The document provides an overview of the urinary system, including its general functions, major organs, urine formation process, urine composition, micturition, urinalysis, homeostasis, and aging effects. The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra work together to regulate water balance, remove waste, and maintain blood homeostasis through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion functions in the nephrons. Urinalysis provides information on the system's status by examining urine characteristics. Homeostasis is challenged with aging as kidney function naturally declines over time.
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy.
Excretory system and its parts with detailsরেজা তানজিল
this is a group presentation about the excretory system
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
education is our passport to the future for tommorow belongs to the people who prepare for it today....help for you and its good for ur study...i hope it is usefull for all ur study
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy.
Excretory system and its parts with detailsরেজা তানজিল
this is a group presentation about the excretory system
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
education is our passport to the future for tommorow belongs to the people who prepare for it today....help for you and its good for ur study...i hope it is usefull for all ur study
these slides are prepared to understand digestive system IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#pancreas, #gallbladder ,#liver ,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #APGAR, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
hi guys!
This is my latest slide on Excretory system, based on Cambridge GCE 'O' level syllabus.
These slides cover much on the essential points and might not be really comprehensive.
These slides are constructed to be interactive to further boost your understanding by eliminating superfluous words and adding more animations.
Thus, I RECOMMEND you to download the slides to access the many animations to interact with your mind.
Follow my slideshare profile to receive updates on new slides!!
or contact me:
Email: fazzydoo@gmail.com
facebook: faiz abdullah
twitter: @fazzydoo
if you have questions or would like to address mistakes on my slides or simply just to request me to personally make your slides.
All images and materials are copyright protected and have no affiliations to me
1 GNM Anatomy - Unit - 8 Excretory system.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 8:
Structure and functions of the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
Formation and composition of urine.
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Structure and functions of the skin.
Regulation of the body temperature.
Excretory system:
The excretory system is performs the function of excretion
It is the process of removing the wastes
There are several parts of the body that are involved in this process such as sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system
Kidney:
The kidneys are a bean-shaped organs - found abdominal cavity, just below the rib cage.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the position of the liver.
Every human has two kidneys.
Diagram of Renal System
Structure of kidney:
Kidney consist of 3 basic parts
Renal cortex (outer layer )
Renal medulla (inner layer )
Renal pelvis.
Renal cortex:
The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney, it is covered with capsule
Erythropoietin a hormone is produced in the renal cortex (Erythropoiesis)
Renal medulla:
Renal medulla is the inner layer of the kidney. The medulla consists of multiple pyramidal tissue masses, called the renal pyramids, which are triangle structures that contain a network of nephrons
Renal pelvis:
The renal pelvis contains the hilum.
The hilum is the concave part of the bean-shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney
It is also the point of exit for the ureters carry urine away from the kidney
Both of the ureters supply the urine into urinary bladder,
From there, urine is expelled through the urethra and out of the body.
The blood arrives at the kidney via the renal artery, renal veins collect deoxygenated blood
Nephron:
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
It is composed of renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
Parts of Nephron:
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus within bowman's capsule)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Intermediate tubule (loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting ducts
1. The Glomerulus:
The glomerulus is receives blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation.
Here, fluid and solutes are filtered out of the blood and into the space made by Bowman’s capsule.
A group of specialized cells known as juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) are located around the afferent arteriole where it enters the renal corpuscle. The JGA secretes an enzyme called renin, it is involved in the process of blood volume homeostasis (Bp).
2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule:
The proximal tubule is the first site of water reabsorption into the bloodstream, and the site where the majority of water and salt reabsorption takes place.
3. The Loop of Henle:
The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that consists of a descending limb and ascending limb. It transfers fluid from the proximal to the distal tubule
4. Distal Convoluted Tubule:
The distal convoluted tubule is the final site of reabsorption in the nephron.
5. Collecting Duct:
The collecting duct
these slides are prepared to understand digestive system IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#pancreas, #gallbladder ,#liver ,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #APGAR, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
hi guys!
This is my latest slide on Excretory system, based on Cambridge GCE 'O' level syllabus.
These slides cover much on the essential points and might not be really comprehensive.
These slides are constructed to be interactive to further boost your understanding by eliminating superfluous words and adding more animations.
Thus, I RECOMMEND you to download the slides to access the many animations to interact with your mind.
