UTERUS.pptx
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The document discusses the anatomy and modifications of the uterus in mammals. It describes the uterus as a pear-shaped organ located between the fallopian tubes and vagina that hosts embryo implantation and development. The structure of the uterus includes the endometrium lining, myometrium muscle layer, and surrounding connective tissue. The document outlines the cervix, corpus, and histology of the uterus, as well as its position, ligaments, and modifications among different mammal groups - including duplex, bipartite, bicornuate, and simplex uteri types.
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uterus modification.pptx
The document describes the structure and modifications of the uterus. It notes that the uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ located in the pelvic cavity that hosts embryo development during pregnancy. It has four main layers - endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium, and peritonium. There are four major types of uterine modifications - duplex, bipartite, bicornuate, and simplex. The duplex uterus has two completely separate uteri, while the bipartite and bicornuate uteri involve different degrees of fusion. The simplex uterus has a single large cavity. The reproductive functions of the uterus include menstruation, implantation of the fertilized egg, gestation of the developing
Fertilization
Fertilization occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote. In Islam, legal fertilization is the union of a husband's sperm with his wife's egg in her fallopian tube. Hundreds of millions of sperm are deposited but only a few hundred reach the fallopian tube where the egg is located. The sperm must undergo capacitation and the acrosome reaction to penetrate the egg's barriers. Fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei forms the zygote with a full set of chromosomes, starting the process of cell division and human development.
Human fertilization
The document discusses the process of fertilization in mammals like humans. It begins with the anatomy of sperm and ova. Upon contact with sperm, the ova completes meiosis to become a mature egg. The sperm undergoes capacitation to prepare for fertilization. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes. The sperm binds to and penetrates the egg's extracellular barriers. This triggers activation of the egg and fusion of the male and female pronuclei, restoring diploidy. The zygote then undergoes cell division.
Implantation in mammals
The document summarizes the process of implantation. It describes how after fertilization, the embryo reaches the uterus in the blastocyst stage and attaches to the uterine wall around days 6-10. Implantation involves hormones like estrogen and progesterone and cell adhesion molecules. The blastocyst differentiates and the trophoblast erodes the endometrium, embedding the embryo. Over days 8-14, blood vessels form between the syncytiotrophoblast and endometrium, establishing uteroplacental circulation. The types of implantation are interstitial, eccentric, and centric/superficial. Implantation allows the embryo to receive nutrients and signals from the mother.
Fertilization
Fertilization involves the fusion of male and female gametes. For fertilization to occur, sperm undergo two changes after ejaculation: capacitation and the acrosome reaction. Capacitation is a conditioning process that occurs in the female reproductive tract over approximately 7 hours, removing proteins from the sperm membrane and allowing it to undergo the acrosome reaction upon contact with the egg's zona pellucida. The acrosome reaction then allows sperm to penetrate and fertilize the egg.
Fertilization
Steps of fertilization, where transport of gametes(oocyte and spermatozoon) , illustrated with images.
Differences in characteristics of egg and sperm of fertilization are tabulated.
Capacitation and acrosomal reaction are shown with diagrams to understand.
Barriers protecting female gamete shown with images.
Flowchart has been drawn to show the phases of fertilization and response of egg after entry of the sperm with explanation.
The result of fertilization is highlighted .
Ends
Placenta structure and functions
The document discusses the structure and types of placenta. It notes that the placenta is a fetal organ responsible for nutrition, oxygen, and waste exchange between the mother and fetus. The placenta has fetal and maternal components that come into contact. There are five types of placenta classified by their histology and nature of contact with the uterus. The placenta serves respiratory, excretory, nutritional, and endocrine functions vital to maintaining pregnancy.
Parturition
Parturition is the process of delivery of the fetus from the mother's body at the end of pregnancy through labor. Labor contractions arise from the fundus of the uterus and push the fetus against the cervix, resulting in cervical dilation and the opening of the vaginal canal. The stages of parturition include the first stage of cervical dilation and effacement, the second stage of delivery of the fetus, and the third stage of delivery of the placenta. Weak, irregular Braxton Hicks contractions start after 6 weeks of pregnancy to prepare the uterus for labor, while more intense false labor contractions near delivery help further cervical dilation.
