Urine.pdf
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This presentation provides a basic insight of Urine an important body fluid. This will help readers develop a basic concept about urine, its formation, urinalysis, composition, and all. It will help medical and biomedical students.
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the renal (urinary) system. It describes the key components of the system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It then discusses the functional units of the kidneys called nephrons and their role in filtering blood and regulating water and electrolyte balance through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion processes. Specifically, it explains how nephrons use active transport mechanisms like the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb filtered materials and maintain blood pressure and pH levels.
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The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood, remove waste and regulate fluid balance by producing urine. The urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored until excreted through the urethra. The urinary system plays key roles in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and red blood cell production by releasing hormones and filtering wastes from the bloodstream.
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This document discusses water and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers several key points:
1) Water is the most abundant component of the body, accounting for 60-70% of total body weight in adults. Humans can survive one month without food but only about a week without water.
2) Water content varies between tissues and changes with age. It is regulated to maintain homeostasis through thirst, antidiuretic hormone secretion, and kidney function.
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The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood and remove waste, which is transported through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is released through the urethra. Key functions include filtering waste from the blood and maintaining water and electrolyte balance. The kidneys receive blood from the renal arteries and produce urine that is collected in the renal pelvis before exiting through the ureters.
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This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It explains that water makes up 30 liters of body weight and is distributed between intracellular and extracellular spaces. Daily water intake and output are balanced through hormones like ADH and aldosterone. Disturbances can cause hypovolemia or hypervolemia. Hypovolemia results from decreased water intake or increased losses through vomiting or diarrhea. Hypervolemia is caused by excess IV fluid administration or fluid retention in conditions like heart or kidney failure. Electrolyte imbalances like hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia are also discussed along with their causes and treatments.
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The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood, remove waste and regulate fluid balance by producing urine. The urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder, where it is stored until excreted through the urethra. The urinary system plays key roles in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and red blood cell production by releasing hormones and filtering wastes from the bloodstream.
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This document discusses water and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers several key points:
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2) Water content varies between tissues and changes with age. It is regulated to maintain homeostasis through thirst, antidiuretic hormone secretion, and kidney function.
3) Sodium, potassium, and chloride are the major electrolytes and their plasma levels are tightly controlled. Imbalances can cause dehydration or water retention.
4) Diuretics are sometimes used to treat water
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Study of Physiological Ions.
Electrolyte Replacement Therapy and Various Inorganic Compound.
ORS
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BP201T. Human Anatomy And Physiology-II
Unit-III: - Urinary System.
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and disorders of kidney.
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The urinary system functions to regulate homeostasis by controlling water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and eliminating waste from the body. The major organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine and are made up of nephrons, the functional units that filter blood and remove waste. Urine is formed through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephrons and is temporarily stored in the bladder before being excreted through the urethra.
Urinary system
The urinary system filters wastes from the blood and removes them from the body as urine. The kidneys filter blood to form urine and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, the functional units of filtration. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters and is stored in the bladder until elimination through the urethra. Hormones help regulate urine concentration and output to maintain fluid homeostasis.
Renal function tests
This document discusses renal function tests (RFTs) which are used to assess kidney function. It outlines the key functions of the kidney including excretion of waste, regulation of acid-base balance and electrolyte levels. RFTs evaluate parameters like glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and tubular function. There are four main types of RFTs: urine analysis, concentration/dilution tests, blood chemistry tests, and renal clearance tests. Blood chemistry tests measure waste products like creatinine and urea to indicate kidney excretion ability, while urine tests examine physical/chemical properties and sediment to identify abnormalities. RFTs are used to diagnose and monitor kidney disease as well as drug toxicity.
Urinalysis
Urinalysis is the testing of urine to check for physical characteristics and composition changes that can indicate disease. It provides baseline health information and monitors changes in response to medication or illness. Abnormal results from a dipstick test of urine characteristics like protein, glucose, blood, nitrites and leukocytes can suggest conditions like urinary tract infections, kidney disease, or diabetes. The procedure for urinalysis involves using reagent test strips to chemically analyze a fresh urine sample, then interpreting the results according to time-dependent color changes on a reference chart.
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This document discusses the composition and functions of the various body fluids. It begins by explaining that body fluids help maintain homeostasis, transport nutrients and waste, and comprise 60-80% of body weight depending on age and body type. The two main fluid compartments are intracellular fluid within cells and extracellular fluid outside cells. Extracellular fluid further includes interstitial fluid between cells and plasma in blood. The document then examines the distribution and movement of fluids, factors that influence fluid balance, and specialized fluids like urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. It provides details on urine composition, collection and analysis.
