Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on September 21, 2017 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City

1. TO GOD BE THE GLORY...
Thanks be to GOD, who gives us
the victory through our Lord Jesus
Christ. 1 Cor. 15:57.

2. Upgrading Production
Technology of MEDIUM Scale
Commercial Goat Breeder and
Fattener
Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Regional Field Office No. 1
Capitol Compound, Aguila Road, City of San Fernando, La Union
Paper presented on Upgrading
Production Technology of MEDIUM
Scale Commercial Goat Breeder and
Fattener, Sept. 21, 2017 at DA BAR
DILIMAN,QUEZON CITY
JOVITA M. DATUIN Ph. D
Chief, Science Research
Specialist CP 0908-399-8946
Research Division, DA RFO I City
of San Fernando, La Union

4. GOAT INVENTORY IN THE COUNTRY
AS OF JULY 1, 2017
Around 99.01 or 3.76 million heads of goat were
raised in backyard farms while the remaining 0.98
percent or 4.9 thousand heads of goat were
raised in commercial farms.

5. As of JULY 1, 2017, the regions with highest goat inventory were
Ilocos Region, Central Luzon, Central Visayas, Davao Region
and Western Visayas. These five (5) regions accounted for 53.28
percent of the country’s total goat inventory.

6. GOATS ARE COMMONLY
KNOWN AS
“POOR MAN’S COW”
“LIVING MOWERS”
NOW
“LIVING ASSETS”
(GOAT IS GOLD)

8. Ang CHEVON ay
isa sa
pinakamainam na
uri ng karne
High market potential
Mababa ang
saturated fat
kumpara sa manok
at karneng baboy
Mababa ang
kolesterol at
mataas sa protina
SLAUGHTER GOAT

9. • Pinakamalapit sa gatas ng Ina
• 3.8 times na Mas mataas ang
calcium content kumpara sa
gatas ng Ina
• Ang ibang produkto gaya ng
sabon ay nakakatulong upang
pagandahin ang kutis
DAIRY GOAT
Healthier
milk than
cow’s milk

10. Fits smallhold farm conditions Integral to Filipino festivities
• Maamo at madaling alagaan
• Maliit na capital lamang ang kailangan

11. BREEDS, BREEDING AND
STOCK SELECTION

12. Traditional
Breeding
No Breeding
Program
Inbreeding
Pre-Mature
Breeding
No Herd
Segregation
Size, Weight
and age
No Timing
No Nutrition
Program
No Buck to
Doe ratio

13. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION BENEFITS
1. UPGRADING Genetic
improvement of
farmers goats
through crosses
with Anglo-
Nubian and Boer
• Production of
bigger kids
• Better ADG
than native stocks
• Shorter time to
attain sexual
maturity and
market weight
• Higher value of
upgrades

15. BOER

16. SAANEN

17. TOGGENBURG

18. -Small, stocky and low-set body
- The color ranges from red, white,
black or a combination of these
colors
- at mature age, it weighs 20 to
30 kilograms
- Milk produced is just enough for
its kids
NATIVE GOATS

19. UPGRADES

20. Selection & Culling

21. SELECTION
Male Breeding Stocks
– Healthy with no deformities
– Straight and strong legs
– Active and with high libido
– Normal testicles
– With good pedigree
– Clean, shiny,healthy coat
– 6-8 months and not < 25
kg
Female Breeding Stock
- Healthy with no deformities
- Straight and strong legs
- Normal genitals
- With good mothering ability
- Normal teats(smooth, firm,
no infection and swelling)
- Good pedigree
- 6-8 months of age & not <20
kg

22. STRONG LEGS
SHINY HAIRCOAT/GOOD BODY
CONFORMATION
NORMAL TESTICLES
SELECTION
Prolific

23. CULLING
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
• Overshot and undershot jaws
• Cryptorchid
• Extra teats
• Twisted legs or feet
• Poor kid size
• Poor maternal instinct
• Poor milkers

24. OVERSHOT/UNDERSHOT
EXTRA TEATS
CULLING

25. SPLIT TESTICLES TWISTED/FOLDED EARS
ABNORMAL GROWTH OF HORN
CULLING

26. SYSTEMS OF BREEDING
• INBREEDING - system of mating
two individuals whose relationship
is closer than the average
relationship of the individuals in the
population.

27. • OUTBREEDING - system where unrelated breeds
are mated to produce an offspring of the next
generation.
Pure breeding - mated of unrelated individuals in the
same breed
Crossbreeding - mating of individuals from different
breeds

28. -Avoidance of breeding during the months of February
and March of each year to control kidding during the
rainy days ;
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
10/04/2014 28
Alternatives to traditional
breeding management

29. BEST TIME TO
BREED
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
Day 1 Day 3Day 2
Early Best
Ovulation
Late

30. Reproductive Phenomena
Goat Sheep
Weaning Age 2-4 months 3-5 months
Age of Puberty 4-8 months 6-10 months
Estrus/Heat 2-3 days 24-48 hours
Estrus Cycle 18-21 days 15-19 days
Ovulation 33 hours
Gestation/Pregnancy
145-155 days 144-151 days

31. Signs of Estrus/Heat
• Mounting and receptiveness
• Shaking of tail from side to side
• Bleating
• Mucous discharge from the vulva
• Vulva is swollen and inflamed
• Nervousness
• Frequent urination
• Lack/capricious appetite
• Decrease in milk yield
Signs of Estrus/Heat
Shaking of tail from side to side
Bleating
Mucous discharge from the vulva
Vulva is swollen and inflamed
Nervousness
Frequent urination
Lack/capricious appetite
Decrease in milk yield

