Nanotechnology offers promising applications in diagnostic pathology through the use of nanoscale devices and materials. Some key applications discussed in the document include using cantilevers to detect cancer biomarkers, nanopores for efficient DNA sequencing, nanotubes to map DNA mutations, nanoshells that absorb light for cancer treatment, dendrimers for drug delivery, magnetic nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents, quantum dots as fluorescent probes, and graphene oxide sheets for attaching antibodies for medical diagnosis. Overall, nanotechnology enables detection, imaging, and analysis at the molecular level for early disease diagnosis and targeted treatment.
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentHasnat Tariq
Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials
Nanostructures
Nanoparticles
Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment
Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)
Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation
MTT Assay
Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay
Median lethal dose (LD 50)
Experimental design
FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
Biochemical investigations
Conclusion
Applications of Nanoparticles in cancer treatment
Nanoshells
Nano X-Ray therapy
Drug Delivery by Nanoparticles
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
Nanomaterials in biomedical applicationsumeet sharma
An introduction to emerging technology in medicinal science, "nanodrugs" a fruitful combination of nano-science and medical science. In this presentation, use of nano shells for delivery of drugs to targeted cancer cells has been explained. along with In Vivo and In Vitro studies on use of nanomaterials for biomedical application. For any information please feel free to contact me or refer to the references.
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentHasnat Tariq
Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials
Nanostructures
Nanoparticles
Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment
Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)
Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation
MTT Assay
Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay
Median lethal dose (LD 50)
Experimental design
FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
Biochemical investigations
Conclusion
Applications of Nanoparticles in cancer treatment
Nanoshells
Nano X-Ray therapy
Drug Delivery by Nanoparticles
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
Nanomaterials in biomedical applicationsumeet sharma
An introduction to emerging technology in medicinal science, "nanodrugs" a fruitful combination of nano-science and medical science. In this presentation, use of nano shells for delivery of drugs to targeted cancer cells has been explained. along with In Vivo and In Vitro studies on use of nanomaterials for biomedical application. For any information please feel free to contact me or refer to the references.
Nanorobotics,
Application of Nanorobotics,
Parts of Nanorobotics, challenges
cons of nanorobots
nanorobot drug delivery
nanorobotics in cancer
nanorobot in blood clot
nanorobotics in kidney stone
use of nanorobots in cell surgery
nanotechnology in gout
Nanotechnology is a field that deals with things at molecular level that is as tiny as 10^(-9) of units and finds very useful implementations from cleaning clothes to curing the "incurable"--CANCER.
The main aim deals with the eradication of cancer cells by providing a steady, possible method of destroying and curing the cancer in an efficient and safe way so that healthy cells are not affected in any manner. This technology also focuses on a main idea that the patient is not affected by cancer again. The purpose of using the RF signal is to save normal cells.
Nanotechnology and potential in Cancer therapy and treatmentladen12
this presentation focuses on new nanotechnology and it possible use in detection and therapy with cancer. it was prepared by final year biochemistry student at NCU.
Nanotechnology & nanobiotechnology by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction &definition
a) Nanotechnology
b) Nanobiotechnology
History
Terms related to Nanotechnology
Nanoscale technology
Some Nanoscale related terms
What are Nanosensors
How nanosensors work
DNA Nanotechnology
How Nanotechnology works in different fields
Advantages & application of Nanotechnology
Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. INTRODUCTION
The prefix “nano” derived from Greek word
“dwarf”, while the term “nanotechnology” was
coined by the Japanese researcher Norio
Tangiuch in 1974.
Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and
engineering of functional systems at a very
micro level or we can at an atomic level.
2
3. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. It's difficult to imagine anything so
small, but think of something only 1/80,000 the width of a human hair.
Ten hydrogen atoms could be laid side-by side in a single nanometer.
3
4. HISTORY
The first concept of nanotechnology was given
was famous physicist Sr. Richard Feynman
4
Invention of scanning
tunneling microscope in
1981 and the discovery of
fullerene(C60) in 1985 lead
emergence of
Nanotechnology.
5. More History, Continued
Eric Drexler, Continued
Cell Repair Machines
“By working along molecule by
molecule and structure by
structure, repair machines will be
able to repair whole cells. By
working along cell by cell and
tissue by tissue, they…will be able
to repair whole organs…they will
restore health.” - Drexler, 1986
Figure : Stylized example of
targeted cell repair.