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uterus modification.pptx
The document describes the structure and modifications of the uterus. It notes that the uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ located in the pelvic cavity that hosts embryo development during pregnancy. It has four main layers - endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium, and peritonium. There are four major types of uterine modifications - duplex, bipartite, bicornuate, and simplex. The duplex uterus has two completely separate uteri, while the bipartite and bicornuate uteri involve different degrees of fusion. The simplex uterus has a single large cavity. The reproductive functions of the uterus include menstruation, implantation of the fertilized egg, gestation of the developing
Fertilization
Fertilization occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote. In Islam, legal fertilization is the union of a husband's sperm with his wife's egg in her fallopian tube. Hundreds of millions of sperm are deposited but only a few hundred reach the fallopian tube where the egg is located. The sperm must undergo capacitation and the acrosome reaction to penetrate the egg's barriers. Fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei forms the zygote with a full set of chromosomes, starting the process of cell division and human development.
Human fertilization
The document discusses the process of fertilization in mammals like humans. It begins with the anatomy of sperm and ova. Upon contact with sperm, the ova completes meiosis to become a mature egg. The sperm undergoes capacitation to prepare for fertilization. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes. The sperm binds to and penetrates the egg's extracellular barriers. This triggers activation of the egg and fusion of the male and female pronuclei, restoring diploidy. The zygote then undergoes cell division.
Implantation in mammals
The document summarizes the process of implantation. It describes how after fertilization, the embryo reaches the uterus in the blastocyst stage and attaches to the uterine wall around days 6-10. Implantation involves hormones like estrogen and progesterone and cell adhesion molecules. The blastocyst differentiates and the trophoblast erodes the endometrium, embedding the embryo. Over days 8-14, blood vessels form between the syncytiotrophoblast and endometrium, establishing uteroplacental circulation. The types of implantation are interstitial, eccentric, and centric/superficial. Implantation allows the embryo to receive nutrients and signals from the mother.
Fertilization
Fertilization involves the fusion of male and female gametes. For fertilization to occur, sperm undergo two changes after ejaculation: capacitation and the acrosome reaction. Capacitation is a conditioning process that occurs in the female reproductive tract over approximately 7 hours, removing proteins from the sperm membrane and allowing it to undergo the acrosome reaction upon contact with the egg's zona pellucida. The acrosome reaction then allows sperm to penetrate and fertilize the egg.
Fertilization
Steps of fertilization, where transport of gametes(oocyte and spermatozoon) , illustrated with images.
Differences in characteristics of egg and sperm of fertilization are tabulated.
Capacitation and acrosomal reaction are shown with diagrams to understand.
Barriers protecting female gamete shown with images.
Flowchart has been drawn to show the phases of fertilization and response of egg after entry of the sperm with explanation.
The result of fertilization is highlighted .
Ends
Placenta structure and functions
The document discusses the structure and types of placenta. It notes that the placenta is a fetal organ responsible for nutrition, oxygen, and waste exchange between the mother and fetus. The placenta has fetal and maternal components that come into contact. There are five types of placenta classified by their histology and nature of contact with the uterus. The placenta serves respiratory, excretory, nutritional, and endocrine functions vital to maintaining pregnancy.
Parturition
Parturition is the process of delivery of the fetus from the mother's body at the end of pregnancy through labor. Labor contractions arise from the fundus of the uterus and push the fetus against the cervix, resulting in cervical dilation and the opening of the vaginal canal. The stages of parturition include the first stage of cervical dilation and effacement, the second stage of delivery of the fetus, and the third stage of delivery of the placenta. Weak, irregular Braxton Hicks contractions start after 6 weeks of pregnancy to prepare the uterus for labor, while more intense false labor contractions near delivery help further cervical dilation.
Placental hormones
placenta is inner lining of endomatrium of uterus. it provides support amd attachment to foetus.
Implantation
The document discusses the process of implantation, beginning with definitions and timing. Implantation occurs around 6 days after fertilization and is completed by 11 days. The blastocyst implants in the posterior uterine wall. There is a short window of implantation around days 20-24 of the menstrual cycle. During this time, pinopods appear on the endometrial surface and decidualization of the endometrial stroma occurs to support implantation. The stages of implantation are apposition, adhesion, and invasion of the trophoblast into the endometrium. Various mediators help guide the blastocyst to the optimal implantation site. Complications can include ectopic pregnancy and abnormal placentation.