32. UPGRADINGUPGRADING
3 months 50% upgrade kid
3 months 75% upgrade kid
3 months old native kid

33. Age
Determination
33

34. Age Determination Thru Dentition
Milk teeth (<1 year old) A pair of permanent
teeth (1-1 ½ year old)
Two permanent teeth (2-2
½ years old)
Three permanent teeth
(3-3 ½ years old)
Four permanent teeth (4-
4 ½ years old)
Teeth start to fall-off (>5
years old)

35. HOUSING
AND
FENCING
HOUSING
AND
FENCING

36. SPACE REQUIREMENTS
FOR GOATS
For a Breeding Female
Zero grazing (with Kids) 1.2 m2
Daytime Grazing 0.8 m2
Breeding Buck
Zero grazing 2.0 m2
Daytime grazing/exercise 1.5 m2
Young Stock (1 yr)
Zero grazing 0.8 m2
Daytime grazing 0.5 m2

37. SHED DESIGN
2 m
1 m
3 m

38. Types and Samples of
Goat Housing

39. Housing Design

44. PRODUCTION PEN

45. GROWING PEN

46. KIDDING PEN

47. EXPERIMENTAL PEN

48. ISOLATION PEN

49. Fence (Concrete Post and
Hogwire)

50. FENCE
(Interlink and GI pipe)

51. FEEDING
&
NUTRITION
FEEDING
&
NUTRITION

52. WaterWater
VitaminsVitaminsFatsFats MineralsMinerals
ProteinProtein
Nutritional
Requirements
‐
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Nutrient Requirements of Goats

53. rumen
1st stomach
small
intestine
anus
rectum
large
intestine
abomasum
4th stomach
omasum
3rd stomach
Reticulum
2nd stomach
esophagus
mouth
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF
GOAT

55. 1-Rumen- responsible for roughage breaking
2-Reticulum- where fermentation process takes place
3-Omasum- many folds, remove water from the food
particles
4-Abomasum- true stomach which contains hydrochloric
acid and enzymes
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE STOMACH

56. COMPARATIVE FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND METABOLISM IN GOAT
AND SHEEP
CHARACTERISTICS GOATS SHEEP
1. Activity Bipedal stance & walk
longer distances
Walk shorter distance
2. Feeding Pattern Browser, more selective Grazer, less selective
3. Browser and tree leaves Relished Less relished
4. Taste sensation More discerning Less discerning
5.Variety in feeds Greater preference Lesser preference
6. DMI
for meat
for lactation
3% of BW
4-6% of BW
3% of BW
3% of BW
7. Digestive Efficiency With course
Roughage Higher
Less efficient
8. Water intake/unit DMI Lower Higher
9. Water Economy More Efficient Less
10. Fat Mobilization Increased during period of
feed
Less Evident
11. Dehydration
Feces
Urine
Less water loss
More concentrated
Relatively higher loss
Less concentrated

57. FEEDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• Freely grazing
• Herding
• Tethering
• Pure confinement
• Integrated with
crops/orchard

58. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION BENEFITS
2. Stall feeding Goats were raise
under complete or
semi confinement
system and fed cut
and carry with
available herbaceous
forages supplemented
with leguminous tree
leaves and
concentrate.
Housing has elevated
slatted floors and
made from locally
available materials
such as bamboo and
coco lumber
• More balanced
forage diet
• Reduced mortality
due to less parasite
infestation
• Less expensive
than chemical
drenching
• Better
performance of
stocks

59. STALL FEEDING

60. FREELY GRAZING/HERDING

61. TETHERING

62. PURE CONFINEMENT

63. FISH-GOAT INTEGRATION

64. Feeding Management
JSJ Farm (Jeffrey Lim)
Morning: forage (kakawate,
ipil-ipil, mulberry, pachong,
few indigo and rensonii)
Noon: Corn silage
Afternoon: feeds 125grams
concentrate per head.
Forage should be sufficient
that the stocks could
consume within 1 hour.
Olpindo Farm
8AM forage ( indigo, rensonii,
napier (pachong, Guatemala,
African) 1.5kg. per feeding
10AM feeds 200grams per
head during flushing
2 PM forage (breeders were
fed with high fiber for
improved rumen digestion)
4 PM feeds 200grams per
head during flushing

65. FEED NEEDED BY GOATS
• Fresh forage/herbage
Dry Matter (DM) Needs - 30 kg
(weight of the animal) x 3% of the
weight = 0.9 kg DM
Fresh Forage with 20% DM
= 0.9 kg/20%DM
= 4.5 kg Fresh forage/day

66. HERBAGE WITH ADDITIONAL
200g CONCENTRATE
DM Needed 0.9 kg DM
DM Conc. (87%DM) 200g x 87% = 0.17 kg
DM grasses (20%DM) 0.9 kg - 0.17 kg
3.65 kg fresh grasses/day
Daily Ration 200g concentrate
3.65 kg grasses

67. FEEDS AVAILABLE TO GOATS
• Natural bushes and trees
• Natural grasses
• Crop weeds
• Crop residues/Farm by-products
- Rice straw - Pineapple pulp
- Rice bran - Coconut by-product
- Corn stover - Peanut hay
- Sugar cane by-product

68. • Planted legumes
- Ipil-ipil - Renzoni
- Desmanthus - Kakawate
- Arachis - Calopogonium
- Centrosema - Flaminga
• Planted grasses
- Napier - Guinea
- Carabao - Stargrass
- Paragrass - Corn

69. Legumes
(30%)
Legumes
(30%)
Desmanthus Centrosema
Flemingia Stylo
Arachis Siratro Calopogonium
Pictures courtesy of SRC, CLSU