X
5
6. DEFINITION
Nanotechnology is defined by the
National Nanotechnology Initiative
as
“the understanding and control of
matter at dimensions between
approximately 1 and 100 nm, where
unique phenomena enable novel
applications”
6
7. WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY?
The physical and chemical properties of matter change
in the nanoscale.
These changes involve quantum effects that are not
studied during traditional pathology training programs.
In brief, as the size of a particulate approaches the
nanoscale, an increasing percentage of the atoms in
the material are at the particle surface.
At a critical point the fundamental properties of
matter change.
7
8. The properties that change
include basic properties such
a melting point and color but
of greater importance to
pathologists are:
Potential increases in the
physical size of each
molecular component as the
total number of molecular
components decreases.
An increase in the fraction of
molecules on the surface of
the particle, and changes in
surface reactivity.
8
10. NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
Information Technology Energy
Medicine Consumer Goods
• Smaller, faster, more
energy efficient and
powerful computing
and other IT-based
systems
• More efficient and cost
effective technologies for
energy production
− Solar cells
− Fuel cells
− Batteries
− Bio fuels
• Foods and beverages
−Advanced packaging materials,
sensors, and lab-on-chips for
food quality testing
• Appliances and textiles
−Stain proof, water proof and
wrinkle free textiles
• Household and cosmetics
− Self-cleaning and scratch free
products, paints, and better
cosmetics
• Cancer treatment
• Bone treatment
• Drug delivery
• Appetite control
• Drug development
• Medical tools
• Diagnostic tests
• Imaging
10
11. Nanotechnology for Medical
Diagnosis and Therapeutics
Nanotechnology provides new materials with novel
properties and function for various biomedical
applications such as diagnostics, drug delivery, therapy,
tissue engineering and biosensors.
Nanotechnology in medical diagnosis covers all field of
science for imaging, measuring, and manipulating
matter at the nanoscale and has important application
in diagnosis, prevention and treatment.
11
12. Medical application of nanotechnology has ability to
enable early detection, prevention, treatment and
follow up of many life-threatening disease including
cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s
and AIDS as well as infectious diseases.
12
13. Nanomaterials for medical diagnosis
Nanomaterials exhibit higher chemical reactivity,
increased mechanical strength, faster electrical and
magnetic responses owing to its high surface to unit
volume ratio.
Nanoparticles can attach to biomolecules, allowing
detection of disease biomarkers in a lab sample at a
very early stage.
Because of their small size, nanomaterials can readily
interact with biomolecules and gaining access to so
many areas of the human body by passing through
intracellular spaces.
13
14. There is variety of methods to synthesize NPs such as
physical, chemical and biological synthesis.
The common ways to produce nanomaterials are:
Top down Bottom up.
14
15. Various nanodevices used in diagnostics
Cantilevers.
Nanopores.
Nanotubes.
Quantum dots.
Nanoshells.
Dendrimers.
Magnetic Nanoparticles.
15
16. CANTILEVERS
These tiny levers, which are anchored at one end, can
be engineered to bind to molecules that represent
some of the changes associated with cancer.
They bind to altered DNA sequences or proteins that
are present in certain types of cancer.
When these molecules bind to the cantilevers, surface
tension changes, causing the cantilevers to bend.
By monitoring the bending of the cantilevers, scientists
can tell whether molecules are present.
Scientists hope this property will prove effective when
cancer-associated molecules are present--even in very
low concentrations--making cantilevers a potential tool
for detecting cancer in its early stages. 16
18. NANOPORES.
Nanopores, tiny holes that allow DNA to pass through
one strand at a time, will make DNA sequencing more
efficient.
As DNA passes through a nanopore, scientists can
monitor the shape and electrical properties of each
base, or letter, on the strand.
Because these properties are unique for each of the
four bases that make up the genetic code, scientists
can use the passage of DNA through a nanopore to
decipher the encoded information, including errors in
the code known to be associated with cancer.
18
20. NANOTUBES-MARKING MUTATIONS
Another nanodevice that will help identify DNA
changes associated with cancer is the nanotube.
Nanotubes are carbon rods about half the diameter of
a molecule of DNA that not only can detect the
presence of altered genes, but they may help to
pinpoint the exact location of those changes.
To prepare DNA for nanotube analysis, scientists must
attach a bulky molecule to regions of the DNA that are
associated with cancer.
