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Different Pig Raising Operations.pptx
- 1. Different Pig RaisingOperations 1.Sow-weaner/Sow-Litter operation -raising of sows and boars to produce piglets for sale to farmers and commercial raisers engaged in type of operation.
- 2. Different Pig RaisingOperations 2. Farrow to finish operation -maintaining sows and boars and keeping the piglets for fattening up to market. Only fattened animals were sold.
- 3. Different Pig RaisingOperations 3. Finisher Operation -Buying of piglets and raise them up to finisher stage. .
- 4. Different Pig RaisingOperations 4. Boar Operation(Artificial Insemination/Natural Method) -.Raising boar and selling of semen for AI purposes or Natural mating.
- 5. Different Pig RaisingOperations 5. Swine Breeder Operation -improves economically important trait of the herd through selecting superior offspring which re sold as breeding stock(pure/crossbreeds/hybrids/natives).
- 6. Starting a Piggery •1. Feed • 2. Water • 3. Transportation and Marketing • 4. Location • 5. Housing and Equipment
- 7. Systems of Breeding 1.Purebreeding 2. Crossbreeding 3. Upgrading 4. Inbreeding
- 8. Systems of Breeding 1.Purebreeding A system of breeding wherein unrelated animals of the same breed are mated to each other, resulting to the production of purebreeds. Example: FATHER MOTHER Landrace x Landrace Duroc x Duroc Large white x Large white Pietrain x Pietrain Purpose: To maintain the breed.
- 9. Systems of Breeding 2.Crossbreeding Duroc x Pietrain Breeding of two animals from different breeds. Hampshire x Duroc Advantages of crossbreeding: a) increased vigor and growth rate of litters b) larger litters c) increased production efficiency to about 5% to 10% d) increased disease resistance.
- 10. Systems of Breeding 2.Crossbreeding can be; 2.1 Two-way cross - mating with the use of 2 different breeds. Example 1: LW x LR Example 2: P x Du
- 11. Systems of Breeding Crossbreedingcan be; 2.2 Three-way cross - mating with the use of three different breeds. Example: FATHER MOTHER LargeWhite LandRace X (TWO-WAY CROSS) LWLR (TWO-WAY CROSS PROGENY) X Duroc (THREE-WAY CROSS) DurocLWLR (THREE-WAY CROSS PROGENY)
- 12. Systems of Breeding Crossbreedingcan be; 2.3 Four-way cross - mating with the use of four different breeds. Example: FATHER MOTHER P x Du LW x LR (Two-way cross progeny) PDu x LWLR PDuLWLR NOTE: LW - Large white LR – Landrace Du - Duroc P - Pietrain
- 13. Systems of Breeding 3.Inbreeding -breeding of closely-related animals. Example: FATHER MOTHER Father x Daughter Son x Mother Brother x Sister
- 14. Systems of Breeding Theeffects of inbreeding are: Reduced strength and vigor in piglets Decreased number of pigs born and weaned Decreased birth and weaning weight Retarded, delayed sexual maturity Reduced ovulation and sperm production 3. Inbreeding
- 15. Systems of Breeding 3.Upgrading -system of breeding wherein an inferior breed is improved by continued crossing. Example: FATHER (Pure breed) MOTHER (Local breed) LW x A (native pig) LW x LWA LW x LWLWA LWLWLWA
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- 17. SELECTION Selection…. systematic wayof choosing desired characteristics for breeding….
- 18. SELECTION large litter sizeat weaning fast growers efficient feed converter good carcass quality Objectives
- 19. SELECTION Selection….. Natural –“survival ofthe fittest” Artificial –based on sets of standards
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- 21. SELECTION EXAMINING THE PIGS SideView Rear View Front View
- 22. SELECTION LEGEND: 1- Snout 7-Poll 13- Toes 19- Rear flank 2- Face 8- Neck 14- Back 20- Rump 3- Eye 9- Shoulder 15- Loin 21- Ham 4- Ear 10-Foreleg 16- Side 22- Hock 5- Cheek 11-Dew claw 17- Belly 23- Tail 6- Jowl 12-Pastern 18- Foreflank 24- Rear leg
- 23. SELECTION REMEMBER!!! Here's how toexamine the pigs during selection: Side view, OBSERVE: Front view, OBSERVE: o balance * neatness and trimness of o length and depth of side head and shoulders o ham development * spring of rib o strength of pasterns * width of back and straight- o manner of movement ness of forelegs o other breed and sex characteristics Rear view, OBSERVE: * set of hind legs * depth of hams * width of loin and of body
- 24. SELECTION Ideal meat type(above) vs. common faults (below).