Follow my slideshare profile to receive updates on new slides!!
or contact me:
Email: fazzydoo@gmail.com
facebook: faiz abdullah
twitter: @fazzydoo
if you have questions or would like to address mistakes on my slides or simply just to request me to personally make your slides.
All images and materials are copyright protected and have no affiliations to me
1 GNM Anatomy - Unit - 8 Excretory system.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 8:
Structure and functions of the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
Formation and composition of urine.
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Structure and functions of the skin.
Regulation of the body temperature.
Excretory system:
The excretory system is performs the function of excretion
It is the process of removing the wastes
There are several parts of the body that are involved in this process such as sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system
Kidney:
The kidneys are a bean-shaped organs - found abdominal cavity, just below the rib cage.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the position of the liver.
Every human has two kidneys.
Diagram of Renal System
Structure of kidney:
Kidney consist of 3 basic parts
Renal cortex (outer layer )
Renal medulla (inner layer )
Renal pelvis.
Renal cortex:
The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney, it is covered with capsule
Erythropoietin a hormone is produced in the renal cortex (Erythropoiesis)
Renal medulla:
Renal medulla is the inner layer of the kidney. The medulla consists of multiple pyramidal tissue masses, called the renal pyramids, which are triangle structures that contain a network of nephrons
Renal pelvis:
The renal pelvis contains the hilum.
The hilum is the concave part of the bean-shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney
It is also the point of exit for the ureters carry urine away from the kidney
Both of the ureters supply the urine into urinary bladder,
From there, urine is expelled through the urethra and out of the body.
The blood arrives at the kidney via the renal artery, renal veins collect deoxygenated blood
Nephron:
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
It is composed of renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
Parts of Nephron:
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus within bowman's capsule)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Intermediate tubule (loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting ducts
1. The Glomerulus:
The glomerulus is receives blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation.
Here, fluid and solutes are filtered out of the blood and into the space made by Bowman’s capsule.
A group of specialized cells known as juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) are located around the afferent arteriole where it enters the renal corpuscle. The JGA secretes an enzyme called renin, it is involved in the process of blood volume homeostasis (Bp).
2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule:
The proximal tubule is the first site of water reabsorption into the bloodstream, and the site where the majority of water and salt reabsorption takes place.
3. The Loop of Henle:
The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that consists of a descending limb and ascending limb. It transfers fluid from the proximal to the distal tubule
4. Distal Convoluted Tubule:
The distal convoluted tubule is the final site of reabsorption in the nephron.
5. Collecting Duct:
The collecting duct
The Excretory system is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by homeostasis.
There are several parts of the body that are involved in this process, such as sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system. ... From there, urine is expelled through the urethra and out of the body.
Urine is the body's liquid waste composed of water, salt urea and uric acid. Urine can be evaluated by its physical appearance (color, cloudiness, odor, clarity), also referred to as a macroscopic analysis. It can be also analyzed based on its chemical and molecular properties, including microscopic assessment.
The urinary system, components, the urine formation process, The gross structure of the kidney, Microscope structure of the kidney, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Urinary System human anatomu and physiology 2 .pptxNutanKamble7
The primary job of the urinary system is to filter blood, producing urine as a waste product in the process. The renal pelvis, bladder, urethra, ureters, and kidneys are the organs that make up the urinary system. The nutrients in meals are transformed by the body into energy.The kidneys secrete urine, which is a liquid waste product. The fluid known as urine is translucent and clear, typically with an amber tint. An average person excretes five to eight cups, or forty to sixty ounces, of pee in a 24-hour period. Urine is mostly composed of salt, urea, and uric acid in a watery solution.The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make up the human urine system, sometimes referred to as the urinary tract or renal system. The elimination of waste from the body, blood volume and pressure regulation, electrolyte and metabolite level control, and blood pH regulation are all functions of the urinary system. The body's drainage system for eventually eliminating urine is the urinary tract.[1] Via the renal arteries, which exit the kidneys through the renal vein, the kidneys receive a substantial blood supply. Nephrons are the functional units that make up each kidney. Wastes (in the form of urine) leave the kidney through the ureters, tubes composed of smooth muscle fibres that direct urine into the bladder, where it is collected and processed further.The organs that generate urine and carry it to the excretory site are referred to as the urinary system. The kidneys are situated in the space between the parietal peritoneum and the dorsal body wall on both the left and right sides of the human urinary system.The kidney's functional unit, the nephrons, is where urine is first formed. After that, urine travels via the nephrons and the collecting ducts, a network of convergent tubules. The minor and major calyces that eventually connect to the renal pelvis are formed by the union of these collecting ducts. Urine then proceeds from the renal pelvis into the ureter, where it is transported to the bladder. Males and females have different urinary system anatomy, specifically in relation to the urine bladder. The prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile urethras in men are formed by the urethra's progression from the internal urethral aperture in the bladder's trigone via the external urethral orifice. The urine leaves the body through the external meatus of the urethra. The female urethra, which starts at the neck of the bladder and ends in the vaginal vestibule, is substantially shorter.Bowman's capsule filters blood entering the tubules from the circulatory system in the first segment of the nephron. Filtration across a semipermeable membrane is facilitated by gradients of osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. Water, ions, and tiny molecules that easily flow through the filtering membrane make up the filtrate. However, the filtration barrier blocks the passage of bigger molecules like proteins and blood cells. The glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, is the volume
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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3. General Functions:
1. Excretion- removal of waste material (urea, uric
acid, creatinine) from the blood plasma and the
disposal of this waste in urine.