Comparative account of respiratory organs in vertebrates
This document provides a comparative account of the respiratory organs in vertebrates including fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It describes that fishes respire through gills and some also use a swim bladder. Amphibians respire through lungs, skin, and as tadpoles through external gills. Reptiles and birds only use lungs for respiration, while mammals uniquely have lungs with alveoli. The document outlines key structural and functional differences in respiratory organs across these vertebrate classes.
Placentation in mammals
This document discusses placental classification in mammals. It describes how placentas are classified based on the fetal membranes involved (yolk sac or chorioallantoic), nature of contact with the uterus (indeciduate or deciduate), villi distribution (diffuse, cotyledonary, etc.), and histological intimacy with maternal tissues (epitheliochorial, syndesmochorial, etc.). The formation and development of the placenta from implantation through birth is explained. Various placental structures and types found in different mammalian orders are outlined.
Ovarian follicles
This is a presentation of ovarian follicles made by mohamed alzayat - mansoura faculty of medicine.
Hopefully it would help you.
Physiology of parturition
(1) Rigor mortis occurs several hours after death as muscles contract and become rigid due to loss of ATP.
(2) Toward the end of pregnancy, hormonal and mechanical changes cause the uterus to develop strong contractions that expel the baby. Hormonal changes include increasing estrogen and oxytocin levels.
(3) Labor contractions are initially weak but grow stronger through positive feedback as the cervix is stretched, further stimulating contractions. Strong, regular contractions combined with abdominal muscle contractions expel the baby.
The nervous system
The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and controls and coordinates the body's activities, while the PNS connects the CNS to sensory receptors and muscles. Nerve cells in the CNS and PNS communicate via electrical and chemical signals to regulate functions like movement, senses, breathing, and digestion. More complex organisms have more centralized and specialized nervous systems to control their bodies.
Oogenesis slideshare
Oogenesis is the process by which female gametes, or oocytes, are formed in the ovaries. It begins during fetal development with the formation of primordial follicles containing primary oocytes arrested in prophase I of meiosis. At puberty, one oocyte is selected each month to complete the first meiotic division and become a secondary oocyte, while the remaining oocytes degenerate. If fertilization does not occur, the secondary oocyte and its first polar body degenerate, while a new cohort of follicles begins to develop for the next menstrual cycle. Oogenesis takes many years to complete, from fetal development through the female reproductive years, making it more susceptible to chromosomal abnormalities than spermatogenesis.
Placental anatomy and its functions
This PPT helps you to understand the formation of the placenta from the fertilization followed by implantation.
fertilization
Fertilization involves the fusion of male and female gametes. It can occur externally or internally. In external fertilization, gametes fuse outside the female body, while in internal fertilization fusion occurs inside. The key stages of fertilization are the approach and fusion of sperm and egg, capacitation of sperm, the acrosomal reaction which allows sperm penetration, activation of the egg, and fusion of the male and female pronuclei through amphimixis. Fertilization ensures the restoration of diploidy and genetic variation in offspring.
Fertilization notes
Fertilization of Human gametes.
For Scientific Free Lectures, Visit - http://bit.ly/VisitZofirAcademy
fertilization
The document discusses the process of fertilization in several species. It describes 5 steps for recognition and fusion of egg and sperm cells, including chemoattraction, release of acrosomal enzymes, binding to extracellular envelopes, passage through envelopes, and fusion of nuclei. It also discusses the acrosome reaction, prevention of polyspermy through changes in electric potential and cortical granule reaction, and activation of the egg through calcium signaling and increased metabolism. Finally, it summarizes the process of sperm capacitation required for fertilization competence.
Vas deferens
The vas deferens, also called ductus deferens, is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates; these ducts transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation. It is a partially coiled tube that exits the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
Urogenital system chap
The document provides information on the urogenital system across vertebrates. It discusses the kidney, which is the main excretory organ and filters wastes from the blood. Vertebrates possess pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros kidney structures during development, with the metanephros persisting as the adult kidney. The document describes these kidney types and their structure in different groups like fish, amphibians and mammals. It also discusses associated reproductive ducts and glands.
Fertilization,implantation and fetal development
Fertilization is the process by which an egg is fertilized by a sperm, beginning the development of a new organism. It occurs in the fallopian tubes, where the sperm penetrates the egg and fuses with its pronuclei. This forms a single cell called a zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division to become a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The blastocyst continues to develop through the stages of morula, blastocyst, and embryo as it grows over a period of 38 weeks until birth as a full-term baby.