70. Natural bushes
and trees Rensonii
Acacia Kakawate Indigo
Sesbania Katuray Ipil-ipil

71. FORAGE CORN NAPIER
PARAGRASS
GUINEA GRASS

72. ACACIA

73. CAMACHILE

74. TAMARIND

75. RENSONII
KATURAY
IPIL-IPILINDIGO

76. KAKAWATE

77. STYLO CENTROSEMA
CALOPO MACROPTILIUM

78. LEGUME STRATA

79. Hagonoy
Lantana
Talahib
Noxious
Weeds
Castor bean

80. FARM BY-PRODUCTS

81. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
Improved Feed
Resources (Crops and
by-products)
• UTRS+molasses + corn/rice bran:
base diet provides N while
molasses/corn/rice serve as sources of
readily soluble sugars for microbial
protein synthesis(MPS)
• Rice straw+UMMB+MPTS:Rice
straw serves as base diet, UMMB as
supplement lick providing additional
N, energy and minerals;
• MPTS is a cheap source of readily
degradable fiber and insoluble
• Soilage + concentrate mix and rice
bran are mixed 1:3
Soybean pods
Acacia pods
Rice straw
Ipil-ipil

82. CHOPPED CORN LEAVES CORN COB AND STOVERS
SOYBEAN HULL AND PODS
Ingredien
ts
Parts by
wt (kg)
Cost/kg
Total
Cost
Rice Bran 35 14 490
Corn 14 18 252
Copra Meal 34 20 255
SBOM 5 18 90
Molasses 10 19 190
Salt 1 20 20
Dicalphos 1 50 50
TOTAL 100 P 1347
CONCENTRATE RATION

83. Types of Feed Resources
RESIDUES and BY-PRODUCTS
Molasses

84. CONCENTRATE MIXING

85. CONCENTRATE FEEDING ROUGHAGE FEEDING
FODDER TREE FEEDING UMMB FEEDING

86. UMMB
Ingredients Parts by wt
(kg)
Cost/kg Total
Cost
Rice Bran 38 5 190
Molasses 38 7 266
Urea 10 7 70
Cement 10 3 30
Salt 1 20 20
Dicalphos 3 15 45
TOTAL 100 P6.31 P631

87. Types of Feed Resources
RESIDUES and BY-PRODUCTS
Corn stovers Soybean pods
Rice strawAcacia pods
CLSU SRC

88. UMMB Ingredients
• Molasses - 39 kgs
• Urea - 10 kgs
• Rice bran - 25 kgs
• Soybean Meal - 13 kgs
• Cement - 10 kgs
• Salt - 3 kgs
100 kgs
UMMB
MAKING

89. Development of Natural
Micro Nutrient Balls
A novelty innovation
of micro nutrient balls
for all ages of goats

90. Features of JOVIMIN BALLS
JOVIMIN balls is a feed supplement which
contains highly digestible fermented
protein, molasses, salt, mineral mixture,
bran, macro and micro minerals and
vitamins – all solidified by natural binder. It
supplies fermentable readily available
protein and energy. It is recommended for
all physiological ages.( weanlings, growing,
fattening, pregnant and lactating animals.

91. Why develop
JOVIMIN BALLS?
Poor quality roughages, e.g. cereal straws, poor quality
hay, or dry-season forage that contains a lot of stem but
not much leaf, can be deficient in crude protein (N).
Insufficient N in the diet means that rumen
microorganisms cannot make enough microbial protein
for the maintenance or growth of ruminants. This can
become critical, resulting in loss of condition and
increased disease risk. A reality of climate change
affecting the growth of crops, forages for livestock
requires an additional micro nutrient supplementation

92.  Goats have an ability to thrive in harsh
environments.
There high digestive ability enables them to deal
with high cellulose/high fiber diets of a very coarse
nature.
Goat is an intelligent animal and usually
manages on free range to eat herbs, weeds and
other deep rooted plant material which has
relatively high mineral content.
Importance of Mineral Nutrient for Goats

93.  A goat is at least 50% more productive and
efficient for its body weight, means that if a goat is
giving its own body weight in milk every 10 days or
less, it is therefore utilising vast of vitamins and
minerals.
A goat also needs more minerals and vitamins
for maintenance too: with its relatively large
digestive system in relation to its body size, the
work of digestion involves the use and loss of
large quantities of minerals.
Importance of Mineral Nutrient for Goats

94.  Calcium and Phosphorous considered a
high levels minerals, interactive with Vitamin D
as well as iron and copper,99% is stored in the
skeleton and 1% is used vitally in enzymatic
processes, cell transport & blood clotting.
 Normally a positive calcium balance during
pregnancy when the skeleton is added to and
after kidding where up to 30% of the skeleton
may be utilized.
Importance of Mineral Nutrient for Goats

95. Value-adding and Product development
An innovative product – micro nutrient balls, which is
made safe for goats at all growing stage
Parameters Percentage
pH 4.95%
Ash 15.91%
Crude protein 5.95%
DM 85.64%
MINERALS
P 2.56 ppm
Zn 40.69 ppm
Mn 128.73 ppm
Cu 7.78 ppm
Fe 3559.6 ppm
Results of analysis issued by Regional Feed
Laboratory, DA-RFO 1, San Fernando City, LU

96. Mgnesium 70% is found in the bones and teeth,
the rest in the blood. Again up to a third can be
mobilised at times of need.
Zinc also found in skin, hair and enzymes.
Supplementing with Zn is a real benefit especially
to suckling goats.
Manganese occurs mainly in the liver .Change in
the sex ration in favour of male twins was reported
and a lowering of the reproductive efficiency in the
males and a lower conception rate in the females
with delayed oestrus observed.
Importance of Mineral Nutrient for Goats