2. Elimination- removal of waste from other organ
systems:
eg. undigested food, water, salt, ions, drugs from
the digestive system
eg. CO2, H+, water and toxins from the respiratory
system
4. General Functions:
3. Helps to regulate blood volume & pressure
• Blood pressure is directly affected by the
volume of fluids retained or removed from the
body:
eg. excessive salts promote water retention
greater volume increases BP
eg. dehydration
lower volume decreases BP
5. General Functions:
4. Regulation of electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) and
body pH
5. Release hormones:
• Erythropoietin, for hematopoiesis.
• Renin, for blood pressure regulation.
• Calcitriol, active form of vitamin D necessary
for the absorption of calcium from the
intestine.
7. Major Organs of the Urinary System
•Kidneys produce urine.
•Ureters transport urine.
•Urinary bladder stores
urine.
•Urethra passes urine to
outside environment.
8. The Kidneys
•Kidneys are bean-shaped
organs located against the
dorsal wall on either side
of the spine.
•Right kidney is slightly
lower than the left.
•Atop each kidney is an
adrenal gland.
9. The Kidneys
•Helium is the concave
notch of kidneys
where renal artery,
renal vein, ureter,
nerves, and lymphatic
vessels converge.
13. The Kidneys
•Renal Cortex is the outer
region of kidney that
contains the Bowman’s
capsule and collecting
duct of the nephron. Site
of ultrafiltration.
2
14. The Kidneys
•Renal Medulla is the
inner region of the
kidneys, made of renal
pyramids.The renal
pyramids (aka, renal
medulla) are the site of
urine production.
3
15. The Kidneys
•Renal Pelvis is the
central urine
collecting region of
the kidney,
collecting urine
from all major
calyces.
6
17. The Kidneys
•Major Calyx receives
urine from the minor
calyces and
converges to form the
renal pelvis.
5
18. The Ureter
•Ureters are slender tubes
attaching the kidney to the
bladder. Ureters carry collected
urine from the renal pelvis to the
urinary bladder for storage.
Peristalsis aides gravity in urine
transport.
7
20. The Urethra
•Urethra is a thin-
walled tube that carries
urine from the bladder
to the outside of the
body by peristalsis.
•Release of urine is
controlled by two
sphincters.
22. Nephrons
•Nephrons are the structural and functional
units of kidneys.They are responsible for
filtering blood and urine formation.
•Each kidney is composed
of over 1 million nephrons.
27. Nephron Function
FILTRATION:
•Fluid from blood plasma (minus
proteins & blood cells) are forced
out of glomerulus and into
Bowman’s capsule; water, salts,
small molecules and wastes are
filtered out of blood.
•Location: Renal Corpuscle
1
28. Nephron Function
REABSORPTION:
•Most of the water (80%) and
many ions and nutrients are
reabsorbed back into the
blood.
•Location: Proximal Convoluted
Tubule (PCT) & Loop of Henle
2
30. URINE FORMATION:
•Fine-tuning of K+ and H+ in
the urine to regulate levels in
blood
•Urine is transported to renal
pelvis
•Location: Collecting duct
4Nephron Function
37. Nitrogenous Wastes
Urea - main nitrogen containing waste
produced during metabolism; formed in liver as
result of protein breakdown; concentration in
urine mainly determined by dietary intake
Uric Acid – end product of nucleic acid
metabolism; some is also secreted by PCT
Creatinine – normal end product of muscle
metabolism
39. Micturition
Also called urination, diuresis, and voiding
Micturition is the process by which the urinary
bladder empties when it becomes filled.
