Ruminant Production( cattle production)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
EDLS207-LivestockProduction(Ruminant)
Krishna Aryal
Msc.Ag
Tribhuvan University
Nepal
05/26/2017 1Krishna Aryal

Cattle Production
( Origin and Distribution)

Cattle
Large ruminant animals with horns and cloven hoofs,
domesticated for meat or milk
Bovine animals, especially domesticated members of the genus
Bos
Bos indicus( Zebu cattle)- Humped
Bos taurus ( European cattle)- Humpless
Bos grunnicus- Yak

Origin
Siri: Bhutan
Jersey: Island of Jersey(England)
Holstein-Friesian: Holland
Brown Swiss: Switzerland
Hariyana: East Punjab

Distribution of Cattle
Distributed globally

72.2605
72.44944
72.94022
72.43916 72.41743
71.8
72
72.2
72.4
72.6
72.8
73
2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
Number(x100000)
Fiscal year
cattle
In Nepal

Indigenous/native breeds of cattle (Nepal)
Siri Acchami
Khaila Lulu
Terai Pahadi
Yak/Nak
These native cattle have short lactation length(180-200 days),
long calving interval(12-24) months and low milk yield
capabilities(< 300 ltrs/lactation)
Being a Hindu dominated country killing of cattle is restricted in
Nepal. So the number of unproductive cattle is being increased.
However the cattle population is decreasing each year

Siri
Origin: Bhutan
Small to medium sized small head, square cut, wide and flat
forehead sharp horns, relatively small ears, well placed hump
covered with tuft (bunch) of hair at the top, strong legs and feet,
the dewlap is moderately developed, bulls have tight sheath (skin
cover). The udders of the cows are well developed
Often black and white or all black in color
 Average body weight- 286 Kg

Reared at 1200 masl
Found in eastern hills (Illam
and Panchthar )
Undergone cross breeding and
are extinct at pure form
Can produce upto 6 liters of
milk per day
Attain sexual maturity at about
3.5 years

Lulu
Small body, black or white, humpless
Found in Mustang, Dolpa and
Manang districts
Adopted to high altitude, dry and
cooler environment
Hardy, can thrive in harsh condition
and produce in low input system
Can produce 1-2 liters of milk per
day
Population declining
Average body weight- 125 kg

Acchami
Found in far western region in Nepal
( Achham, Bajhang, Bajura and Doti
districts)
Suitable for hill condition
Smallest cattle breed in the world
(upto 1m height)
Also known as ‘Sano gai or
Naumuthe gai’
Average body weight: 124 kg
Can produce upto 1-2 liters of milk
per day

Khaila
Found in Far Western hilly region of the country( Doti,
Dadeldhura and Baitadi)
Good drought breed
Larger in size and strongly built
Sexual maturity:4 years
Milk production: 2.5 ltrs/ day
Lactation length: 10 months
Average body weight: 250 kg

Pahadi
Dominating cattle breed in Nepal
Located across the hills and good for
draught purpose in the terraced hill
condition
Used for milk and manure
Milk production: 1-2 ltrs/day
Lactation length: 240 days
Mostly black in colour and are
acceptable to cool climates
Normal from conservation point of
view

Terai
Found at southern belt
Bigger in size compared to hill cattle
Average body weigth: 210 kg
Milk production: 2 ltrs/day
Lactation length: 246 days
Normal from conservation point of view

Yak/Nak
Mountainous cattle and are located at mountain regions of country
Localized in northern belts
Raised in 3000masl
It has long hairs and pointed horns
adult body weight of a male is about 245 kg and of female Nak is about 215 kg
Number is declining
Yak(male) is crossed with female hill cattle to produce Chauri(female) and
Jhopkyos(male). Male is sterile
Yak(male) crossed with female hill cattle to produce Urang chauri
Nak ( female) crossed with male hill cattle to produce Dimjo chauri

