Nanotechnology involves engineering at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers) and can be used in various fields including medicine. It has several applications for cancer treatment such as using nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoshells, silica nanoparticles, and nanorobots to more precisely deliver drugs to cancer cells, detect genetic mutations associated with cancer, and potentially diagnose and treat cancer. Nanoparticles in particular show promise for overcoming limitations of conventional cancer treatments like poor solubility, lack of targeting, and side effects by selectively targeting cancer cells and increasing drug localization.
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentHasnat Tariq
Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials
Nanostructures
Nanoparticles
Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment
Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)
Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation
MTT Assay
Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay
Median lethal dose (LD 50)
Experimental design
FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
Biochemical investigations
Conclusion
Applications of Nanoparticles in cancer treatment
Nanoshells
Nano X-Ray therapy
Drug Delivery by Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentHasnat Tariq
Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials
Nanostructures
Nanoparticles
Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment
Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)
Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation
MTT Assay
Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay
Median lethal dose (LD 50)
Experimental design
FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
Biochemical investigations
Conclusion
Applications of Nanoparticles in cancer treatment
Nanoshells
Nano X-Ray therapy
Drug Delivery by Nanoparticles
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
Nanotechnology and potential in Cancer therapy and treatmentladen12
this presentation focuses on new nanotechnology and it possible use in detection and therapy with cancer. it was prepared by final year biochemistry student at NCU.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
The engineered nanoparticles are effectively used for cancer treatment due to their targeted drug delivery approach. Download the Aranca report on Technology and Patent Research for current research trends and developments.
Presentation on Nanoparticles Smart Drug Delivery System For Cancer no company
Nano technology is a rapidly expanding field, encompassing the development of a man-made materials in 5-200 nanometer size range. This dimension vastly exceeds that of standard organic molecules.
Please contact us if you want our services.(We work on every kind of Thesis Presentations (Word, Power point, Excel, Adobe photoshop and Auto-cad).
Contact : 03244708472
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
Nanotechnology and potential in Cancer therapy and treatmentladen12
this presentation focuses on new nanotechnology and it possible use in detection and therapy with cancer. it was prepared by final year biochemistry student at NCU.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to show how nanotechnology for drug deliver is becoming economically feasible.
The engineered nanoparticles are effectively used for cancer treatment due to their targeted drug delivery approach. Download the Aranca report on Technology and Patent Research for current research trends and developments.
Presentation on Nanoparticles Smart Drug Delivery System For Cancer no company
Nano technology is a rapidly expanding field, encompassing the development of a man-made materials in 5-200 nanometer size range. This dimension vastly exceeds that of standard organic molecules.
Please contact us if you want our services.(We work on every kind of Thesis Presentations (Word, Power point, Excel, Adobe photoshop and Auto-cad).
Contact : 03244708472
Nanotechnology for cancer therapy recent developmentsroshan telrandhe
This paper is an overview of advances and prospects in applications of nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology is an use for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. nanotechnology offers a promise for the targeted delivery of drugs, genes and protein to tumer tissue and therefore alleviating the toxicity of anticancer agent in healthy tissues. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Nanotechnology is one of the most rapidly growing fields in the 21st centuryThese mainly include arrays of nanocantilevers, nanotubes and nanowires for multiplexing detection, multifunctional injectable nanovectors for therapeutics and diagnostics. This article review current nanotechnology platforms for anticancer drug delivery, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanoshells, nuclear acid base nanoparticle [DNA, RNA interference (RNAi), and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) ] The review increases awarnes of advantages in cancer therapy
Gold Nanoparticles provides target specific drug delivery which ensures proper potency of the cytotoxic drug with minimal side effects as compared to other traditional methods of chemotherapy administration
The main aim deals with the eradication of cancer cells by providing a steady, possible method of destroying and curing the cancer in an efficient and safe way so that healthy cells are not affected in any manner. This technology also focuses on a main idea that the patient is not affected by cancer again. The purpose of using the RF signal is to save normal cells.