Voluntary control of an involuntary reflex
40.
41. Micturition Steps
•Bladder collects urine until reach @ 200 ml
•Stretch receptors activate, triggering bladder
contraction reflexes
•Urine is forced past the internal urethral sphincter
into the upper part of the urethra, causing urge to
void
•If postponed, the reflex will occur again after another
200-300 ml are collected
44. Urinalysis
The kidneys perform their homeostatic
functions of controlling the composition of
internal fluids of the body.The by-product of
these activities is urine.
An analysis of urine’s physical and chemical
properties can provide valuable information on
the internal conditions of the body. Drugs and
bacteria can also be found in urinalysis.
46. Physical Characteristics
COLOR
•normal = pale yellow due to the pigment urochrome
and uroerythrin (from hemoglobin breakdown)
•abnormal = colorless, dark yellow, orange, pink, red,
green, brown, or black
Influenced by:
ratio of solutes, diet, blood in urine
2
50. Physical Characteristics
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Measures the concentration of particles in the
urine and evaluates the body’s water balance.
•normal = 1.015 – 1.025
Influenced by:
number and type of solute particles, dehydration
6
51. Chemical Characteristics
PROTEIN/ALBUMIN
Proteins are normally too large to filter out;
presence indicates increased permeability of
glomerular membrane due to injury, high blood
pressure, irritation, toxins
•normal = very small, 0-8 mg/dl
7
52. Chemical Characteristics
GLUCOSE
Glucose is normally all filtered and reabsorbed
(body reabsorbs as much as is needed); presence
indicates high blood sugar concentrations
(excessive carbohydrate intake), stress, diabetes
mellitus
•normal = 0
8
53. Chemical Characteristics
KETONES
Produced when excessive quantities of fats are
being catabolized
•normal = 0
High quantities may be caused by diabetes,
starvation, dieting (too little carbohydrates in diet)
9
54. CELLULAR COMPONENTS
CASTS/CRYSTALS/CELLS
Normally find epithelial cells and some bacterial
cells (,100-1000/ml); presence of RBCs &WBCs
almost always indicates pathological
inflammation of urinary organs; casts are
aggregates of particles that form in the distal
nephron, dislodge, and pass into the urine and
often indicate kidney disease.
10
56. Maintaining the Balance
•The urinary system helps maintain homeostasis by
regulating water balance and removing harmful
substances.
•Blood pH must remain between 7.35 and 7.45 to
maintain homeostasis
•Kidneys increase water volume and sodium in
blood to control blood pressure
•Kidneys recognize hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and
responds (erythropoietin is released in blood,
more RBCs are produced in marrow)
57. Aging & the Urinary System
Age-related problems include:
• Nephrons decrease in number
• Glomerular filtration rate declines
• Water balance is more difficult – kidneys
become less responsive to ADH, sense of
thirst is blunted
• Micturition problems
58. Urine Fun Facts
•1.8 liters of urine is produced per day
•Urine is sterile
•It can whiten your teeth
•World Record: Longest pee is 508s
•The word “piss” is an onomatopoetic term for
urine and has been used since before the 14th
century
•UrineTherapy is a thing…
Editor's Notes
Blood volume and pressure are regulated by adjusting the volume of water lost in the urine.
4. The plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and other ions are regulated by controlling the quantities lost in the urine. Blood pH is stabilized by controlling the loss of hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions in the urine.
5. As the kidneys filter the blood, they are also indirectly measuring the oxygen levels in the blood. Erythropoietin is released if blood oxygen levels fall, stimulating RBC production in red bone marrow.
The aorta passes the blood from the heart to the renal arteries, that then pass it to the kidneys for filtration. Once the blood has been filtered, the wastes are passed to the bladder and the filtered blood returns back into circulation.
A typical kidney is 10 cm long, 5.5 cm wide, 3 cm thick, and 150 g.
Right kidney is slightly lower than the left to make room for the liver!
The adrenal glands are small glands located on top of each kidney. They produce hormones that you can't live without, including sex hormones and cortisol. Cortisol helps you respond to stress and has many other important functions.
Ultrafiltration a type of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane.
Plural is calyces.