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THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The human excretory system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the urinary bladder, where it is stored until excretion through the urethra. Together, these organs work to remove waste from the body and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
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The document discusses physiological acid-base balance. It notes that normal pH is 7.35-7.45, with acidosis occurring below this range and alkalosis above. The body maintains acid-base balance through three main buffer systems, including the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system, and by eliminating ions through the kidneys and respiratory system. The kidneys are a particularly effective regulator as they can eliminate excess hydrogen ions in acidic urine while reabsorbing bicarbonate and excreting ammonium ions. Respiratory adjustments also help balance pH levels.
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This document discusses normal and abnormal uric acid metabolism, conditions related to hyperuricemia such as gout and kidney disease, and treatments for hyperuricemia. It notes that uric acid is produced through purine breakdown and provides an overview of gout pathogenesis. It also summarizes the mechanisms, efficacy, dosing, and administration of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor drugs allopurinol and febuxostat which are used to lower uric acid levels and treat gout.
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Pathological urine refers to urine that contains abnormal constituents that are not normally present or are present in abnormal amounts. The presence of these abnormal constituents can provide important clues to underlying diseases or conditions affecting the kidneys or other organs.
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it explains the distribution of water in various compartments. how it is balanced in our body or regulated. with its disorders of water metabolism.
Water & Electrolyte.pdf
The document discusses water and electrolytes in the human body. It states that water makes up 60-70% of body mass and is highest in newborns at 75% and decreases with age to less than 50% in older individuals. Water is involved in metabolic reactions, transport of solutes, regulation of temperature, lubrication of joints, and maintenance of cell structure. Total body water is about 42 liters in a 70kg adult, divided into intracellular and extracellular compartments. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate are important ions that are regulated between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
Biochemistry (urine analysis normal and abnormal urine constituents)
This document provides information on normal and abnormal constituents found in urine. It discusses the typical volume, color, specific gravity, pH, and other normal components like calcium, ammonia, and nitrogen levels. It also details what is considered normal for creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels. Abnormal findings covered include proteinuria, glycosuria, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, ketonuria, and elevated bilirubin or presence of nitrites and white blood cells. Quantitative values are given for components like microalbumin to determine if levels are within normal ranges.
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Urinary System.pptx
BP201T. Human Anatomy And Physiology-II
Unit-III: - Urinary System.
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
Urinary System Notes
The urinary system functions to regulate homeostasis by controlling water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and eliminating waste from the body. The major organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine and are made up of nephrons, the functional units that filter blood and remove waste. Urine is formed through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephrons and is temporarily stored in the bladder before being excreted through the urethra.
Urinary system
The urinary system filters wastes from the blood and removes them from the body as urine. The kidneys filter blood to form urine and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, the functional units of filtration. Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters and is stored in the bladder until elimination through the urethra. Hormones help regulate urine concentration and output to maintain fluid homeostasis.
Renal function tests
This document discusses renal function tests (RFTs) which are used to assess kidney function. It outlines the key functions of the kidney including excretion of waste, regulation of acid-base balance and electrolyte levels. RFTs evaluate parameters like glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and tubular function. There are four main types of RFTs: urine analysis, concentration/dilution tests, blood chemistry tests, and renal clearance tests. Blood chemistry tests measure waste products like creatinine and urea to indicate kidney excretion ability, while urine tests examine physical/chemical properties and sediment to identify abnormalities. RFTs are used to diagnose and monitor kidney disease as well as drug toxicity.
Urinalysis
Urinalysis is the testing of urine to check for physical characteristics and composition changes that can indicate disease. It provides baseline health information and monitors changes in response to medication or illness. Abnormal results from a dipstick test of urine characteristics like protein, glucose, blood, nitrites and leukocytes can suggest conditions like urinary tract infections, kidney disease, or diabetes. The procedure for urinalysis involves using reagent test strips to chemically analyze a fresh urine sample, then interpreting the results according to time-dependent color changes on a reference chart.
The Digestive System
2. DIGESTION • The process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion. • Digestion is carried out by our digestive system by mechanical and biochemical methods.