Nanotechnology for Cancer therapy: Recent developmentsroshan telrandhe
This paper is an overview of advances and prospects in applications of nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology is an use for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. nanotechnology offers a promise for the targeted delivery of drugs, genes and protein to tumer tissue and therefore alleviating the toxicity of anticancer agent in healthy tissues. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Nanotechnology is one of the most rapidly growing fields in the 21st centuryThese mainly include arrays of nanocantilevers, nanotubes and nanowires for multiplexing detection, multifunctional injectable nanovectors for therapeutics and diagnostics. This article review current nanotechnology platforms for anticancer drug delivery, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanoshells, nuclear acid base nanoparticle [DNA, RNA interference (RNAi), and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) ] The review increases awarnes of advantages in cancer therapy.
Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer TreatmentAranca
The engineered nanoparticles are effectively used for cancer treatment due to their targeted drug delivery approach. Download the Aranca report on Technology and Patent Research for current research trends and developments.
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses radiopharmaceuticals to diagnose, treat and monitor diseases. Nuclear medicine and molecular imaging procedures have a long history of use.
Various Approach for the Treatment of Cancer - using Nano-Technologyijsrd.com
the credential part of the paper reviews about the advanced methods for the treatment of cancer using nano devices and nano technology technique. The advanced technology which could be the best to treat cancer is the treatment using nano-technology the molecular scale properties and the interface between the chemical, biological and the physical sciences are the important concerns of nano-technology. The application in the treatment of cancer using nano- technology is promising more than the ordinary treatments. This paper also proposes the use of nano-robots in medical field is the fast, best, and safe method for the treatment of different diseases in the human body. The main stress given in the paper is the comparison of the latest treatment in curing cancer using nano-technology.
One way to alleviate the terrible side effects of chemotherapy is to find a way to better control what cells are needed
to be targeted by the drugs in cancer patients. By being able to target on ly the cancerous cells within the body, less
chemotherapy drugs would need to be injected into the patient for cancer treatment, thus reducing, if not completely
wiping away, the side effects of the chemotherapy drugs. Cancer researchers have figured out a method that better
delivers drugs, such as chemotherapy drugs, to cancer cells without damaging surrounding healthy ones, by
discovering a way to use single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as targeted medicinal delivery mediums. For
how small they are, their inner volumes are relatively large, leaving enough space to carry drugs into the body. Both
the inner and outer surfaces of SWCNTs can be easily modified for “functionalization”. Their small size nature
allows them to enter the nuclei of cells freely. Most importantly, single-walled carbon nanotubes are completely safe
and nontoxic and proven to be stable to use in inserting and transporting drugs into the body. Presently, carbon
nanotubes are not only being used as drug delivery systems, but as a means of directly killing malignant cells within
the body. All of these applications of CNTs makes it promising and would lead to great advances in medicine in the
future.
Similar to NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TREATMENT OF CANCER (20)
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. PRESENTED BY-
T N PURNIMA
18031S0315
M.Pharm 1st year (II-sem)
Department of Pharmaceutics
Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, IST,JNTUH
1
2. • What is nanotechnology?
• Applications of nanotechnology
• What is cancer?
• Causes of cancer
• Types of cancer
• Stages of cancer
• Treatment of cancer
• Nanotechnology in the treatment of cancer
• List of clinically approved drugs
• Conclusion
• References
2
3. Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the
nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of
extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields,
such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering.
Nano refers to the
10-9 power, or one
billionth. For
comparison, a
human hair is
about 100,000
nanometers thick.
DNA Sample:
Approx. 2 nm
3
4. • The word nano is derived from the Greek “nanos” (or Latin “nanus”)
means “DWARF”, and the word “Science”.
Physicist Richard Feynman,
The father of nanotechnology.