The ureters remove the urine from the kidney and pass it to the urinary bladder.
The bladder is small…roughly the size of a walnut when empty. It can hold up to 800 ml (24 oz) voluntarily; up to 2000 ml (60 oz) when obstructed.
As the bladder expands to hold urine, it activates stretch receptors in the wall that monitor volume; when the volume exceeds 200 ml (8 oz) the receptor signals enter our conscious perception …you feel the desire to urinate!
Both sphincter muscles must open to allow micturition (voiding).
Females are more prone to UTI’s
C stands for convoluted
The renal artery brings blood to the kidney for filtration.
The collection of capillaries is called the glomerulus.
The Bowman’s capsule is a sac-like projection that surrounds the glomerulus.
The glomerulus is nestled inside Boman’s capsule.
The glomerulus together with the Boman’s capsule is referred to as the renal corpuscle.
As blood is pushed through the tiny capillaries, the high pressure forces some things to pass through the capillary walls…the walls act like a sieve (a filter).
During filtration, blood enters the afferent arteriole and flows into the glomerulus where filterable blood components, such as water and nitrogenous waste, will move towards the inside of the glomerulus, and nonfilterable components, such as cells and serum albumins, will exit via the efferent arteriole. These filterable components accumulate in the glomerulus to form the glomerular filtrate.
Normally, about 20% of the total blood pumped by the heart each minute will enter the kidneys to undergo filtration; this is called the filtration fraction. The remaining 80% of the blood flows through the rest of the body to facilitate tissue perfusion and gas exchange.
Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed. Overall, approximately 99% of glomerular filtrate gets reabsorbed – only about 1% of original filtrate actually leaves the body as urine.
Needed nutrients are conserved; wastes and toxins are eliminated; blood levels of fluids, acidity, etc are actively regulated.
80% of materials to be reabsorbed are reabsorbed in PCT.
Additional substances are actively removed from the blood (H+, drugs, steroids)
Additional substances are actively removed from the blood (H+, drugs, steroids)
When the concentration of water in the blood decreases, the hypothalamus in the brain signals the posterior pituitary gland to release ADH. Blood carries ADH to the kidney. ADH causes the DCT and collecting ducts to become more permeable and increases water reabsorption. Urine becomes more concentrated, and urine volume decreases.
Urine is mainly composed of water that has not been reabsorbed, which is the way in which the body lowers blood volume, by increasing the amount of water that becomes urine instead of becoming reabsorbed.
Urine is slightly acidic
Phase 1: Filling and storage
During the filling phase the bladder volume increases with very little change to the internal pressure – this is termed compliance. As the bladder fills it becomes spherical and then pear-shaped as it rises up out of the pelvic cavity. During filling the detrusor is relaxed and the bladder neck and external sphincter are contracted maintaining continence. The first desire to void is usually experience at 200ml capacity which can be suppressed by conscious inhibitory control. As the bladder fills up the desire becomes stronger and more difficult to suppress. When the bladder desire is strong the individual will display behaviors to help them hold on ie become restless, hop from one foot to another, fidget, wander…you know…the peepee dance
Phase 2: Voiding
Voiding is initiated voluntarily and can be delayed until a suitable time and place. The external sphincter and bladder neck relax and simultaneously the detrusor muscle contracts. This is co-ordinated via the spinal-pontine-spinal reflex which involves the micturition control center in the pons of the brain. When the external sphincter relaxes the pressure in the urethra is lowered and the pelvic floor relaxes allowing the bladder neck to descend and open. This is known as funnelling. The parasympathetic nerves stimulate the detrusor contraction, thus increasing the intravesical pressure and the urine is expelled under pressure.
Phase 3: Termination of voiding
As emptying is completed the flow reduces and ends. External sphincter closes under voluntary control. Urethra contracts forcing urine above the level of the external sphincter back up into the bladder (approximately 10 ml of urine remains). Cortical micturition control center takes control; this inhibition allows the filling cycle to start again.
When bladder fills with 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors transmit impulses to the CNS and produce a reflex contraction of the bladder.
A thorough urinalysis may provide more information about the general condition of the body than any other set of tests.
Oliguria less than 400 ml/day, seen in dehydration, shock, renal failure
Polyuria, more than 2000 ml/day, seen in increased water ingestion, diabetes mellitus and insipidis
Anuria less than 100 ml/day, seen in renal shut down
Color due to metabolic breakdown of hemoglobin by bile or bile pigments
Colorless may indicated diabetes or taking diuretics
Pale yellow may indicate diabetes insipidus, granular kidney or simply indicate the ingestion of copious amounts of water.