Human fertilization
This document discusses oocyte maturation and the processes involved in fertilization. It begins with an overview of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation during oocyte development. It then describes the structures and organelles involved in cytoplasmic maturation, including redistribution of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, cortical granules, and lipid droplets. The document next explains the capacitation of sperm in the female reproductive tract. It discusses the molecular changes involved in capacitation and the associated increases in motility. The document concludes by outlining the steps of fertilization, including sperm penetration of the zona pellucida and associated acrosome reaction, binding and fusion of sperm with the oocyte membrane.
Ovaries.ppt
The ovaries are almond-shaped glands located on either side of the pelvis that contain follicles and the corpus luteum. The follicles secrete estrogen and the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen. Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone and exists in three types - estradiol, estrone, and estriol. Estrogen acts on genes and is synthesized from cholesterol in the ovaries, promoting the development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulating the reproductive cycle through a feedback loop with hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
04 implantation
Implantation begins around 6 days after fertilization and is usually complete by 11-12 days. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium through enzymes produced by the trophoblast. Trophoblast cells penetrate the endometrium and develop into two layers. By 10 days the conceptus is fully embedded and a blood supply is established. The formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc and primary chorionic villi occurs around 13 days. Ectopic pregnancies can occur if implantation is outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
Fertilization
Fertilization occurs when a sperm enters an ovum and their nuclei fuse to form a zygote with 46 chromosomes. This takes place in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division, forming a morula, blastula, and gastrula. During the gastrula stage, the three germ layers form - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - which will give rise to the embryo's organs and tissues. The blastocyst then implants in the uterus, where the placenta develops to support fetal development over the following months.
Fetal membranes
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the umbilical cord, amnion, amniotic fluid, yolk sac, and allantois. It describes the development, structure, function and abnormalities of each membrane. The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and transports nutrients. The amnion surrounds the fetus and amniotic fluid, protecting the fetus and allowing movement. The yolk sac provides early nutrition but later degenerates. The allantois contributes to blood and urinary system development. Abnormalities can impact fetal health.
Female reproductive system
This document provides an overview of the female reproductive system, including both external and internal structures. Externally, it describes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, urethral opening, vaginal orifice, Bartholin's glands, and perineum. Internally, it outlines the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and their functions in reproduction and childbirth. It also briefly discusses the bony pelvis and how its bones provide support for the reproductive organs.
Chapter 3 human reproduction
This document provides an overview of human reproduction. It discusses:
1. The male and female reproductive systems, including the testes, ovaries, and other primary and secondary sex organs.
2. The processes of gametogenesis, or the formation of eggs and sperm, which takes place in the ovaries and testes.
3. Spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm are produced in the testes through spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.
4. Puberty, the stage of sexual maturity when external sex characteristics appear in girls around ages 11-14 and boys around ages 14-16.
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placenta is inner lining of endomatrium of uterus. it provides support amd attachment to foetus.
Implantation
The document discusses the process of implantation, beginning with definitions and timing. Implantation occurs around 6 days after fertilization and is completed by 11 days. The blastocyst implants in the posterior uterine wall. There is a short window of implantation around days 20-24 of the menstrual cycle. During this time, pinopods appear on the endometrial surface and decidualization of the endometrial stroma occurs to support implantation. The stages of implantation are apposition, adhesion, and invasion of the trophoblast into the endometrium. Various mediators help guide the blastocyst to the optimal implantation site. Complications can include ectopic pregnancy and abnormal placentation.
Comparative account of respiratory organs in vertebrates
This document provides a comparative account of the respiratory organs in vertebrates including fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It describes that fishes respire through gills and some also use a swim bladder. Amphibians respire through lungs, skin, and as tadpoles through external gills. Reptiles and birds only use lungs for respiration, while mammals uniquely have lungs with alveoli. The document outlines key structural and functional differences in respiratory organs across these vertebrate classes.
Placentation in mammals
This document discusses placental classification in mammals. It describes how placentas are classified based on the fetal membranes involved (yolk sac or chorioallantoic), nature of contact with the uterus (indeciduate or deciduate), villi distribution (diffuse, cotyledonary, etc.), and histological intimacy with maternal tissues (epitheliochorial, syndesmochorial, etc.). The formation and development of the placenta from implantation through birth is explained. Various placental structures and types found in different mammalian orders are outlined.