The performances of the Yak/Nak are
• The age of first calving is 48 months,
• The milk yield is 470 Lt/lactation
• The calving interval is 687 days,
• The lactation length is about 174 days.
The performances of the Chauris' are:
• The age of first calving is 36 months,
• The milk yield is 1960 Lt/lactation
• The calving interval is 425 days,
• The lactation length is 254-400 days
Milk production capability of a Chauris is more than Nak

Characteristics features and performance of native cattle:
The native cattle are resistant to most of the tropical diseases
It has ability to better utilisation of coarse roughage
 It can withstand more heat and cold conditions
 It is adapted to thrive well in harsh conditions
It can climb steep hills and mountains for grazing
The age of first calving ranges 32-52 months
The milk yield ranges 360-760 ltrs/lactation

Exotic Breeds/commercial breeds of Nepal
Jersey
Holstein- Friesian
Brown Swiss
Hariyana

Jersey
Origin: Island of Jersey in the English
Channel
varies in colour from light red to black
and from white spotted to solid in
marking
famous dairy breed of cattle, noted for
small body size, low feed intake with
high milk yield of rich fat content
cows have straight top line, levelled
rumps and sharp withers

They have excellent udders, both in shape and in fore and rear
attachment
Adult cows weigh about 500 Kg and males about 600 to 700 Kg
Average gestation period - 280 days and yield
Average milk yield- 4000 litres fat- 5.5%
 Lactation period of 305 days
First introduced in Nepal -1957 from US government under
Heifer Project
Bulls used for semen- Upgrading through AI

Holstein- Friesian
Origin: Holland
Sharply defined black and white spotted
markings(black ears, white feet, and white end
of the tail)
Head long and narrow, rounded withers
Has large feeding capacities and udder
One of the highest producing dairy breed of
world
Average weight-:500 to 750 kg
Gestation period: 280 days
Age at first calving: 23- 26 month
Average milk yield: 6150 ltrs/lactation , fat-
3.5%05/26/2017 24Krishna Aryal

Brown Swiss
Origin: Switzerland
Colour: Distinctly brown
Draft milch and beef purpose breed
More heat tolerant than Jersey
Docile and easily manageable.
Average body weigth: 700- 800 kg
Average gestation period: 290 days
Lactation period: 305 days
Milk yield of 5250 litres/ lactation, fat 4%

Hariyana
Origin: East punjab
Horns are short and the face is narrow and
long
Colour: white
 Can tolerate high temperature
The bullocks are powerful work animals
Lactation length: 300 days
Adult bull weights about 400-500 kg and
cow 800-1000 kg.
 Age of first calving :4 years
Milk yield:3000-3500 ltrs/lactation

Care and management of newly born calf
As soon as the birth of calves takes place, it should be dried. Do
not allow mother to lick
Remove the mucus from the nose and mouth and clean it.
If the calf does not start breathing, artificial respiration should be
used by pressing and relaxing alternatively, the chest walls with
hands.
 Another method is to hold the calf by the rear legs and lift from
the floor with the head down. This may be repeated several times
and helps in restoring respiration.

As soon as the calf starts breathing, observe as to whether the
navel cord is still attached.
The navel cord should be disinfected. The navel cord of the calf is
tied about 2.5 cm away from the body and cut about one cm below
the ligature.
Apply tincture of iodine to the cut end and repeat it 2-3 days. This
will prevent infection.
Allow it to suckle the milk by cleaning the udder
Colustrum should be fed within half an hour after birth

Feed the Colostrum within 15 minutes of calving,
The calf should be fed with colostrum at the rate- 1/10th of body
weight and buffalo calves at the rate -1/15th of body weight.
 Should be fed upto 4-5 days
Colostrum containing low fat, high protein, vitamins and
minerals forms a balanced feed for new-born calves. This helps
to protect the calf against various diseases as it contains
antibodies. Colostrum also helps to eliminate the material
accumulated in the digestive tract before it was born.