3. PHASES OF DIGESTION • The activities of the digestive system can be grouped under five main headings. • Ingestion :-This is the taking of food into the alimentary tract, i.e. eating and drinking. • Propulsion :-This mixes and moves the contents along the alimentary tract. • Digestion :-This consists of: • Mechanical breakdown of food by mastication(chewing). • Chemical digestion of food into small molecules by enzymes present in secretions produced by glands and accessory organs of the digestive system
Function of stomach
The stomach has five recognizable parts and two curvatures. Sphincters exist at the entry and exit of the stomach to control movement of contents. The stomach stores food, secretes acid and enzymes to digest food into chyme, and empties at a controlled rate into the small intestine. Acid secretion is stimulated by acetylcholine, gastrin, and histamine in three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The stomach mucosa protects itself from acid through secretion of mucus and bicarbonate. Peptic ulcers can form if these defenses are overwhelmed.
Digestive system full
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the digestive system as composed of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs that break down food into smaller molecules for absorption. The major sections include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas and large intestine. Each organ contributes to digestion through both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
Kidney function test
The document provides information on kidney function tests and renal assessment. It discusses the anatomy and function of the kidneys and urinary system. Various tests for evaluating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal tubular function are described, including creatinine clearance, urea, uric acid, and beta-2 microglobulin. Urinalysis tests like specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, and sediment examination are also covered. The document emphasizes the importance of renal function testing in conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease.
Gastrointestinal agents
The document discusses various gastrointestinal agents used to treat disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes acidifying agents and antacids which are used to alter gastric pH. Antacids work by neutralizing excess stomach acid through chemical reactions. Common antacids discussed include aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate. The document also examines how antacids are prepared, their properties, uses, and side effects.
Major inta extra cellualr electrolyte.
This document discusses electrolytes, which are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved and can carry an electrical current. It focuses on the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes in the body, including potassium, magnesium, phosphate intracellularly and sodium, chloride, bicarbonate extracellularly. The document also discusses electrolyte imbalance, the fluid compartments electrolytes are present in, and electrolyte replacement therapies using substances like sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
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Urine analysis involves collecting a urine sample and using reagent strips or microscopic examination to test for various substances. Reagent strips can detect glucose, bilirubin, ketones, protein, blood, and other parameters. Microscopic examination looks for cells, casts, crystals, and other features. Normal urine composition includes urea, uric acid, creatinine, chloride, and phosphate. Abnormal results may indicate diseases like infections, kidney problems, or other disorders. Care must be taken to collect samples properly for accurate analysis and diagnosis.
Complete urine examination
The document provides information on performing a complete urine examination, including sample collection and handling, as well as evaluating normal and abnormal results. It discusses the history of urine testing, different sample types, proper collection techniques, storage and preservation methods, and how to analyze samples physically, chemically, and microscopically for normal and abnormal findings. Physical attributes like color, turbidity, specific gravity, and odor are examined, as well as chemical components measured by dipstick like pH, hematuria, proteinuria, and more. Microscopic evaluation of sediment looks at cells, casts, crystals, bacteria, and other elements.
Excretory system
The excretory system collects and eliminates waste from the body through various organs including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and then passed out of the body through the urethra. The excretory system works to maintain homeostasis by regulating fluid levels and removing toxins.
Urine routine and Microscopy.pptx
This document discusses urine routine and microscopy, which involves tests performed on urine samples to diagnose urinary tract and systemic diseases. The tests include physical examination of the urine's appearance, biochemical analysis of properties like specific gravity and pH, and microscopic analysis of cells, casts, and microorganisms. Proper collection and handling of urine samples is important. Test results can provide information on conditions like infections, kidney function, diabetes, and more.
Urinary system
The document provides information about the urinary system and kidney anatomy and physiology. It discusses:
1. The main components of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
2. The functional anatomy of the kidney including its layers, parenchyma, nephrons, and renal corpuscles.
3. The key functions of the kidneys which include homeostasis, regulation of blood pressure, and production of hormones.
EXCRETION PART 1.pptx
The document discusses the human excretory system. It describes how waste is produced through metabolic activities and transported through the bloodstream. The key components of the human excretory system are the pair of kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Nephrons contain a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which work to filter waste from the blood into urine. Urine is then transported from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters for storage until excretion. In cases of kidney failure, dialysis or transplantation may be required.
Physical examination of urine
Indications for Urine examination include:
Suspected renal damage
Detection of UTI
Management of metabolic disorders
Diagnosis of jaundice
Management of Plasma cell dyscrasias
Diagnosis of pregnancy
Drug abuse
Physical Examination of Urine includes estimation of Appearance, Volume, Colour, Odour, reaction, Specific gravity and Osmolality.