97. Iodine in the diet gives directly more in the
milk.Also concentrates in the thyroid gland in the
throat and is used in the production of thyroxine
sets for the goats metabolism.
Goats with deficiency in copper can be seen with
the appearance of “Swayback” actually does sway
and the goat has difficulty walking.
Iron is a component of blood hemoglobin contains
75% of the body,fundamental to all living tissue.
Importance of Mineral Nutrient for Goats

98. Cobalt directly involved in the formation of Vitamin
B12. Gives of flavours in loss of appetite,
weakness,emaciation,anemia,low productivity, etc.
It has been reported by Mckenzie that all feral
goats in the UK live near the sea because salt is so
important to their existence.
It is now recognised for goats relatively large
quantities of K are needed for retarded growth, low
feed intake with poor milk yields.
Importance of Mineral Nutrient for Goats

99.  Molasses is a major a source of energy and a
widely available concentrated form of fermentable
carbohydrate.
Raw Materials
 It is important that urea and molasses are
provided together to provide ammonia and energy
at the same time – hence their combination in
UMMB.
Molasses

100.  Provide some key nutrients including fat,
protein and phosphorus.
 Acts as an absorbent for the moisture
contained in molasses and gives structure to the
block. It may be replaced by other fibrous
materials.
Raw Materials
Wheat or Rice bran

101. Other crop residues
Other crop residues can also be included
in UMMB. This depends on availability, and
some crop residues and by-products will
provide more nutrients such as corn grits or
binlid.
Raw Materials

102. Binder is necessary in order to solidify the
blocks usually cement is used.
The use of cement has raised questions about
possible negative effects on animals.
Binder

103.  Research on the use of cement or its by-
product, cement kiln dust, as a mineral supplement
have not shown adverse effects at levels of 1 to 3
percent of the total diet dry matter.
 The USDA has restricted the use of cement kiln
dust since it could cause a deposit of heavy metals
in animal tissue. Please take note of this
observation, therefore we need to have a natural
or organic binder.
Binder

104. Proximate Analysis
Nutrient
Analysis
Untreated
Rice
Straw
Urea
Treated
Rice
Straw
Goat
Concentrate
Mixture
Urea
Molasses
Mineral
Block
JOVIMIN
Micro
Nutrient
Balls
Dry Matter 85.88 85.62 94.95 91.85 85.64
Crude
Protein %
4.60 11.32 20.80 32;50 6.99
Crude Fiber 30.70 24.40 8.40 8.00 2.45
Crude Fat - - - - 6.39
Ether
Extract
1.76 1.20 7.76 2.25 -
Ash 15.51 19.81 12,67 31.95 15.71
Nitrogen
Free Extract
47.43 43.25 50.49 7.40 -

105. PROCESSING JOVIMIN- A MICRO NUTRIENT BALLS
Farmers/End User
Adoption of
Tech-options
Packing &
Drying
Mixing up of
raw materials
Air DryingAir Drying
Preparation of the
Feed Ingredients
Moulding
Fermentation of
materials
Fermentation of
materials

106. Value-adding and Product development
An innovative product – JOVIMIN micro nutrient balls,
which is made safe for goats at all physiological stages
Parameters Percentage
Moisture 19.92%
Ash 15.71%
Crude protein 6.99%
Crude Fiber 2.45%
Crude Fat 6.39%
MINERALS
Ca 21,985 ppm
Mg 5,674 ppm
Na 8,224 ppm
K 19,716 ppm
Cu 12.47 ppm
Fe 2,223 ppm
Mn 138.26 ppm
Zn 29.86 ppm
Results of analysis issued by National Institute of
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University
of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna

107. Minerals Function Deficiency Requiremen
t
JOVIMIN Micro
Nutrient Balls
Sources
Calcium
(Ca)
Necessary for
muscle
contraction,
nerve
conduction,
blood
clotting
Rickets,
bowing of
limbs,
lameness
0.4% 21.9 +1.4 ppm Legumes,
limestone, bone
meal,
di-calcium
phosphate
Phosphorous
(P)
Soft tissue
and bone
growth.
Energy
metabolism
and acid –
base
balance.
Reduced
growth, pica,
decreased
serum
phosphorous
0.4% 2.56 + 0.28 ppm Protein
supplements,
cereal by products,
mono and di
calcium phosphate
Sodium(Na) As
electrolytes
in the body
and lost in
diarrhea
Reduced
growth and
Feed efficiency
0.2% 8.224 + 92 ppm Salt lick
Macro Nutrients

108. Minerals Function Deficiency Requirement JOVIMIN
Micro
Nutrient Balls
Sources
Potassium
(K)
As
electrolytes
in the body
and lost in
diarrhea
Deficient in high
concentrate
diets-poor
appetite,
urinary calculi,
stiffness
progressing
from front to
rear, pica
0.8-2.0% 19.7 + 264
ppm
Forages
Chloride As
electrolytes
in the body
and lost in
diarrhea
Depressed
growth
0.15% Forages
Macro Nutrients

109. Minerals Function Deficiency Requirement JOVIMIN
Micro Nutrient
Balls
Sources
Sulfur (S) Protein synthesis,
including milk
production and hair
production,
production of amino
acids enzymes,
hormones,
hemoglobin,
connective tissue
and vitamins
Poor
performance,
hair loss,
excessive
saliva, excess
tearing of
eyes,
weakness
0.2-0.32% Sulfur blocks
Magnesiu
m (Mg)
Proper function of
nervous and
muscular systems,
enzyme systems;
closely associated
with metabolism of
calcium &
phosphorous.
Essential component
of bones and teeth.
Death; loss of
appetite,
excitability,
staggering,
convulsion,
deficiency on
fast growing
lush pasture,
especially
cool season
grasses
called grass
tetany
0.18-0.4% 5.6 + 41% Forages,
magnesium
oxide fed with
protein
supplement to
prevent grass
tetany
Macro Nutrients