If muconium (first faecal matter) is not voided out, mild enema by
dissolving soap in a liter of warm water should be given.
Between two to three weeks of age, introduce high quality
roughage. This can be supplemented with concentrates preferably
calf starter pellets. Where hay is used, it should be of high quality,
fine texture and mixed with legumes
The calf is encouraged to consume dry feeds, including
concentrates until weaning time at week nine.
Serve fresh water
Carry out identification/dehorning /disbuding within 3-10 days
calves are weaned at about 9 to 12 weeks of age. It is possible to wean early at
about five to eight weeks if more milk was fed and calves got introduced to pre-
starter and starter feeds early in life.05/26/2017 30Krishna Aryal

At the age of 15 days HS serum vaccine should be given
Deworm the calf at the age of 3 weeks
At the age of 3 months the calf should be vaccinated against
anthrax and 15 days thereafter BQ.

Care and management of heifer
Heifers are reared indoors, outdoors- 9-12 months.
Outdoors-protection from the adverse climatic condition ,rain, hot
sun, snow, heavy winds biting flies , parasitic infestation.
Exotic breeds-Heifers performance is slow in tropical areas in the
out doors.
Small breeds –Age at first breeding -15 months.Large breeds-18
months.
Adequate live weight would be 200-225 kg for smaller breeds and
275 kgs for the larger breeds.
Cross bred heifers show signs of heat as early as 10 months of age
but none of them are mated until attain the body weight of 225/275
body weight or a minimum of 14 months age.05/26/2017 32Krishna Aryal

Age at first calving 25-28 months.
Feeding of Heifers.
A. Concentrate feed :
3 months- 1 year : 1 kg.
Above one year : 2 kg.
Pregnant Heifers : 3-3.5 kg.
B. Green Fodder
Leguminous fodder : 10 kg.
Non Leguminous fodder : 25 kg.
C. Dry fodder : 3 kg.

Vaccination Schedule.
Brucell Strain 19 –to prevent abortion due to Brucellosis-
Vaccinated at the age of 4-6 months of Calf.
Other Contagious Disease Vaccination are done accordingly prior
to the prevalence of disease and prior to rainy season
Foot and Mouth disease : Once in 4 months/9 months/12 months.
Rinderpest : 1-3 years.
Haemorraghic Septicaemia: 1 year.
Anthrax : 1 year.
Black Quarters : 1 year.

Housing
Outdoor system / Grazing method
 Reared chiefly of grazing
 Care to be taken not to overstock on limited grazing land.
Rotational grazing.
 Arrangement of shade and drinking water – pasture land
 Concentrate feed is to be provided – Centrally located feed
trough
Protect from rain.

Indoors
 Management in covered area.
 Sufficient concentrate feed and fodder provided.
Steaming up of heifers.
Feeding grains to pregnant heifers prior calving at 1.5 Kg. per
day. It helps in their growth, bear the stress of foetus. It
produces more milk after calving and increases lactation
length.

Training of heifers
Heifers in early stage should be lead with halter to make them
docile.
Pregnant Heifers are to be housed along with milking cows at
least a month prior to calving.
The udder should be washed warm water and mopped with cloth
to accustom her to feel the hands in this place. Just few days prior
to calving pulling teats slightly may be practiced so that heifer
would not excited.
Control of Parasites – Dewormed periodically – 4 – 6 months
intervals
Grooming is to be practiced to avoid ecto- parasites.

Care and management of Pregnant animals
Usually a dairy cow caries her calf for a period of 282 days.
However, they may range from 270- 290 days after conception
 Deworming should be done before 3 weeks of calving
At advanced pregnancy it should be throughly washed with soap
and warm water to disinfect adhering parasite eggs and other
germs
Transfer it to the clean and disinfected calving box 6-7 days
before due date
 Prevent from being injured by slipping on the floors and from
disturbances from other animals
Avoid long distance travel
Room should be well ventilated , well bedded05/26/2017 38Krishna Aryal

Provide concentrate feed 3.5 kg per day.
Provide 25 – 35 Kg. Greed fodder per day and 5 Kg. Paddy straw
Laxative feed should be provided to the animal 3 days prior to
calving
Overfeeding should be avoided 3 days prior and 12 hrs after
calving
 Avoid chasing by dogs, bulls or children.
 Avoid infighting between pregnant animals.
 Separate pregnant animals from recently aborted animals or
carriers of diseases like brucellosis.
 Provide adequate clean drinking water
 Protect against extremes of climate( excessive hot and cold)
After parturition, the external genitals, flanks and tail should be
washed with warm water containing Kmno4