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- 29. SELECTION Puberty in Gilts Occursat 4-6 months old House gilts near the boar Breed on the 2nd or 3rd estrus 8 months old, 130-150 kgs B.W.
- 30. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(Physical) Don’t choose gilts with small infantile vulva or abnormal vulva!
- 31. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(Physical) Well-developed underlines or mammary glands!
- 32. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(Physical)… No Inverted Teats!!
- 33. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(Performance..) -fastest growing gilts which are from large litters -requires identification at birth and a good set of records. -gilts should be from litters of 10 to 12 pigs which demonstrate uniform pig weights.
- 34. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(Performance)… Large litter size Good mothering ability!!!
- 35. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(Performance)… Strong back for longevity Strong legs
- 36. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(rate of growth..) Fast Growing Pigs * better use of farm facilities * lower operational costs * shorter feeding period * lesser risk from diseases More Profit!!
- 37. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(backfat thickness)… Replacement gilts should be lean, having 18-20 mm of backfat. Carcass traits such as carcass length, loin eye area, and backfat are of high heritability.
- 38. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(Feed efficiency)… -It is important for a pig to efficiently utilize feed to be productive. -The lesser the amount of feed used by a pig to produce a unit gain in weight, the more profitable it becomes. Feed Conversion Ratio B E T T E R
- 39. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(Heritable diseases and abnormalities. )… -Select vigorous and hardy pigs from a healthy litter in a herd raised under good swine sanitation -Do not keep gilts or boars from litters that had physical abnormalities.
- 40. SELECTION Selection of Gilts(Age) Age vs. Litter size
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- 42. • Masculinity in appearanceand action • clearly visible primary sex organs • uniformly hanging equal-sized testicles Sex Character SELECTION OF BOARS 42
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- 44. •A boar shouldhave large even testicles. • A boar with large testicles is most likely to produce earlier maturing daughters. Ideal Testicle Size
- 45. Bad testicle examples SmallTesticles Uneven Testicles Small Uneven Testicles
- 46. 4 Teats PlacedAbove the Sheath 3 Teats Placed Above the Sheath Pin Nipples / Bad Spacing / None Functional Teats Boars should have a high quality underline with as many teats placed as far forward as possible longer bodied and more desirable
- 47. Boar should havea larger and more defined sheath. Small Sized Sheath Medium Sized Sheath Large Sized Sheath
- 48. • 6 monthsat the time of selection • serious faults in conformation as well as desirable traits are developed enough at this age • select a boar which is tested for fertility Age 48
- 49. • Number, spacing andpresentation of live teats (at least 12) Reproductive soundness 49
- 50. • Well-proportioned body length,depth and height Body conformation 50
- 51. SELECTION OF BOARS EconomicallyImportant Traits and Its Heritability Traits Heritability Percentage Littersize at birth 15 Littersize at weaning 12 Birth weight of pigs 5 Growth rate (weaning to market) 30 Feed efficiency 30 Conformation 29 Carcass quality 1. Length 2. Backfat thickness 3. Loin eye area 4. Percent ham (% on carcass) 5. Percent lean cuts (% on carcass) 60 50 50 58 50
- 52. Determine the weaknesses of the gilts andsows in the herd to make necessary adjustments 52
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- 54. 54 TRANSPORT of BOARS •Minimize stress, diseases or injuries • no feeding 1-2 hours before loading • safe, well-built loading and unloading facilities
- 55. Amy M. Gonzales-Eguia,ATI-ITCPH 55 • clean & disinfect truck for loading • suitable bedding and protection • divider when hauling unfamiliar boars • avoid harsh handling • Consider loading density TRANSPORT of BOARS
- 56. 56 ARRIVAL AT THEFARM • Rest in a clean, dry , warm and draft free pen • isolation • acclimatization
- 57. ISOLATION/QUARANTINE •30 DAYS •feed &check at the end of the day •no medicated feed •observe signs of diseases •deworm/vaccinate 57
- 58. ACCLIMATIZATION • 3 weeks •Blood tests against diseases • exposure to breeding barn manure • housed adjacent to culled sows or market gilts 58
- 59. MANAGEMENT OF BOARS 59 Wanta lifetime performance potential? Manage me well.!.!