110. Minerals Function Deficiency Requirement JOVIMIN
Micro Nutrient
Balls
Sources
Iron (Fe) Component of
hemoglobin,
required for oxygen
transport;
component of
certain enzymes
Anemia lack
of
hemoglobin
50-1000 ppm 2,223 + 60
ppm
Iron is stored in
the liver,
spleen and
bone marrow;
iron is very low
in milk, kids
raised for a
long time on
milk alone will
develop
anemia
Copper
(Cu)
Essential for
formation of
hemoglobin;
component of
enzymes
Anemia,
rough
“bleached
coat”,
diarrhea and
weight loss
10-80 ppm 12.47 ppm +
0.04
Forages,
grains, mineral
supplements,
trace mineral
salt, organic
copper
Cobalt
(Co)
Essential for
formation of vitamin
B-12;Rumen
microbes utilize
cobalt for growth
Loss of
appetite,
anemia,
decreased
production,
weakness
0.1-10 ppm Most natural
feedstuffs
Micro Nutrients

111. Minerals Function Deficiency Requirement JOVIMIN Micro
Nutrient Balls
Sources
Zinc (Zn) Required for the
immune system
function
Dermatitis,
thick dry
patches of
skin hair loss,
lesions,
swollen feet,
poor hair
growth, loss of
hair; essential
for male
reproduction
40-500 ppm 29.86 +1.41
ppm
Bran and
germ of
cereals
Manganese Bone formation
reproduction
enzyme functioning.
Reluctance to
walk,
deformity of
forelegs,
Delayed onset
of estrus, poor
conception
rate; Low birth
weight
40-1000 ppm 138.26 + 4.33 Manganese
Micro Nutrients

112. Minerals Function Deficiency Requirement JOVIMIN
Micro Nutrient
Balls
Sources
Selenium Requires vitamin E
reproduction;
metabolism of
copper, cadmium,
mercury, sulfur, and
vitamin E.
Poor growth
rate, kids
unable to
sucks; white
muscle
disease;
sudden death
by heart
attack
progressive
paralysis;
retained
afterbirth
0.2-3ppm Most plants
which are not
grown is
selenium
deficient soils
Molybden
um
Very rare 0.1-3 ppm
Iodine Formation of thyroid
hormones which
regulate energy
metabolism
reproduction
Late term
abortion,
hairless fetus,
weak kids
0.5-50 ppm Iodized salt
Micro Nutrients

113. Certificate of Registration

114. GOAT
MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES

115. CARE OF THE
BREEDER BUCK

116. • Male kids should be fed and
handled much in the same way as
female kids.
• Kids should be weaned and given
a higher energy ration after 3
months.
• Bucks need plenty of exercise to
make them active, provide them
sizeable space.

117. • Select male breeder when 8-10
months old
• Prevent overly aggressive males
from mounting pregnant does
• Hair should be clipped and face
should be washed with soap and
water as a sanitary measure to
reduce odor & discourage lice.

118. • Should not be allowed to serve
does for the first time when 8
months old.
• Should not serve more than 20
does before it is one year old
• In controlled/hand mating, 4
services weekly is allowed.

119. • In restricted breeding, breeding
load should be 25 for every buck
• Buck should not be allowed to
breed their daughter because of its
disadvantageous effect
(Inbreeding)

120. CARE OF THE DOE
(DRY & PREGNANT)

121. • Each successfully bred female
should be properly recorded.
• After breeding, the milking doe
will gradually give less and less
milk until after 3 months. This is a
sign to stop milking.

122. • If it continues to produce milk, it
should be dried off at least 6 to 8
weeks before the expected date
of kidding.
• This is done by gradually
omitting the evening milking &
milking them every other day.

123. • Intervals of milking should then be
increased between until the milk
flow ceases.
• Milking could be stop abruptly by
merely not milking the doe but it
would be necessary to give
careful attention to her udder.

124. For its relief it could be milked if
udder is full.
Dry does need exercise.
 If space is limited, artificial
arrangements may be made for
them to play in, such as, a box to
jump on; a seesaw to climb and so
forth.

125. Heavily pregnant does should not
be allowed to exercise.
Separate expectant females from
the rest of the herd about one week
prior to delivery to avoid injuries
that may result to abortion.
Observe closely for signs of
approaching kidding.

126. The signs of approaching kidding are as
follows:
Udder and teats enlarged two months
before kidding.
Becomes nervous and bleats low.
A slight mucous discharge may
appear (more opaque, and slightly
yellow).

127. • Paw her bedding around.
• A slight mucous discharge may
appear (more opaque, and
slightly yellow).
• Becomes more restless and lies
down and gets up; then lies
down and strains slightly.

128. • With these signs, place the doe in
a bedded dry stall (1 m x 1.5 m),
which was previously disinfected
and freed from drafts
• Leave undisturbed.
• The afterbirth is usually expelled in
30 minutes to four hours after the
kids are born.

129. • After kidding, offer the doe with
clean drinking water to replace
lost body fluid.
• After a while, offer it with forage
and concentrates.