Reddish colors may be due to food pigments (such as beets) certain drugs, or blood in the urine.
Greenish colors indicate either bile pigment (jaundice) or certain bacterial infections.
Brown/Black urine can indicate phenol or metallic poisonings, or hemorrhages due to conditions such as renal injury or malaria.
A milky appearance may indicate fat globules, or pus corpuscles resulting from a UTI.
Odor is due to nitrogenous waste in urine
Diabetes will be sweet, ketonuria will be fruity, there is a maple syrup urine disease
Some initial symptoms characteristic of classic MSUD are:
lethargy.
poor appetite.
weight loss.
weak sucking ability.
irritability.
a distinctive maple sugar odor in earwax, sweat, and urine.
irregular sleep patterns.
alternating episodes of hypertonia (muscle rigidity) and hypotonia (muscle limpness)
pH reflects ability of kidney to maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration
The acidicy or alkalinity can fluctuate depending on the type of food ingested. High protein = acidic; vegetables & wheat = alkaline
Pathological conditions can also affect the pH of urine. Fevers and acidosis lower the pH, whereas anemia, vomiting, and ischuria (urine retention) raise the pH.
The more concentrated the urine, the higher the urine specific gravity, and the more likely that kidney stones will form
Mg/dl is milligrams per deciliter
Albumin is a plasma protein
Catabolized – broken down
URINE is sterile because it contains no living organisms, unless the person that produces is unlucky enough to have a urinary tract or bladder infection. There are less bacteria in urine than in tap water, for example.
Epithelial cells are found in urine as they are the cells that line the urinary tract.
A large number of crystals, or certain types of crystals, may mean kidney stones are present or that there is a problem with how the body is using food.
Kidneys show lots of atrophy in old age. From ages 25 to 85 the number of nephrons decline by 30-40 percent; up to 1/3rd of remaining glomeruli become atherosclerotic, bloodless, and nonfunctional
Kidneys of 90 year old man are 20-40% smaller than those of a 30 yr old and receive only half as much blood.
Water balance
Micturition Problems – urethral sphincters lose muscle tone leading to incontinence in older women. The ability to control micturition (due to stroke/Alzheimer’s). Urinary retention leading to infections (enlarged prostate compresses the urethra and reduces urine flow, making it harder to empty bladder)
URINE is sterile because it contains no living organisms, unless the person that produces is unlucky enough to have a urinary tract or bladder infection. There are less bacteria in urine than in tap water, for example. CLARIFICATION: In the bladder, that is. But as soon as it leaves your body, it can pick up bacteria from the urethra and air.
Ancient Roman doctors actually told their patients to rinse their mouths with pee for whiter teeth. And surprisingly, this wasn't an entirely crazy idea — the ammonia in urine can actually make your teeth whiter, but good luck finding the courage to swish it around in your mouth.
Ancient Roman spies used urine as invisible ink to write secrets between the lines of their official documents, hence the saying: “read between the lines.” The messages appeared only when heated.[1]
And in pre-industrial times, urine was used in cleaning fluids because of the ammonia.
If you happen to be lost in the desert without water, do not drink your urine. It's full of salt, which can actually make you more dehydrated instead of quenching your thirst. In fact, the US Army Field Manual strictly advises against drinking urine for survival.
The World Record for the longest pee is 508 seconds.That's almost 8.5 minutes.
Urine therapy, or drinking one’s own urine, is very popular in several countries. In Germany for example, nearly 5 million people regularly drink the liquid. In China, over 3 million people drink urine. Singers Jim Morrison and John Lennon and political activist Gandhi were also advocates. Boy George drank his own urine for six months and even consumed it in public. Urine therapists suggest that urine should be sipped, not guzzled, and it should be morning urine caught in midstream. A person doing urine therapy also needs to avoid salty foods and drink plenty of water.
Women typically urinate in a wider stream than men due to having sex and giving birth. Centuries ago, the stream of the urine was used as a test to determine a woman’s virginity. If she urinated like a man, she was thought to be a virgin.[2]Men who pierce their penis may alter their urine stream. The piercing may cause spraying, split stream, and so on. Some men need to cover the piercing hole with a hand to urinate in a consistent stream.