
assess himself
Cross Checking computerized system between tax
authorities of state and central Governments
74. VAT Audit
Basically a self assessment tax
Types—Departmental audit or Audit by CAs
Role of CA in VAT
Record keeping
Tax planning
Negotiations with suppliers
Handling departmental audit
75. Merits of VAT
Proper Accounting Systems
Deterrent to Tax Evasion
Neutrality
Certainty
Transparency
76. Merits of VAT
Better Revenue Collection and Stability
Effect on Retail Price
Self Assessment
Other taxes get abolished
Fairness
Encourages Small Scale Industry
77. Demerits of VAT
Differential Rates of Tax
Disintegration
Accounting Costs
Increasing Working Capital Requirements
Inequality of Taxation
Increase in Administration Costs
Non-coverage of both goods and Services
Higher Base Rate
78. Demerits of VAT
Floor Rate
Treatment of Exempted goods
Huge list of Exemptions
Extensive Definitions
Arbitrary Classification of Goods
Concessional rates based on End Stage
Revenue loss due to concessional Rate