130. Gestation Table for Goats
(based on average gestation period of 150 days)
When Bred Expected Month Day
January June 1
February July 0
March August 3
April September 3
May October 3
June November 3
July December 3
August January 3
September February 3
October March 1
November April 1
December May 1

131. CARE OF LACTATING
GOATS

132. Breeding dates should be recorded to
prevent the doe from kidding
unexpectedly.
Failure to keep records often cause
death of kids from cold or lack of care.
Keep milk-type goats in a quiet
environment before and during
milking.

133. • Clip hairs in the udder regularly to
prevent contamination of the milk
during milking.
• Separate the buck from the milking
herd to avoid taint in the milk.

134. • To get the best milk results, the
following are important:
Quickness
Quietness
Gentleness
Regularity of the milking process

135. CARE OF THE
NEWBORN KIDS

136. • The kid should receive the
first milk or colostrums.
• It is essential both as
laxative and internal
antiseptic and removes the
meconium or fecal matter
from the kid.
• After several hours, lead
the kid to the doe and
direct the kids mouth
towards the teat.

137. • Place the kid in the brooder
box and keep it out of draft.
• If doe died while kidding, the kid should be
given a liberal dose of any vegetable oil or
a little milk with white of fresh egg for their
bowels to function normally.
• Give an enema using a baby syringe.

138. • Allow the kid to run with the does 3-5
days after.
• If lactating does are intended for twice
a day milking, keep the kids in the pen
and individually hand feed with milk.
• Observe closely their condition and
development.

139. Guard against wet bedding in kid’s
pen.
Change beddings of kids 2 or 3
times daily.
In a less extensive production or if
milking is only once-a-day, allow
the kids to run with the older
stocks.

140. • Keep them in the shelter where
creep feeds and fresh water are
available.
• Protect kids from predatory
animals.

141. CARE OF THE
WEANER/GROWER

142. Separate buck weanlings from the
breeding herd to avoid premature
breeding.
Allocate separate paddock for
weanlings or growers.
Excess number of males can either
be sold as breeders or grown as
slaughter animals.

143. • Observe and record the growth
performance and health condition
of the animals.
• Practice culling if necessary.
• Allow the doelings, 8-10 mos. old,
to run with the breeding herd.

144. Husbandry Practices

145. Hoof trimming
• prevent malformation of the
toes
• prevent foot rot that results
from manure getting inside the
untrimmed hoof.

146. • A sharp knife, pruning shears or a
broad sharp chisel can be used to
trim
• Can be done in damp or cold
weather when the hooves are more
pliable.

147. Hoof trimming

148. Hoof trimming

150. Disbudding
• Horns are dangerous and painful
to remove from mature goats.
• Remove the horn buds when the
kid is about 4-5 weeks old
• Use hot-iron cautery

151. Steps:
1. Clip the hair around the base of
the horn bud.
2. Restrain the animal properly to
avoid unnecessary burning.
3. Heat the dehorner red-hot (iron
pipe 1.3 cm in diameter).

152. 4. Press down the red-hot dehorner
over the bud and quickly remove
it.
5. Cover the burnt area with
vaseline

153. Disbudding

155. Castration
• All buck kids not intended for
breeding should be castrated.
• Best done when the kids are 2-4
weeks old.

156. • Operate early in the morning to
minimize bleeding.
• Avoid exciting the kids before
and after castration.

157. Castration

158. Castration

159. Weaning
• For dairy purpose, kids maybe
weaned totally from does
immediately or about 3 days after
kidding and then raised by hand-
feeding.
• If milk is secondary factor in raising,
the kids are weaned at the age of
not less than 3 months.

160. By this time the kids must have
experienced consuming solid foods,
particularly concentrates and
roughage.
At weaning separate the buck kids
from the kid herd.
This would prevent some of the doe
kids from being bred too young.

161. • Breeding too young stunts kids
growth.
• Doe kids about 8-10 month old
should be allowed to run with
the breeding herd. At this stage
they are ready for breeding.

162. Weaning

163. Record Keeping

164. Identification
This is essential for their registration &
breeding, feeding, selection, kidding and
culling.
1. Permanent -includes color patterns as
photographs, tattooing, ear
notching and branding.
2. Temporary -consists of neck chains
and ear tags.

165. Ear tagging

167. Production Records
a) Records of amount of daily,
weekly or monthly milk and fat
production of individual does
b) Number of milking days
c) Doe’s date of birth, her sire and
dam, number and sex of kids,
number weaned, birth weight,
monthly weight gain, weaning
weight and dry dates

168. Reproduction and/or
Breeding records
–date of kidding
–date of service and buck used
–pregnancy diagnosis with specific
diagnosis
–expected kidding date
– estrus period
– kidding interval.

169. • observations on incidence of
mastitis & brucellosis
• kidding trouble
• foot rot, scours and parasitic
infestation & date and frequency
of treatment
• vaccination given
Herd Health and Disease Control
Records

170. Feed Record
• amount and kind of grain,
roughage or pasture fed
• estimated composition of feeds
• relative cost

171. Other Records
Herd inventory record
Daily increase or decrease of
animal numbers in herd
Pasture production, harvesting or
rotation period, animal dispersal
record, monthly weights of animals
in herd
Personnel services record and
expense

172. Selection and Culling

173. Tips on Selection:
1. Select individuals that are large
for their age among their herd mates.
2. They should have the ability to
grow rapidly from birth to
weaning.
3. Select kids from does that breed
regularly and preferably does that
kid at least 3 in 2 years

174. 4. Consider multiple birth as
a criterion in selection.
5. Select goats for high fertility and
viability rather than for rapid
growth.
6. Select for high milk
production and persis-
tency of lactation.

175. 7. Select replacement stock on the
basis of parental performance
such as:
• growth rate
• high milk production
• easy milkers, and others.

