nanotechnology in medicine..a brief explanation

1. PRESENTED BY:
LAXMI VIBHUTI (2KL14BT010)
AND
APOORVA PATIL (2KL14BT021)
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
K.L.E. MSSCET BELAGUM.

2.  Nanotechnology is the study of controlling and
manipulating matter on an atomic and/or molecular
scale.
 The prefix “nano” is a Greek word meaning “dwarf”;
very small or miniature size.
 Nanotechnology deals with materials in the size of 1
to 100nm(10-9m).
 Nanotechnology is the treatment of individual atoms,
molecules, or compounds into structures to produce
materials and devices with special properties.
 These special properties may be electrical
conductance, chemical reactivity, magnetism, optical
effects and physical strength, from bulk materials as a
result of their small size.

3.  Nanoparticles may be synthesised by several methods
which include gas condensation, chemical
precipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, green
synthesis etc,.
 Nano materials can be engineered in different forms
such as:
Nano-rods, wires, tubes, fibers, platelets, particles,
quantum dots and hollow spheres.
Nano fibers Nano rods Nano wires

4.  On December 29, 1959, physicist Richard Feynman
suggested that it should be possible to make machines
at a nano-scale that “ arrange the atoms the way we
want” and do chemical synthesis by mechanical
manipulation.
 This lead to birth of the idea and study of
nanotechnology.
 After which Albert R. Hibbs came up with the idea of
using nanomaterials in medicine.
ALBERT R. HIBBS

5.  The different fields that find potential applications of
nanotechnology are as follows:
a. Health and Medicine
b. Electronics
c. Transportation
d. Energy and Environment
e. Space exploration

6. BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES:
 Synthesizing nanoparticles using microorganisms and
plants has been extensively studied and has been
recognized as a green and efficient way for the
production of nanoparticles as convenient
nanofactories.

7.  Nanomedicine is an application of nanotechnology
which works in the field of health and medicine.
 It makes use of nano materials, and nano electronic
biosensors.
 With the help of nano medicine early detection and
prevention, improved diagnosis, proper treatment
and follow-up of diseases like cancers, tumors, renal
diseases, bacterial infections, rheumatoid arthritis
etc,. is possible.

8.  Cancer is the third leading cause of death (after
heart disease and stroke) in developed countries. The
current Indian population is 1.27 billion out of which
over 7 lakhs new cancer patients are registered every
year.
 Cancer treatment includes surgical removal,
radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy.
 Nanotechnology in cancer treatment:
The objective of targeted cancer therapy is to
deliver chemotherapeutics directly to the cancer
tissues while minimizing undesirable toxicity to the
rest of the body.

9. NANOPARTICLE FORMULATION:
 Nanoparticle formulation begins with the solution of
drug (an anti-cancer therapeutic agent) and flexible
diabolic polymer molecules in an organic solvent.
 The diabolic polymer is composed of a hydrophobic
block and a hydrophilic block.
 Nanoparticle formation is accomplished by the drop wise
addition of the organic solution to rapidly stirred water.
 The initially disordered co-polymers rapidly self
assemble at the organic-water interphase of the nano
droplets reorienting themselves so that the hydrophobic
blocks are surrounded and stabilised by the hydrophilic
blocks.
 This polymer coating can be subsequently surface
modified with various cancer targeting ligands such as
antibodies or small molecules.

10. DELIVERY OF NANOPARTICLES:
 The nanoparticle solution then can be modified into
intravenous administrations.
 The nanoparticles are quickly distributed throughout
the body by the circulatory system with which they
are also delivered to the site of the tumour.
 100 times smaller than the blood cells, the
nanoparticles possess the unique ability to permeate
through the leaky walls of tumour vasculature which
are formed during the process of tumour growth.
 Through this passive targeting technique, the
nanoparticles can be concentrated within the tumour
tissue.

11. TARGETED CELLULAR UPTAKE:
 On the cancer cell’s surface membrane, the nanoparticles
encounter the surface receptor molecules.
 The nanoparticle targeting ligand bind specifically to these
receptors triggering a response called receptor mediated
endocytosis which draws the nanoparticles into the cancer cell.
 This process enables 1000s of nanaoparticles to enter into each
of the targeted cancer cell.
 Inside the cell, the nanoparticles are enveloped into
endosomes. These endosomes merge to form larger endosomes
or eventually lysosomes.
 The anti-cancer drugs can be released in a controlled manner by
the degradation of the polymer nanoparticle shell.
 These drugs will cause the cancer cells to undergo apoptosis
process leading to the eradication of the tumour.
 The highly toxic chemotherapy can thus be delivered directly at
the site of intended action without affecting other body
systems.

12. TARGETED CANCER THERAPY:

13.  For example, chemotherapy that delivers a tumor-killing
agent called tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) to cancer
tumors.
TNF is attached to a gold nanoparticle along with
Thiol-derivatized polyethylene glycol (PEG-THIOL), which
hides the TNF bearing nanoparticle from the immune
system. This allows the nanoparticle to flow through the
blood stream without being attacked.

14. Another developed approach is Twin nanoparticles:
 Tumours contain different types of cells including
cancer stem cells which have the ability of self-renewal and
differentiation.
 Also, tumour cells secrete various growth factors, including
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which triggers
endothelial cells to form new capillaries.
 The twin nanoparticles are nanoparticles of iron coated with
gold where one particle recognizes cancer stem cell, and
another conjugated nanoparticle recognizes VEGF positive
cells, thereby inhibiting endothelial cells in the proximity of
cancer stem cell.

15. Twin nanoparticles:

16.  “Cancer drug delivery is no longer simply
wrapping the drug in a new formulation”.
 Through our current knowledge of tumors and
nanoparticles we have developed many methods
with great potential. Now, we must refine them
and make them safe and consistent so that they
can be practically applied in patient care .
 This emerging technology is truly a shining
beacon of hope for cancer patients worldwide,
and I pray that it will be perfected and become
available in the near future.