Ovarian follicles
This is a presentation of ovarian follicles made by mohamed alzayat - mansoura faculty of medicine.
Hopefully it would help you.
Physiology of parturition
(1) Rigor mortis occurs several hours after death as muscles contract and become rigid due to loss of ATP.
(2) Toward the end of pregnancy, hormonal and mechanical changes cause the uterus to develop strong contractions that expel the baby. Hormonal changes include increasing estrogen and oxytocin levels.
(3) Labor contractions are initially weak but grow stronger through positive feedback as the cervix is stretched, further stimulating contractions. Strong, regular contractions combined with abdominal muscle contractions expel the baby.
The nervous system
The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and controls and coordinates the body's activities, while the PNS connects the CNS to sensory receptors and muscles. Nerve cells in the CNS and PNS communicate via electrical and chemical signals to regulate functions like movement, senses, breathing, and digestion. More complex organisms have more centralized and specialized nervous systems to control their bodies.
Oogenesis slideshare
Oogenesis is the process by which female gametes, or oocytes, are formed in the ovaries. It begins during fetal development with the formation of primordial follicles containing primary oocytes arrested in prophase I of meiosis. At puberty, one oocyte is selected each month to complete the first meiotic division and become a secondary oocyte, while the remaining oocytes degenerate. If fertilization does not occur, the secondary oocyte and its first polar body degenerate, while a new cohort of follicles begins to develop for the next menstrual cycle. Oogenesis takes many years to complete, from fetal development through the female reproductive years, making it more susceptible to chromosomal abnormalities than spermatogenesis.
Placental anatomy and its functions
This PPT helps you to understand the formation of the placenta from the fertilization followed by implantation.
fertilization
Fertilization involves the fusion of male and female gametes. It can occur externally or internally. In external fertilization, gametes fuse outside the female body, while in internal fertilization fusion occurs inside. The key stages of fertilization are the approach and fusion of sperm and egg, capacitation of sperm, the acrosomal reaction which allows sperm penetration, activation of the egg, and fusion of the male and female pronuclei through amphimixis. Fertilization ensures the restoration of diploidy and genetic variation in offspring.
Fertilization notes
Fertilization of Human gametes.
For Scientific Free Lectures, Visit - http://bit.ly/VisitZofirAcademy
fertilization
The document discusses the process of fertilization in several species. It describes 5 steps for recognition and fusion of egg and sperm cells, including chemoattraction, release of acrosomal enzymes, binding to extracellular envelopes, passage through envelopes, and fusion of nuclei. It also discusses the acrosome reaction, prevention of polyspermy through changes in electric potential and cortical granule reaction, and activation of the egg through calcium signaling and increased metabolism. Finally, it summarizes the process of sperm capacitation required for fertilization competence.
Vas deferens
The vas deferens, also called ductus deferens, is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates; these ducts transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation. It is a partially coiled tube that exits the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
Urogenital system chap
The document provides information on the urogenital system across vertebrates. It discusses the kidney, which is the main excretory organ and filters wastes from the blood. Vertebrates possess pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros kidney structures during development, with the metanephros persisting as the adult kidney. The document describes these kidney types and their structure in different groups like fish, amphibians and mammals. It also discusses associated reproductive ducts and glands.
Fertilization,implantation and fetal development
Fertilization is the process by which an egg is fertilized by a sperm, beginning the development of a new organism. It occurs in the fallopian tubes, where the sperm penetrates the egg and fuses with its pronuclei. This forms a single cell called a zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division to become a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The blastocyst continues to develop through the stages of morula, blastocyst, and embryo as it grows over a period of 38 weeks until birth as a full-term baby.
Human fertilization
This document discusses oocyte maturation and the processes involved in fertilization. It begins with an overview of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation during oocyte development. It then describes the structures and organelles involved in cytoplasmic maturation, including redistribution of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, cortical granules, and lipid droplets. The document next explains the capacitation of sperm in the female reproductive tract. It discusses the molecular changes involved in capacitation and the associated increases in motility. The document concludes by outlining the steps of fertilization, including sperm penetration of the zona pellucida and associated acrosome reaction, binding and fusion of sperm with the oocyte membrane.