They can design tags that seek out specific mutations in
the DNA and bind to them. 20
22. NANOTUBES-MAPPING MUTATIONS.
Once the mutation has been tagged, researchers use a
nanotube tip resembling the needle on a record player
to trace the physical shape of DNA and pinpoint the
mutated regions.
22
23. The nanotube creates a map showing the shape of the
DNA molecule, including the tags identifying important
mutations.
Since the location of mutations can influence the
effects they have on a cell, these techniques will be
important in predicting disease
23
25. NANOSHELLS
Nanoshells are miniscule beads coated with gold.
By manipulating the thickness of the layers
making up the Nanoshells, scientists can design
these beads to absorb specific wavelengths of
light.
The most useful nanoshells are those that absorb
near-infrared light, which can easily penetrate
several centimeters of human tissue.
The absorption of light by the nanoshells creates
an intense heat that is lethal to cells.
25
28. DENDRIMERS
Research is being done on a number of nanoparticles
created to facilitate drug delivery.
One such molecule with potential to link treatment
with detection and diagnosis is known as a dendrimer.
Dendrimers are man-made molecules about the size of
an average protein, and have a branching shape.
This shape gives them vast amounts of surface area to
which scientists can attach therapeutic agents or other
biologically active molecules.
Researchers aim eventually to create nanodevices that
do much more than deliver treatment.
28
30. MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES (MNP):
MNPs are employed in multiple disciplines such as
biosensors, magnetic resonance imaging and
nanoelectronics etc.
MNPs commonly consist of magnetic element such as
iron, nickel, and their derivatives.
MNPs are versatile diagnostic tool as it is manipulated
using external magnetic field. This ‘action at a distance’
phenomenon combined with intrinsic penetrability of
magnetic field into human tissue enables their
detection in vivo using MRI.
30
31. Super-paramagnetic iron oxide
nanoparticles (SPION) are made
of an iron oxide core and coated
by either inorganic materials like
silica or organic materials such as
phospholipids, natural polymers
such as dextran or chitosan.
SPIONs are a versatile agent for
early diagnosis of cancer,
atherosclerosis and other
diseases. 31
32. Moreover, SPIONs are used as contrast agents for MRI
imaging and as an in-vitro application in bioassay by means
of a vehicle for the detection of biomarkers.
When SPION used in biosensors it improves the sensitivity
and selectivity of diagnosis
32
33. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a hallmark of invasive
behavior of cancer, responsible for the development of
metastasis. Their detection and analysis have significant
impacts in cancer biology and clinical practice.
Nanotechnology shows strong promises for CTC enrichment
and detection owning to the unique structural and functional
properties of nanoscale materials.
33
36. QUANTUM DOTS (QD):
Another minuscule molecule that will be used to detect
cancer is a quantum dot.
Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are
stimulated by ultraviolet light.
The wavelength, or color, of the light depends on the size of
the crystal.
Latex beads filled with these crystals can be designed to bind
to specific DNA sequences.
By combining different sized quantum dots within a single
bead, scientists can create probes that release distinct colors
and intensities of light.
When the crystals are stimulated by UV light, each bead
emits light that serves as a sort of spectral bar code,
identifying a particular region of DNA.
36
38. Graphene oxide (GO):
GO is thin layer of sp2 hybridized carbon, extensively
used for medical diagnosis due to its exciting
properties.
The sheets of GO, on which attached antibody binds to
the cancer cells which then tag the cancer cells with
fluorescent molecules to make the cancer cells stand
out in a microscope.
Besides, it can detect a very low level of cancer cells, as
low as 3 to 5 cancer cells in a one milliliter of blood
sample
38
39. Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Silver
Nanoparticles (AgNPs):
AuNPs are most attractive and extensively studied
nanomaterials in bio-analytical field for medical
diagnosis, owing to its fascinating features such as ease
of synthesis, high biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity.
AuNPs have biomedical applications in the areas:
labeling and biosensing.
The Silver nanorods in a diagnostic system are being
used to separate viruses, bacteria and other
microscopic components of blood samples.
39
41. Other Nanodiagnostic techniques
Nanochips
One of the most common techniques used today to
analyze DNA sequences is hybridization, or the pairing
of separated strands of DNA with complementary DNA
strands of known sequence that act as probes.
Currently, DNA chips called DNA micro array assays are
used to analyze DNA. Passive (non-electronic)
technologies can be slow, tedious, and prone to errors
because of nonspecific hybridization of the DNA.