Excretory system and its parts with details
this is a group presentation about the excretory system
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
1 GNM Anatomy - Unit - 8 Excretory system.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 8:
Structure and functions of the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
Formation and composition of urine.
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Structure and functions of the skin.
Regulation of the body temperature.
Excretory system:
The excretory system is performs the function of excretion
It is the process of removing the wastes
There are several parts of the body that are involved in this process such as sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system
Kidney:
The kidneys are a bean-shaped organs - found abdominal cavity, just below the rib cage.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the position of the liver.
Every human has two kidneys.
Diagram of Renal System
Structure of kidney:
Kidney consist of 3 basic parts
Renal cortex (outer layer )
Renal medulla (inner layer )
Renal pelvis.
Renal cortex:
The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney, it is covered with capsule
Erythropoietin a hormone is produced in the renal cortex (Erythropoiesis)
Renal medulla:
Renal medulla is the inner layer of the kidney. The medulla consists of multiple pyramidal tissue masses, called the renal pyramids, which are triangle structures that contain a network of nephrons
Renal pelvis:
The renal pelvis contains the hilum.
The hilum is the concave part of the bean-shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney
It is also the point of exit for the ureters carry urine away from the kidney
Both of the ureters supply the urine into urinary bladder,
From there, urine is expelled through the urethra and out of the body.
The blood arrives at the kidney via the renal artery, renal veins collect deoxygenated blood
Nephron:
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
It is composed of renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
Parts of Nephron:
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus within bowman's capsule)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Intermediate tubule (loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting ducts
1. The Glomerulus:
The glomerulus is receives blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation.
Here, fluid and solutes are filtered out of the blood and into the space made by Bowman’s capsule.
A group of specialized cells known as juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) are located around the afferent arteriole where it enters the renal corpuscle. The JGA secretes an enzyme called renin, it is involved in the process of blood volume homeostasis (Bp).
2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule:
The proximal tubule is the first site of water reabsorption into the bloodstream, and the site where the majority of water and salt reabsorption takes place.
3. The Loop of Henle:
The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that consists of a descending limb and ascending limb. It transfers fluid from the proximal to the distal tubule
4. Distal Convoluted Tubule:
The distal convoluted tubule is the final site of reabsorption in the nephron.
5. Collecting Duct:
The collecting duct
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Urine.pdf
- 2. Introduction Urine is a waste product of the human body's urinary system. ▪ An important diagnostic tool
- 3. The Urinary System Consists of: • 2 Kidneys • 2 Ureters • A bladder • An urethra
- 4. Urine formation 1.Glomerular filtration 2. Selective reabsorption 3. Tubular Secretion
- 7. URINE COMPOSITION • Ph of urine is about 4.6 to 7. • Normal 95% water, 5% solutes. • Major organic solute is urea( PROTEIN, AMINO ACIDS BREAKDOWN);makes up approx. One half of the dissolved solids • Inorganic chloride, sodium and potassium. • May also contain cells, casts, crystals, mucus, and bacteria.
- 8. URINE CONTAINS • Ammonia • Phosphate • Magnesium • Potassium • Creatinine • Urea • Sulphate • Chloride • Calcium • Sodium • Uric acid
- 9. Abnormal Constituents Of Urine • Protein • Ketone bodies • Blood • Bile salts • Bile pigments • Fats
- 10. Biomedical Importance Of Urine • Diagnostic Tool • Kidney function Assessment • Drug Monitoring • Pregnancy Test • Disease Marker • Electrolyte
- 11. Urine analysis A urinalysis is a simple test that looks at a small sample of your urine. It can help find problems that need treatment, including infection or kidney problems.
- 12. Collection of urine specimen • Containers for the collection of urine should be wide- mouthed, clean, and dry. • Analysed within two hours of collection else requires refrigeration. • Label the containers with the patient’s name, date of birth and time.
- 13. Physical examination • Volume • Colour • Odour • Ph • Specific gravity
- 14. Chemical examination • Glucose • Ketone bodies • Protein • Blood • Bile salts • Bile pigments
- 15. Microscopic examination • White blood cells • Red blood cells • Bacteria, yeast, or parasites • Casts • Crystals
- 16. Facts about urine • An adult bladder can typically store up to two cups of urine for 2 to 5hrs. • Average person produces about 1 to 2 litres of urine per day. • Urine contains a variety of chemical compounds that can be detected by trained dogs. • In ancientRome, urinewas used as cleaning agent , tooth whitener and even as a componentin certain cosmetics • People with shorter urethraget more UTIs. • The bladder is as big as your brain.