Professor Norio Taniguchi
coined the term nanotechnology
in 1974
4
5. APPROACHES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
There are two basic approaches for creating Nano devices
The top-down approach involves molding or etching materials into smaller
components.
The bottom-up approach involves assembling structures atom- by-atom or
molecule-by-molecule, and may prove useful in manufacturing devices
used in medicine.
The top-down approach
The bottom-up approach
5
6. APPLICATIONS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Applications of Nanotechnology includes:
Nanomedicine
Nano biotechnology
Green nanotechnology
Energy applications of nanotechnology
Industrial applications of nanotechnology
Potential applications of carbon nanotubes
Nanoart
6
7. Cancer, also known as a malignant tumor or malignant neoplasm, is a
group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body.
It may be either benign or malignant in nature.
Each type of cancer is unique with its own causes, symptoms, and methods
of treatment. Like with all groups of disease, some types of cancer are more
common than others.
Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of
the body
7
8. • PROPERTIES OF CANCER CELLS
• Cancer cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells
• When cells divide at an accelerated rate they form a mass of tissue called
tumor.
• Their rapid rate of growth causes them to intake an abnormal amount of
nutrients (i.e., folic acid)
• Nanoparticles can be used to target bio- markers or antigens that are highly
specific to Cancer cells
8
9. CAUSES OF CANCER
•Any agent that causes cancer is called a carcinogen and is described as
carcinogenic.
Some of these agents can be:
Chemicals
Diet and exercise
Infection
Radiation
Heredity
Physical agents
Hormone
9
10. TYPES OF CANCER
There are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans, but the
most common once are:-
10
11. STAGES OF CANCER
Stage I cancers are localized to one part of the body; usually
curable.
Stage II cancers are locally advanced.
Stage III cancers are also locally advanced.
Stage IV means the cancer has spread to other parts of your body.
It's also called advanced or metastatic cancer
11
12. TREATMENT OF CANCER
Surgery:-Surgery can be used to
diagnose, treat, or even help
prevent cancer in some cases.
Most people with cancer will have
some type of surgery.
Chemotherapy:-Chemotherapy
(chemo) is the use of medicines or
drugs to treat cancer.
Radiation therapy:-Radiation
therapy uses high-energy particles
or waves to destroy or damage
cancer cells. It is one of the most
common treatments for cancer,
either by itself or along with other
forms of treatment.
Immunotherapy:-
Immunotherapy is treatment that
uses your body's own immune
system to help fight cancer.
Targeted therapy:-Targeted
therapy is a newer type of cancer
treatment that uses drugs or other
substances to more precisely
identify and attack cancer cells,
usually while doing little damage
to normal cells.
Stem cell transplant:-
(peripheral blood, bone marrow,
and cord blood transplant) use to
treat cancer.
Hyperthermia:-The idea of using
heat to treat cancer has been
around for some time, but early
attempts had mixed results. Today,
newer tools allow more precise
delivery of heat, and hyperthermia
is being studied for use against
many types of cancer.
Blood Product Donation and
Transfusion
12
13. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE TREATMENT OF
CANCER
ADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES DISADVANTAGES OF THE CONVENTIONAL
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
1. Entry into tissues at the molecular level 1. Drug resistance
2. Increased drug localisation and cellular
uptake
2. Lack of drug solubility
3. Feasibility to programme nanoparticles
for recognising cancerous cells
3. Serious side effects of chemotherapy
4. Selective and accurate drug delivery,
and avoiding interaction with healthy cells
4. Poor targeting of heterogenic tumours
5. Direct and selective targeting of the drug
to cancerous cells (both active and passive
targeting)
5. Nonspecific targeting of conventional
delivery
6. Larger surface area with modifiable
optical, electronic, magnetic and biologic
properties vis-à vis macroparticles.