41
42. A company called Nanogen has developed a product
called the “Nanochip” that employs the power of an
electronic current that separates DNA probes to
specific sites on the array based on charge and size.
Once these probes are on specific sites of the
nanochip, the test sample (blood) can then be analyzed
for target DNA sequences by hybridization with these
probes.
The DNA molecules that hybridize with target DNA
sequences fluoresce, which is detected and relayed
back to an onboard system through platinum wiring
that is present within the chip.
42
43. MICROFLUIDICS (LAB ON A CHIP)
The newest technologies within nanodiagnostics
involve microfluidic or “lab on a chip” systems, in which
the DNA sample is completely unknown.
The idea behind this kind of chip is simple: the
combination of numerous processes of DNA analysis
are combined on a single chip composed of a single
glass and silicon substrate.
The device itself is composed of microfabricated fluidic
channels, heaters, temperature sensors,
electrophoretic chambers, and fluorescence detectors
to analyze nanoliter-size DNA samples
43
44. This device is described as capable of measuring aqueous
reagent and DNA-containing solutions, mixing the solutions
together, amplifying or digesting the DNA to form discrete
products, and then separating and detecting those products.
Using a pipette, a sample of DNA containing solution is
placed on one fluid-entry port and a reagent containing
solution on the other port. Capillary action draws both
solutions into the device, but hydrophobic patches
positioned just beyond the vent line in each injection channel
stop the samples.
44
45. FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Researchers aim eventually to create nanodevices that
do much more than to diagnose and deliver treatment
seperately.
The goal is to create a single nanodevice that will do
many things:
Assist in imaging inside the body,
Recognize precancerous or cancerous cells,
Release a drug that targets only those cells, and
Report back on the effectiveness of the treatment.
45
46. NANOARRAYS
Microarrays are important tools for high-throughput
analysis of biomolecules. The use of microarrays for
parallel screening of nucleic acid and protein profiles
has become an industry standard.
46
47. LIMITATION OF MICROARRAY AND IMPORTANCE OF
NANOARRAY
A few limitations of microarrays are the requirement for
relatively large sample volumes and elongated incubation
time, as well as the limit of detection.
In addition, traditional microarrays make use of bulky
instrumentation for the detection, and sample amplification
and labeling are quite laborious, which increase analysis cost
and delays the time for obtaining results.
One strategy for overcoming these problems is to develop
nanoarrays, particularly electronics-based nanoarrays.
With further miniaturization, higher sensitivity, and
simplified sample preparation, nanoarrays could potentially
be employed for biomolecular analysis in personal
healthcare and monitoring of trace pathogens.
47
50. Possible concerns on Nanoparticles ?
Experts report smaller
particles are more
bioactive and toxic.
Their ability to interact
with other living
systems increases
because they can easily
cross the skin, lung, and
in some cases the
blood/brain barriers.
Once inside the body,
there may be further
biochemical reactions
like the creation of free
radicals that damage
cells.
50
51. Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) concerns on Nanoscience
NIOSH hopes to: raise awareness of the occupational
safety and health issues involved with nanotechnology;
make recommendations on occupational safety and
health best practices in the production and use of
nanomaterials.
51
52. CONCLUSION
It has been proved that nanotechnology is a promising area
of scientific and technological advancement.
In nanotechnology, big things are expected from really small
things.
The introduction of biocompatible materials and devices
that are engineered on the nanometer scale that interact
with biological molecules and cells and provide specified
diagnostic, therapeutic, and imaging functions will utterly
change the way in which health care is provided in the
future.
For nanotechnology to prosper there needs to be a true
unification of sciences, which will require a multidisciplinary
approach.
52
More History, Continued:
Eric Drexler, Continued:
Cell Repair Machines:
Drexler also wrote about cell repair machines. These machines would be about the size of bacteria but would be more sophisticated since their internal parts would be more intricate and they would be controlled via a program inside a tiny microcomputer. This artist’s rendition shows a cell repair machine which was injected into the blood stream in order to repair a damaged cell or remove it from the blood stream. Cell repair machines will be able to identify damaged cells and repair them.
Drexler wrote: “By working along molecule by molecule and structure by structure, repair machines will be able to repair whole cells. By working along cell by cell and tissue by tissue, they…will be able to repair whole organs…they will restore health” (Drexler, 1986).
Fig. 1.16 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Endomembrane_system_diagram_no_text_nucleus.png + Microsoft Clipart.