The document discusses how nanotechnology can be used for cancer diagnosis and treatment. It describes several nanoscale devices such as nanopores, nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoshells, and nanorobots that can help detect genetic mutations associated with cancer, target delivery of drugs to cancer cells, and enable non-invasive cancer diagnosis and treatment with localized heat therapy. The manipulation of matter at the nanoscale allows more precise cancer detection and targeted therapy with fewer side effects than traditional approaches.

1. Presented by:- ANAS HARUNA INDABAWA
Department of pharmacy, SHIATS, Allahabad
EMAIL:- anasindabawa7@gmail.com

2.  Nanotechnology is the creation
of useful materials, devices,
and systems through the
manipulation of matter on this
miniscule scale.
 This emerging field involves
scientists from many different
disciplines, including
physicists, chemists, engineers,
information technologists, and
material scientists, as well as
biologists.
 Nano refers to the 10-9 power,
or one billionth. For
comparison, a human hair is
about 100,000 nanometers
thick.
 There are many interesting
Nano devices being developed
that have a potential to improve
cancer detection, diagnosis, and
treatment
 Nanotechnology may be able
to create many new materials
and devices with a vast range
of application, such as
in medicine, electronics,
biomaterials energy production,
and consumer products.
DNA Sample: Approx. 2 nm
Human hair is approximately 1x105 nm

3.  There are two basic
approaches for creating Nano
devices. Scientists refer to
these methods as:
 The top-down approach
 The bottom-up approach.
 The top-down approach
involves molding or etching
materials into smaller
components.
 The bottom-up approach
involves assembling
structures atom- by-atom or
molecule-by-molecule, and
may prove useful in
manufacturing devices used
in medicine.
Application of Nanotechnology
includes:
 Nanomedicine
 Nano biotechnology
 Green nanotechnology
 Energy applications of
nanotechnology
 Industrial applications of
nanotechnology
 Potential applications of
carbon nanotubes
 Nanoart
APPROACHES OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY

4.  Cancer, also known as
a malignant tumor or malign
ant neoplasm, is a group of
diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the
potential to invade or spread
to other parts of the body.
 These growths are considered
either benign or malignant.
 Each type of cancer is unique
with its own causes,
symptoms, and methods of
treatment. Like with all
groups of disease, some types
of cancer are more common
than others.
 Not all tumors are
cancerous; benign tumors do
not spread to other parts of the
body
CAUSES OF CANCER
Any agent that causes cancer is
called a carcinogen and is
described as carcinogenic.
Some of these agents can be:
 Chemicals
 Diet and exercise
 Infection
 Radiation
 Heredity
 Physical agents
 Hormone

5. There are over 100 different
known cancers that affect
humans,but the most common
once are:-
 Breast cancer
 Lung cancer
 Colon cancer
 Prostate cancer
STAGES OF CANCER
 Stage I cancers are localized to
one part of the body; usually
curable.
 Stage II cancers are locally
advanced.
 Stage III cancers are also locally
advanced.
 Stage IV cancers have often
metastasized, or spread to other
organs or throughout the body.

6.  Surgery:-Surgery can be used to
diagnose, treat, or even help
prevent cancer in some cases.
Most people with cancer will
have some type of surgery.
 Chemotherapy:-Chemotherapy
(chemo) is the use of medicines
or drugs to treat cancer.
 Radiation therapy:-Radiation
therapy uses high-energy
particles or waves to destroy or
damage cancer cells. It is one of
the most common treatments for
cancer, either by itself or along
with other forms of treatment.
 Immunotherapy:-
Immunotherapy is treatment that
uses your body's own immune
system to help fight cancer.
 Targeted therapy:-Targeted
therapy is a newer type of cancer
treatment that uses drugs or other
substances to more precisely
identify and attack cancer cells,
usually while doing little damage
to normal cells.
 Stem cell transplant:-
(peripheral blood, bone marrow,
and cord blood transplant) use
treat cancer.
 Hyperthermia:-The idea of
using heat to treat cancer has
been around for some time, but
early attempts had mixed results.
Today, newer tools allow more
precise delivery of heat, and
hyperthermia is being studied for
use against many types of cancer.
 Blood Product Donation and
Transfusion

7.  Nanotechnology can be used
for better cancer diagnosis.
One of the main usage fields of
optical nanoparticles is to allow
better cancer detection.
 classical methods that are used
in diagnosis have limitations.
Classified methods such as X-
rays, tomography or
mammography require using
mutagenic agents on cells that
cause cancer, too.
 To eliminate these concerns,
optical nanoparticles in
diagnosis is possible technique
that can be used.
 This technique works with
special dyes to interact with
tumor cells and optical
nanoparticles can be detected.
 NANOPORE
 Scientists believe nanopores,
tiny holes that allow DNA to
pass through one strand at a
time, will make DNA
sequencing more efficient.
 As DNA passes through a
nanopore, scientists can
monitor the shape and
electrical properties of each
base, or letter, on the strand.
Because these properties are
unique for each of the four
bases that make up the
genetic code, scientists can
use the passage of DNA
through a nanopore to
decipher the encoded
information, including errors
in the code known to be
associated with cancer.