6. Inability of the drug to enter the core of
tumours, resulting in impaired treatment
with reduced dose and low survival rate
13
15. MECHANISM OF TARGETING
Nanoparticles target tumour cells in two ways:
Passive targeting: This term refers to the accumulation of the drug in areas
around the tumour with leaky vasculature; it also known as the enhanced
permeation and retention (EPR) effect.
Active targeting: This term refers to specific interactions between the
drug/drug carrier and target cells, usually through specific ligand receptor
interactions or antibody-antigen recognition, for intracellular localisation of
the drug.
15
16. NANOPORE
Nanopores are the tiny holes that allow DNA to pass through one
strand at a time, will make DNA sequencing more efficient.
As DNApasses through a nanopore, scientists can monitor the shape
and electrical properties of each base, or letter, on the strand.
Because these properties are unique for each of the four bases that
make up the genetic code, scientists can use the passage of DNA
through a nanopore to decipher the encoded information, including
errors in the code known to be associated with cancer.
16
18. NANOTUBE
Another nanodevice that will help identify DNAchanges associated with
cancer is the nanotube.
Nanotubes are carbon rods about half the diameter of a molecule of DNA
that not only can detect the presence of altered genes, but they may help
researchers pinpoint the exact location of those changes.
To prepare DNAfor nanotube analysis, we must attach a bulky molecule to
regions of the DNAthat are associated with cancer. They can design tags
that seek out specific mutations in the DNAand bind to them.
18
19. Once the mutation has been tagged, researchers use a nanotube tip
resembling the needle on a record player to trace the physical shape of
DNAand pinpoint the mutated regions.
The nanotube creates a map showing the shape of the DNA molecule,
including the tags identifying important mutations
Since the location of mutations can influence the effects they have on a cell,
these techniques will be important in predicting disease.
19
21. QUANTUM DOTS
Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated by
ultraviolet light.
Latex beads filled with these crystals can be designed to bind to specific
DNA sequences. By combining different sized quantum dots within a single
bead, we can create probes that release distinct colors and intensities of
light.
When the crystals are stimulated by UV light, each bead emits light that
serves as a sort of spectral bar code, identifying a particular region of DNA.
21
22. To detect cancer, we can design quantum dots that bind to sequences of
DNA that are associated with the disease.
When the quantum dots are stimulated with light, they emit their unique bar
codes, or labels, making the critical, cancer-associated DNA sequences
visible.
Another advantage of quantum dots is that they can be used in the body,
eliminating the need for biopsy.
22
24. DENDRIMERS
Dendrimers are highly branched, star-shaped macromolecules with
nanometer-scale dimensions.
Dendrimers are defined by three components: a central core, an interior
dendritic structure (the branches), and an exterior surface with functional
surface groups
They could load drugs and gene molecules through simple electrostatic
interactions, encapsulations and covalent conjugations.
Dendrimers possess empty internal cavities and an extremely higher
density of surface functional group (-NH2 or -COOH), which makes them
become attractive carriers for anticancer therapeutics.
24
25. There are three methods for using dendrimers in drug delivery:-
First, the drug is covalently attached to the periphery of the dendrimer to
form dendrimer prodrugs
Second the drug is coordinated to the outer functional groups via ionic
interactions
Third the dendrimer acts as a unimolecular micelle by encapsulating a
pharmaceutical through the formation of a dendrimer-drug
supramolecular assembly.
25
27. LIPOSOMES
Liposomes are self-assembling NPs with closed membrane structures. They
are formed by dispersion of phospholipids featured with hydrophobic
anionic/cationic long chain tails and hydrophilic heads .
Their specific structures enable water-soluble drugs to be entrapped in their
aqueous core, while lipophilic drugs in the lipid bilayer.
In addition, liposomes can effectively load various bioactive molecules,
including enzymes and nucleic acids
27
28. • They have been proven to be beneficial for therapeutic compound
stabilization, cellular and tissue uptake of therapeutic compounds and bio-
distribution of compounds to target sites in vivo
• Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes (such as
by sonication and ethanol injection technique).