Ovaries.ppt
The ovaries are almond-shaped glands located on either side of the pelvis that contain follicles and the corpus luteum. The follicles secrete estrogen and the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen. Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone and exists in three types - estradiol, estrone, and estriol. Estrogen acts on genes and is synthesized from cholesterol in the ovaries, promoting the development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulating the reproductive cycle through a feedback loop with hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
04 implantation
Implantation begins around 6 days after fertilization and is usually complete by 11-12 days. The blastocyst implants in the endometrium through enzymes produced by the trophoblast. Trophoblast cells penetrate the endometrium and develop into two layers. By 10 days the conceptus is fully embedded and a blood supply is established. The formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc and primary chorionic villi occurs around 13 days. Ectopic pregnancies can occur if implantation is outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
Fertilization
Fertilization occurs when a sperm enters an ovum and their nuclei fuse to form a zygote with 46 chromosomes. This takes place in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division, forming a morula, blastula, and gastrula. During the gastrula stage, the three germ layers form - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - which will give rise to the embryo's organs and tissues. The blastocyst then implants in the uterus, where the placenta develops to support fetal development over the following months.
Fetal membranes
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the umbilical cord, amnion, amniotic fluid, yolk sac, and allantois. It describes the development, structure, function and abnormalities of each membrane. The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and transports nutrients. The amnion surrounds the fetus and amniotic fluid, protecting the fetus and allowing movement. The yolk sac provides early nutrition but later degenerates. The allantois contributes to blood and urinary system development. Abnormalities can impact fetal health.
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The document provides an overview of the female reproductive system, including its internal and external anatomy. It describes the breasts, external genitalia such as the labia and clitoris, and internal organs including the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It also discusses the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and changes throughout a woman's life.
Pila reproduction.pptx
1. The reproductive systems of male and female Pila snails show sexual dimorphism.
2. In males, sperm develops in the testis and is stored in the vas deferens before being deposited in females during copulation.
3. In females, eggs develop in the ovary and are fertilized internally before being laid externally, where development occurs without parental care.
Similar to UTERUS.pptx (20)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptx
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SNEHA MANJUL PAPER -1 MSC 3 MECHANISM OF SPECIATION.pdf
This document is an internal assessment submitted by a student named Sneha Manjul on the topic of mechanisms of speciation. It discusses several types of speciation, including allopatric speciation which occurs in geographically isolated populations, peripatric speciation which involves a small subset becoming isolated, and sympatric speciation which involves genetic isolation occurring within the same geographic area. It also mentions reproductive isolation, parapatric speciation involving reduced gene flow, and polyploidy as mechanisms of speciation.
fishfins- sneha manjul ( msc sem 3 ) paper - 3 ( Fish Biology and Genetic Res...
This document summarizes the different types of fins found in fish. It discusses that fins are composed of bony spines covered with skin that aid in movement, stability, and maneuverability. Fins are either paired (pectoral and pelvic) or unpaired (dorsal, caudal, anal) and have evolved for various functions like propulsion, stopping, and mating displays. The document describes the key features and functions of the different fin types. It concludes by noting additional small fins like adipose and finlets that further enhance swimming ability.
integratedfishfarming MSC SEM 3 PAPER 4 - (Fish Ecology, Aquaculture and Capt...
The document discusses integrated fish farming, which involves combining fish culture with other agricultural or livestock activities in a mutually beneficial way. It describes the logic behind integrated fish farming is to optimize resource utilization so that waste from one component becomes a resource for another. Some examples provided are: fish farming combined with paddy cultivation, horticulture, cattle, pigs, ducks or poultry. The advantages listed are more efficient use of land and resources, reduced costs from utilizing waste, and increased overall production and profits. In conclusion, integrated fish farming is presented as a sustainable approach to meet increasing food demands with small land areas through recycling of wastes and synergistic relationships between different farm components.
naturalselection2016-160210163545 (1).pptx
This document discusses Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It explains that organisms vary in traits, and traits that increase survival and reproduction in the current environment will be passed on to offspring, leading to evolution of new species over time as environments change. The key mechanisms are overpopulation causing competition over limited resources, variation in traits among individuals, and survival of the fittest where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits.
VENDOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PPT GROUP A .pptx
The document discusses vendor management in Indian Railways. It describes how Indian Railways uses a vendor management system to select qualified vendors, monitor vendor performance, manage contracts and risks, and improve procurement efficiency. It outlines key objectives like ensuring the right vendors are selected on time and on budget. It also discusses challenges like limited vendor base and timely delivery, and mitigation strategies to address them.
sneha manjul msc 3 sem chemistrypresentation-mot-paper 5.pdf
The document is an internal assessment submission by Sneha Manjul, a student in M.Sc. Semester III at Isabella Thoburn College in Lucknow, on the topic of molecular orbital theory. It introduces molecular orbital theory, which describes atomic bonding in terms of molecular orbitals formed from the combination of atomic orbitals. It outlines the principles of molecular orbital theory, including that molecular bonds have lower potential energy than separate atoms and that bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals form. It also discusses sigma and pi bonds, and how molecular bond order relates to bond strength and molecular stability.
enzyme.pptx
The document discusses factors that affect the rate of enzyme action, including enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH, concentration of coenzymes and activators, time, and inhibitors. It provides details on how each factor influences the reaction rate. Specifically, it explains that enzyme activity is highest when substrate concentration is saturating but not excessive, and when other conditions like temperature and pH are optimal. The document also describes Michaelis-Menten kinetics and how reversible and irreversible inhibition can decrease reaction rates.
Nutrition and Diet.ppt
This document discusses nutrition, diet, and energy requirements. It defines key units of energy like calories and explains how the caloric values of macronutrients are measured. Carbohydrates have 4 calories per gram, lipids have 9 calories per gram, and proteins have 4 calories per gram. Energy expenditure is influenced by factors like basal metabolic rate, specific dynamic action of food, and physical activity levels. The document provides calculations to determine recommended daily energy intake for Indian men and women based on their activity levels.
Dr Shailesh Gupta( MLNMC) Fat soluble vitamins.ppt
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential for human health but are needed in small amounts. Vitamin A is fat soluble and important for vision, gene regulation, skin health, and immune function. It is obtained from animal foods as retinol or from plant foods as beta-carotene. A deficiency can cause night blindness, skin lesions, susceptibility to infections, and even blindness.
Calcium & Phosphate metabolism.pptx
This document discusses calcium and phosphate metabolism. It covers:
1. Calcium is found mainly in bones, soft tissues, and extracellular fluid. The majority is stored in bones.
2. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin which act on bones, kidneys and intestines to increase or decrease calcium absorption and resorption.
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CLASS IRON METAB.ppt
This document summarizes iron metabolism. It discusses daily iron requirements, absorption and transport of iron, iron storage, and regulation of iron levels. It also covers iron deficiency anemia and iron overload disorders like hemochromatosis. Iron is absorbed in the duodenum and transported bound to transferrin. It is stored primarily in the liver as ferritin or hemosiderin. Iron levels are regulated by the liver peptide hepcidin which controls intestinal iron absorption and macrophage iron recycling by degrading the iron exporter ferroportin.
ORIGIN MAMMALS.pptx
Mammals evolved from reptiles during the Triassic period, descending from reptilian synapsids. Key mammalian characteristics developed over time, including hairy skin, specialized dentition, and a high metabolic rate allowing for a constant body temperature. Early mammals originated from cynodont therapsids in the Late Triassic and included primitive groups like docodonts, triconodonts, symmetrodonts, pantotheres, and multituberculates which dominated until the rise of modern mammal groups in the Cenozoic. Key skull and jaw bones were adapted over generations to form the mammalian middle ear from ancestral jaw structures.
PROTOTHERIA.pptx
The document discusses the characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of prototheria, the subclass of primitive egg-laying mammals. It notes that prototheria include monotremes like the platypus and echidna, which lay eggs but nourish their young with milk. While prototheria share some traits with reptiles like claws and an interclavicle bone, they also share traits with mammals like fur, mammary glands, and a four-chambered heart. The document outlines the anatomical features and development of prototheria in detail.
METATHERIA.pptx
1. Metatherians, or marsupial mammals, evolved from reptiles during the Triassic period and give birth to underdeveloped young that develop further in the mother's pouch.
2. They are found primarily in Australia and have hair-covered bodies, tails, and females with an abdominal pouch.
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CROCODILIA.pptx
Crocodilians first appeared about 250 million years ago during the early Triassic period and diversified during the Mesozoic era. They are found mainly in tropical regions, living in freshwater habitats and feeding on fish, birds, and mammals. Crocodilians have thick, armored skin and a long body with a powerful tail. They are distinguished by variations in head shape, such as the long, narrow snout of the gharial. Crocodilians share affinities with dinosaurs, chelonians, lepidosaurs, birds, and mammals in features of their skeleton, muscles, and reproductive organs.