Care and Management: Lactating animals.
Protection against inclement weather.
Housing – Discussed earlier
Hygiene and sanitation of cattle shed and animals grooming,
washing, disinfection etc.
Feeding a) concentrate – DM, DCP TDN b) Roughages – GF – L,
NL, DF
Thumb Rule : 450 –500 g Concentrate / Kg. milk production
DCP 15% : TDN 75% : DM. 33% Wheat Bran : 40% Mineral
Mixture : 1% Salt :1%
Green Fodder – 25 kg (1/3 L : 2/3 NL) 3-5 kg DF

5. Peak yield – 6 week – Ca 1.3-1.18 g P : 1 g
Supplemented : ca i/v injection
6. Breeding – 60 days after calving does not come to heat –
check with veterinary Doctor.
7. Artificial Insemination – Pregnancy verification – 90 days
conception delayed – 2 A.I : check – 13-14 month calf.
8. Pregnant – 45 – 60 days period.
9. Drying – withdraw concentrate : feed dry fodder : milking
alternate M/E –4 days.
10. Periodical vaccination
RP, Bq, Hs, Anthrax Once in a year.
Foot and mouth – once – 4 months.
11. Isolation of pregnant animal

Care and management of dry animals
Dry period: time from the end of lactation until the calving
Usually 56 days dry period is necessary for following
reasons:
Involution of the udder
Foetal development
Replenishment( restore) of body reserves
To rest the organ of milk secretion
Drying off the cows
Cut out all the concentrates and even keep the cows in poor
roughages for 3- 4 days
Separate from the herd
Do not extract all the milk for first 2 days, milk once a day
thereafter once in every next day or complete cessation05/26/2017 42Krishna Aryal

Management
usually from about a week after the dry off date, she must be
fed completely for the growth and replacement of her body
reserves
Dry cow normally be fed more concentrates than about 0.5%
of body weight
Should be fed with calcium and phosphorus

Care and management of breeding bulls
Make sure that te bull is typical of the breed and comes from the
parent with high index of production
Do not use the bulls for breeding purpose unless it attains proper
maturity( 3- 3.5 years)
It should be free from communicable disease
Allow bull to move about and have regular exercise otherwise
they are likely to put on fat and slow at service
Overfeeding and underfeeding should be avoided

Feeding
The properly balanced ration should be given which contains
adequate energy, protein, minerals & vitamins.
Feed to male calf after discontinuation of milk, it should be
provided with good quality, legume hay and 2 to 2.5 kg of
concentrate having 12-15% DCP.
Feeding to mature bull: Should be fed adequately to keep it on
good flesh but not over fat, sufficient amount of green feed, 1 kg of
good quality hay (DM) and 1.5 kg of concentrates per 100 kg of
body weight per day will keep in good breeding condition.
The breeding calf if provided with good feeding practices it will
develop in a vigorous nature mature bull & reach sexual maturity
of young age.05/26/2017 45Krishna Aryal

Care and management of working bullocks
Avoid over working the bullocks. The work should be evenly
distributed in such a way that light and heavy work are distributed
evenly.
 Protect the bullocks from rain and inclement weather exposure
 Lean type roof on the side of farmers house.
Shoe the bullock properly before using them for work on hard
ground.
 The hoof should be prepared first and shoe should made to fit the
natural shape of hoof.
 Hooves should be hard, black and waxy, the two halves should be
even. The cleft of hoof should be narrow

Body weight Light work Heavy work
300 kg 2 kg 2.5 kg
400 kg 2.5 kg 3 kg
500 kg 3 kg 3.5 kg
Feeding
Concentrates
Roughages: 25 Kg of green and 3 to 5 Kg of dry fodder

Thank You
Any Queries?????

Ruminant Production( cattle production)

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