28
30. NANOSHELLS/ GOLD NANOMATERIALS
Nanoshells are miniscule beads coated with gold. By manipulating the
thickness of the layers making up the nanoshells. They have designed these
beads to absorb specific wavelengths of light.
The most useful nanoshells are those that absorb near- infrared light,
which can easily penetrate several centimeters of human tissue.
The absorption of light by the nanoshells creates an intense heat that is
lethal to cells.
These gold nanoshells are shuttled into tumors by the use of phagocytosis.
Phagocytes engulf the nanoshells through the cell membrane to form an
internal phagosome, or macrophage.
Nanoparticle-based therapeutics have been successfully delivered, taken up
passively into tumors without the assistance of antibodies.
30
32. SILICA NANOPARTICLES
Silica is known for its compatibility in biological systems.
The particle size, shape, porosity and surface chemistry of silica NPs can be
successfully controlled during the synthesis process.
It has been found that silica-based NPs with a special nanostructure can be
used to encapsulate various antitumor agents for cancer therapies.
32
33. Two major types of silica-based NPs have been successfully synthesized
and studied. One is solid silica NPs (SiNPs) and the other is mesoporous
silica NPs (MSNs).
There are two main methods that are widely used to synthesize SiNPs,
including the Stober method and the reverse microemulsion method
33
34. NANOROBOT
AKorean research team has successfully developed bacteriobots that can
diagnose and treat cancer.
This bacteria-based robot is expected to be utilized to develop new
treatments for cancer and various microrobots or nanorobots for medical
purposes in the future.
Bacteriobots are made up of bacteria and 3µm-sized microstructures filled
with anticancer drugs.
Genetically-modified non-toxic bacteria move inside tissues or blood with
flagella, and find tumors by pushing microstructures and targeting certain
drugs secreted by cancer cells.
Upon the arrival of bacteriobots in the tumor region, anticancer drugs that
come from microstructures are spread onto the surface of tumor
NANOROBOT
34
35. LIST OF CLINICALLYAPPROVED DRUGS
PRODUCT NAME DRUG INDICATIONS
Doxil®/Caelyx® (Janssen
Pharmaceuticals, NJ, USA)
Doxorubicin Ovarian cancer, metastatic
breast cancer and multiple
myeloma
Myocet® (Enzon
Pharmaceuticals, NJ, USA)
Doxorubicin Metastatic breast cancer
Lipusu® (Luye Pharma
Group Ltd, Shanghai,
China)
Paclitaxel Solid tumors
Marqibo® (Talon
Therapeutics, CA, USA)
Vincristine Acute lymphoblastic
leukemia
35
36. CONCLUSION
Over the past 150 years, many innovative and groundbreaking techniques
have been developed in order to treat cancer. But these approaches has its
own series of undesirable side effects that are both dangerous and
damaging to the overall health of the patient.
There have been significant improvements largely due to breakthroughs,
both, in the bottom-up and in the top- down nanotechnology. we will make
early detection, prevention and treatment with a high degree of accuracy
and ease possible that is effective and can be made it safe.
Different types of Cancer cells have unique properties that can be
exploited by nanoparticles to target the Cancer cells
36
37. REFERENCES
1. A Review article by Qing Zhoua, Li Zhanga and Hong Wua,* on
Nanomaterials for cancer therapies
https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ntrev.2017.6.issue-5/ntrev-2016-
0102/ntrev-2016-0102.xml
2. https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer
4. http://www.omicsonline.org/nanotechnology-in-cancer-treatment- 2155-
983X.1000107.pdf
5. http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/article/2459/%E2%80%9Cbacteri
obot%E2%80%9D-korea-develops-first-cancer-treating-nanorobot
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBjWwlnq3cA
7. http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/use-of-liposomes-in-cancer-therapy-a-
review/?view=fulltext
37