AQUATIC MAMMALS.pptx
This document summarizes the characteristics and adaptations of aquatic mammals. It describes two categories of aquatic mammals - amphibious mammals that live partly on land and partly in water, showing partial aquatic adaptations like webbed feet, and completely aquatic mammals that never come on land, showing complete aquatic adaptations like streamlined fish-like bodies. It also discusses the modifications, losses, and developments of new structures that aquatic mammals have undergone for an aquatic lifestyle, including modifications to their skeletons, lungs, teeth and other organs, as well as the loss of structures like hair and glands, and the development of new structures like tail flukes and baleen.
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sneha manjul msc 3 sem chemistrypresentation-mot-paper 5.pdf
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Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
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Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
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Abstract:
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
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2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
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Masking agent, Demasking agents
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Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
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Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
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By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Recently uploaded (20)
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Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
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Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
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Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
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waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
UTERUS.pptx
- 1. Uterus and its modification in mammals
- 2. Uterus • Uterus is an inverted pear shaped organ of female reproductive sytem. • It is a hollow cavity of female mammals in which the fertilized eggs implant and develops. • It is situated between the fallopian tube and the vagina. • It is also known as womb. Ref. www.britannica.com
- 3. Structure of the Uterus • It is 2.5 to 3.0 inches long and about 2.0 to 2.5 inches across at the top. • The Fallopian tube enters the uterus from the top and the cervix extends down the vagina. • Oviduct serve as passageways for ova to reach uterus. • It is lined by the endometrium. Ref. – Man & Vertebrates by Romer
- 4. Anatomy of Uterus • From outside to inside the path of the uterus is as follows: • Vagina:Vagina are soft ,distancible, cornified and also grandular in some of the animals. • Vagina joins posteriorly by excretory duct urethra to form a common urogenital cavity, the vestibule. • It is absent in monotremes. • In marsupials vagina is a double organ. • In placental mammals a single vagina is present.
- 5. B:Cervix Uteri(Neck of the Uterus) It is situated at the neck to the vagina called the neck of uterus. It is divisible into the following three categories: 1:External orifice of uterus. 2:Canal of the cervix 3:Internal orifice of uterus. C : Corpus uteri It is known as body of uterus Made up of: 1:Cavity of body of uterus 2: Fundus
- 6. Histology • 1: Endometrium: • Lining of the uterine cavity is called endometrium. • In most of the mammals including humas the endometrium builts a lining periodially which if no pregnancy occurs is shed or reabsorbed. • 2:Myometrium. • Uterus consists of a smooth muscle known as myometrium. • The inner most layer of the myometrium is • known • as junction zone. • 3:Perimetrium • It is a loose connective tissue around the • uterus. • 4:Peritoneum. • Uterus is surrounded by the peritoneum.
- 7. Position of Uterus • Under normal conditions , the uterus is antiflux and antiverted. • Sometimes is also found in retroverted or retroflexed condition . • It is lined by following ligaments: • 1-Anterior ligament • 2-Posterior ligamnet • 3-Lateral ligament • 4-Uterosacral ligament • 5-Round ligament • 6-Ovarian ligament Ref. – www.britannica.com
- 8. Modification of Uterus • 1-Duplex Uterus • It is the most primitive type found in Eutherian mammals. For example:Lagomorpha. • In this type , there are two separate uteri i.e., completely double uterus with two cervices, hence known as duplex uterus. • Uteri opens into the vagina via two openings known as os-uteri. • In montremes , the genital tract is without vagina . For example : Ornithorhynchus • In marsupials, dupex uterus and dupex vagina is found. • In placental mammals, the oviduct unites to form single vagina. For example : Elephant.
- 9. Bipartite Uterus • Here, the uterus is “Y” shaped externally. • There is beginning of fusion between two uteri • Examples : Carnivores, pigs,some ungulates. • It is also found in some ungulates. Ref Life of Vertebrates by Young
- 10. Bicornuate Uterus • These are found in sheep , whales , bats. • Here, the uterus consist of an enlarged posterior cavity with two uterine horns leading into it. • In this type , a larger portion of oviduct functions as uterus.
- 11. Simplex Uterus • It is characteristic of primates including man. • There is fusion of uterus complete to the mullerian duct i.e., – uterus and vagina become completely fused. • There is a single uterine cavity. • Placenta consists of villi of uterine wall.
- 12. Thank You