176. Disease Prevention and
Management
Treatment for Lameness
Mixture of turmeric and chili.
Administered orally
Treatment for skin infections
Ground madre de cacao and neem
tree leaves with a small quantity of
water.
Applied externally using a
paintbrush.
Treatment for diarrhea
Bamboo charcoal
Administer approximately 3
tablespoons. orally.
Treatment for Respiratory
Disease
Ground chili
Administer 1 tablespoon orally.

177. DISHES OUT OF GOAT’S MEAT
• Tapa
• Adobo
• Kilawin
• Papait
• Goat steak
• Braised meat chop
• Higado
• Sinampalukan
• Barbeque
• Caldereta
• Asado
• Menudo
• Pochero
• Afritada
10/04/2014 177

178. Goat-based Add-In
Enterprises
Cajetas CandyFetta Cheese
White Cheese
Fresh Goat’s MIlk
Jeff Lim’s produce
10/04/2014 178

179. Featured Goat Breeder
Farms
Olpindo Farm
Brgy. Pogonsili, Aguilar, Pangasinan
Contact Person:
Mr. Joven Pesono
JSJ Farm
Brgy. Caturay, Gerona, Tarlac
Contact Person:
Engr. Jeffrey Lim

180. CROP-ANIMAL INTEGRATION

181. • Magsasaka sa sahod-ulan ang
mga itinuturing na mga
pinakamahirap na mga pamilya.
• Isa sa mga pangunahing dahilan
ay ang kakulangan o kawalan ng
patubig.

182. Ang systems approach ang isa sa
mga ipinapayong pamamaraan
upang matugunan ang
pangunahing problema sa
pagsasaka sa sahod ulan.
Ang sistemang pagsasama ng
paghahalamanan at pag-aalaga
ng mga hayop ay may
mahalagang papel tungo sa mas
maunlad na pamumuhay sa
sahod ulan.

183. INCOME SOURCE
AMOUNT,
Php
%
CONTRIBU-
TION
•PAGHAHALAMAN 84,232 31.85
•PAGHAHAYUPAN 160,520 60.70
•KITA MULA SA IBANG
PARAAN
19,720 7.45
KABUUAN 264,472 100
Mas siguradong panggagalingan
ng kita

184. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
MONTH
INFLOW
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
OUTFLOW
CashInflow CashOutflow
• Pagkakaroon ng regular at siguradong cash
inflow

185. ITEM VALUE
GROSS INCOME 244,752.50
Crop production 84,232.50
Livestock Production 160,520.00
Goat Sales 10,000.00
Cattle Sales 22,000.00
Goat Inventory 91,500.00
Cattle Inventory 36,000.00
Non-cash income from Manure 1,020.00
GROSS EXPENSES 121,138.55
Crop production 32,841.05
Goat production 39,172.50
Cattle production 49,125.00
NET INCOME 123,613.95
Income from crops (42%) 51,391.45
Income from animals (58%) 72,222.50
RETURN ON TOTAL EXPENSES 102.04%
Panangga sa maaaring pagkalugi dala
ng hindi inaasahang kalamidad

186. FARM FAMILY
GOATS CROPSManure as
fertilizer
Farm as
pasture area
Crop residues
as feeds
Residues as
housing
Milk and Meat
Cash
Collateral for Credit
Wood as fuel
Cash
Collateral for Credit
Food
Labor
Input
Labor
Input

187. BAKIT KAMBING?
• Maliit na puhunan
ang kailangan
• Madaling
paramihin
• Maamo
• May mas matibay
na pangangatawan
laban sa sakit
• Ang pangunahing
pagkain nito ay
damo at iba pang
uri ng halaman
Mainam na
pagkakitaan dahil sa
mga sumusunod:

188. PAGTATANIM NG MGA
HALAMANG MAY DALAWANG
GAMIT

189. ANU-ANO ANG MGA DAPAT
ISAALANG-ALANG?
1. HALAMAN
2. ALAGANG HAYOP
3. LUPA

190. KAILAN DAPAT MAGTANIM
PARCEL
NO.
MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MARCH APRIL
1
(1.3ha)
PARCEL
NO
May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April
2
(0.20ha)
LOWLANDRICE(1.285HA) YELLOW CORN+ ONION + VEGETABLES +
PEANUT+MUNGBEAN(1.235HA)
FORAGECORN
(500SQM)
FORAGE
CORN
NAPIERGRASS(150SQM)
PEANUT SPOTAO+VEG
MUNGBEAN+GREENCORN
NAPIER(200SQM)

191. HALIMBAWA NG MGA
HALAMANG MAY
DALAWANG GAMIT

192. MAIS
• Bunga
• Dahon at sanga
• Balat ng bunga
• Maiksing panahon
bago anihin
• Madaling alagaan
• Malakas makaubos
ng sustansiya ng
lupa
• Puwedeng imbakin
ang bunga

193. MANI • Laman
• Dahon at sanga
• Pinagbalatan ng laman
• Di nangangailangan ng
maraming pataba
• May kakayahang
makakuha ng
nitroheno sa
himpapawid
• Mataas ang protina
• Di malakas makaubos
ng sustansiya sa lupa

194. BALATONG
O MONGO
• Bunga/Buto
• Dahon at sanga
• Pinagbalatan ng
bunga
• Di nangangailangan
ng maraming pataba
• May kakayahang
makakuha ng
nitroheno sa
himpapawid
• Mataas ang protina
• Di malakas makaubos
t i l