9.  NANOTUBE
 Another nanodevice that will
help identify DNA changes
associated with cancer is the
nanotube.
 Nanotubes are carbon rods
about half the diameter of a
molecule of DNA that not only
can detect the presence of
altered genes, but they may help
researchers pinpoint the exact
location of those changes.
 To prepare DNA for nanotube
analysis, scientists must attach a
bulky molecule to regions of the
DNA that are associated with
cancer. They can design tags
that seek out specific mutations
in the DNA and bind to them.
 Once the mutation has been
tagged, researchers use a
nanotube tip resembling the
needle on a record player to
trace the physical shape of
DNA and pinpoint the mutated
regions.
 The nanotube creates a map
showing the shape of the DNA
molecule, including the tags
identifying important mutations
 Since the location of mutations
can influence the effects they
have on a cell, these techniques
will be important in predicting
disease.

11.  QUANTUM DOTS
 Quantum dots are tiny
crystals that glow when they
are stimulated by ultraviolet
light.
 Quantum dots are tiny
crystals that glow when they
are stimulated by ultraviolet
light.
 Latex beads filled with these
crystals can be designed to
bind to specific DNA
sequences. By combining
different sized quantum dots
within a single bead,
scientists can create probes
that release distinct colors
and intensities of light.
 When the crystals are
stimulated by UV light, each
bead emits light that serves as
a sort of spectral bar code,
identifying a particular region
of DNA.
 To detect cancer, scientists
can design quantum dots that
bind to sequences of DNA
that are associated with the
disease.
 When the quantum dots are
stimulated with light, they
emit their unique bar codes,
or labels, making the critical,
cancer-associated DNA
sequences visible.
 Another advantage of
quantum dots is that they can
be used in the body,
eliminating the need for
biopsy.

13.  spherical, branched polymers
that are silica-coated micelles,
ceramic nanoparticles, and cross-
linked liposomes, can be targeted
to cancer cell.
 This is done by attaching
monoclonal antibodies or cell-
surface receptor ligands that bind
specifically to molecules found
on the surfaces of cancer cells.
 such as the high-affinity folate
receptor and luteinizing hormone
releasing hormone (LH-RH) or
molecules unique to endothelial
cells that become co-opted by
malignant cells
 The nanoparticles are rapidly
taken into cells

14.  DENDRIMERS
 Dendrimers are highly branched,
star-shaped macromolecules with
nanometer-scale dimensions.
 Dendrimers are defined by three
components: a central core, an
interior dendritic structure (the
branches), and an exterior surface
with functional surface groups
 The varied combination of these
components yields products of
different shapes and sizes with
shielded interior cores
 Applications highlighted in recent
literature include drug delivery,
gene transfection, catalysis, energy
harvesting, photo activity,
molecular weight and size
determination, rheology
modification, and nanoscale
science and technology.
 dendrimers have been explored for
the encapsulation
of hydrophobic compounds and for
the delivery of anticancer drugs.
 There are three methods for using
dendrimers in drug delivery:-
 First, the drug is covalently
attached to the periphery of the
dendrimer to form dendrimer
prodrugs
 Second the drug is coordinated to
the outer functional groups via
ionic interactions
 Third the dendrimer acts as a
unimolecular micelle by
encapsulating a pharmaceutical
through the formation of a
dendrimer-drug supramolecular
assembly.

16.  LIPOSOMES
 A liposome is a
spherical vesicle having at least
one lipid bilayer.
 The liposome can be used as a
vehicle
for administration of nutrients
and pharmaceutical drugs.
 Liposomes can be prepared by
disrupting biological membranes
(such as by sonication).
 Liposomes are most often
composed of phospholipids,
especially phosphatidylcholine,
but may also include other lipids,
such as egg
phosphatidylethanolamine, so
long as they are compatible
with lipid bilayer structure.
 A liposome design may employ
surface ligands for attaching to
unhealthy tissue.

17.  NANOSHELLS
 Nanoshells are miniscule
beads coated with gold. By
manipulating the thickness of
the layers making up the
nanoshells
 scientists can design these
beads to absorb specific
wavelengths of light.
 The most useful nanoshells
are those that absorb near-
infrared light, which can
easily penetrate several
centimeters of human tissue.
 The absorption of light by the
nanoshells creates an intense
heat that is lethal to cells.
 These gold nanoshells are
shuttled into tumors by the use
of phagocytosis
 phagocytes engulf the
nanoshells through the cell
membrane to form an internal
phagosome, or macrophage.
 Nanoparticle-based
therapeutics have been
successfully delivered, taken
up passively into tumors
without the assistance of
antibodies.

19.  NANOROBOT
 A Korean research team has
successfully developed
bacteriobots that can diagnose
and treat cancer.
 This bacteria-based robot is
expected to be utilized to
develop new treatments for
cancer and various microrobots
or nanorobots for medical
purposes in the future.
 Bacteriobots are made up of
bacteria and 3µm-sized
microstructures filled with
anticancer drugs.
 Genetically-modified non-toxic
bacteria move inside tissues or
blood with flagella, and find
tumors by pushing
microstructures and targeting
certain drugs secreted by
cancer cells.
 Upon the arrival of bacteriobots in
the tumor region, anticancer drugs
that come from microstructures are
spread onto the surface of tumor

20.  Over the past 150 years, many innovative and
groundbreaking techniques have been developed in
order to treat cancer. But these approaches has its own
series of undesirable side effects that are both
dangerous and damaging to the overall health of the
patient.
 There have been significant improvements largely due
to breakthroughs, both, in the bottom-up and in the top-
down nanotechnology. we will make early detection,
prevention and treatment with a high degree of
accuracy and ease possible that is effective and can be
made it safe.
 Different types of Cancer cells have unique properties
that can be exploited by nanoparticles to target the
Cancer cells

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