195. SITAW
 Bunga/buto
 Dahon at sanga
 Pinagbalatan ng bunga
 Di nangangailangan ng
maraming pataba
 May kakayahang
makakuha ng nitroheno
sa himpapawid
 Mataas ang protina
 Di malakas makaubos
ng sustansiya sa lupa

196. Kamoteng
Baging
• Laman
• Dahon at sanga
• Pinagbalatan ng
laman
• Maraming
magdahon
• Madaling alagaan
• Mataas ang
enerhiya
• Malakas makaubos
ng sustansiya sa
lupa

197. KAMOTENG KAHOY
• Laman
• Dahon
• Maresistensya sa tagtuyot
• Puwedeng putulin lang ang
sanga at di kailangan bunutin
kung dahon lang ang
kailangan
• Puwedeng selective
harvesting
• Mataas ang nitroheno ng
dahon at enerhiya ng laman
• Malakas makaubos ng
sustansiya sa lupa

198. PALAY+SITAW+CASSAVA

199. PALAY-MANI+MAIS
MAIN CROP SECOND CROP

200. PAGGAMIT NG DUMI NG KAMBING
BILANG PATABA
pH --- 7.99
Total N---2.17 %
Organic C-- 14.61
%
Total P 0.33%
Total K--- 1.04%

201. PAKINABANG SA TAMANG PANGANGASIWA
NG DUMI NG KAMBING
• Mapapanatili ang kalinisan ng kapaligiran ng
lugar
• Maibabalik sa lupa ang ibang nawalang
sustansya nito sa pamamagitan ng
pagbabalik ng dumi ng hayop dito
• Ang “composted” na dumi kasama ng iba pang
farm at household wastes ay may mataas na
organic matter content

202. •Kung mataas ang OM ng lupa ay
mapapanatili nito ang tamang
structure nito
• Mapapataas ang kakayahan ng lupa na
mag-imbak ng tubig at humawak ng
sustansiya o patabang inilalagay sa lupa
• Sa haba ng panahon ay maaaring maibalik
ang tamang taba ng lupa ng sa ganon
ay mas bababa ang dami ng patabang
ilalagay dito

203. Paano Natin Matutulungan Upang
Tumaas Ang Kita Ni JUAN SA PAG-
KAKAMBING?

204. Change his perspective from
“Pang-pulutan” “Goat Negosyo”

205. PRODUCTION ASPECTS
GOAT CATTLE CARABAO
HALAGA NG INAHING PALAHIAN P 4, 000 16, 000 20, 000
Gestation/Pagbubuntis (Months/Days) 5 (150) 9 (280-290) 11 (320-330)
Marketable Age/edad ng PAGBEBENTA
(Months) 6-7 9-12 10-12
EDAD Mula pagbubutis hanggang
MAIBENTA(Months) 12 21 23
BILANG ng PANGANGANAK/Kidding
/Calving Rate (2 Years) 2 1 1
Bilang ng inaanak/kidding or calf/calving 2-3 1 1
Price/head of breeder offspring produced 4, 000 16, 000 20, 000
Total income per head of female breeder 8,000-12, 000 16, 000 20, 000
Total income at equal amount of money
invested*
40, 000-
60,000 16, 000 20, 000
* Using P20,000, the price of carabao, as initial investment
Goat raising generates higher income…

206. Items Value (Pesos)
Income from buck service, 448 services*P150/service
Total Income 67,200
Expenses
Depreciation
Bucks 7,000
Housing 1,400
Feeds 9,072
Labor 6,000
Biologics 700
Transportation 13,540
Total Expenses 37,512
Net Income 29,688
Buck-for-hire enterprise
Cost and return analysis, 7 bucks, 8-month period*
* Period of analysis is 8mos to coincide with 1st
production cycle of the main enterprise on goat raising

207. Items Value (Pesos)
Income
Sales from manure, 50,000kg*P6/kg 300,000
Total Income
Expenses
Procurement cost of manure 83,000
Sack, P6/pc*1250pcs 7,500
Labor, 26days*P200/d 5,200
Transportation (10% of procurement cost) 8,300
Total Expenses 104,000
Net Income 196,000
Manure commercialization
Cost and return analysis, 8 months of operation*
Period is set at 8 months to coincide with first production cycle of the
main enterprise (goat raising)

208. Items Value (Pesos)
Income
Sale of Stocks, 23 hd at P3750/hd 86,250
Manure 5,375
Does (5 does at 1kg/doe/d *730days*P1/kg)
Kids (23 kids at 0.5kg/kid*150days*P1/kg)
Total Income 91,625
Expenses
Depreciation
Does * 7,000
Housing 3,000
Feed Concentrates 5,751
Buck Service 2,250
Vet Drugs and Supplies 1,118
Labor 36,500
Total Expenses 55,619
Net Income 36,006
* Does were treated as fixed investment with 5 year lifespan
Slaughter goat production enterprise
Cost and return analysis, 5 does initial stock, 2 year period

209. Cost and Return Analysis of 10 & 20 Doe
Level Slaughter Goat Enterprise
• For 2 years operation, it attained a total net
income of Php 99,940.00 with ROI of 81.65
allowing a farm family to have an additional
monthly income of an average of Php 4,164.16
per month
• For 2 years operation, it attained a total net
income of Php 43,800.00 with ROI of 71.57
allowing a farm family to have an additional
monthly income of an average of Php 4,164.16
per month

210. .
THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS US ALL…
Always remember that service is the thing of
most worth… LIVING WITH A PURPOSE IS THE
ONLY WAY TO REALLY LIVE
The one who blesses others is abundantly
blessed; those who help others are helped.
(Proverbs 11:25)

211. "Imagination is more important than knowledge.“

212. MARAMING
SALAMAT PO!!!