- 60. MANAGEMENT OF BOARS •influenceconception rate •Feed 2-3 hrs before they are expected to breed. Optimum temperature: 21oC 60
- 61. MANAGEMENT OF BOARS •Noslippery floors in the breeding area •Maintain breeding records 61
- 62. COMMON PROBLEMS •Abnormal or poorsemen production • Disease • high temperature • over-use
- 63. COMMON PROBLEMS •Poor sexdrive • Bullied • injury • laziness (hot weather)
- 64. COMMON PROBLEMS •Physical disorders • Feetsores & cracks • arthritis • injuries to muscles/ligaments
- 65. FEEDING • as aguideline: 2-2.5 kg/day with 14% CP and 3000 kcal DE/kg • provide fresh water (8-20 liters/day) 65
- 66. • 8-months old •130 kg or more • trained to mount a dummy sow • good quality & sufficient quantity of semen • sufficient libido 66 When will I be ready for the good life?
- 67. Frequency of Use BoarAge Service Interval 8-12 months 5-10 days >1 year 3-4 days 67
- 68. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 68 acclimatize boars before use 1st“use” at 8 months old ideal ratio: 1 AI boar: 50-100 sows
- 69. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 69 perform blood testingbefore using AI boar check semen regularly 1 caretaker should handle boars
- 70. Regular Boar Activities AmyM. Gonzales-Eguia, ATI-ITCPH 70 4-6 months Selection 6-7 months Acclimatization 7-8 months Training 8-12 months collection: 1x/wk (max 2X) >12 months collection: 2-3x/week 30-36 months Planned culling
- 71. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 71 • Only1 boar? Replace boars every 1.5-2 years • Have 1 extra boar for every 30 sows • Boars of different ages and sizes
- 73. PLANNED VS UNPLANNED CULLING Plannedculling is based on; Age Poor performance
- 74. PLANNED VS UNPLANNED CULLIN GUnplanned culling includes; Lameness Abortion Diseases Returns/no heat Failure to conceive
- 75. Reasons for culling& its percentage
- 76. Pointers on Cullingof Sows age litter size fertility & prolificacy milk production quality of piglets feet and leg problem damaged udder
- 77. Pointers on Cullingof Boars low libido l l l l l l l l leg defects inability to mount poor semen quality & quantity wrong mounting position too aggressive old boars diseases & injuries
- 78. Recommended Culling guidelines Parity/Litter no. Littersize Estrus Impregnation Gilt Not applicable Cull if not served at the age of 9 ½ months Cull after 3 unsuccessful consecutive breeding (4th heat) 1 Retain If the sow does not come into heat within 10 days, she will be given hormone. Cull if not come in heat within 17 days after weaning Cull after 2 unsuccessful consecutive breeding. In case of hormone treatment, cull after the 1st unsuccessful breeding. 2 Retain Cull if not in heat within 30 days after hormonal treatment. Cull after 2nd consecutive unsuccessful breeding. 3 Cull in case of <24 piglets weaned in 3 farrowings Cull if not in heat within 30 days after weaning. As 2nd parity 4 Cull in case of <27 piglets weaned during the last 3 farrowings, excluding fostered piglets. As 3rd parity As 2nd parity 5 Cull in case of <27 piglets weaned during the last 3 farrowings, excluding fostered piglets. As 3rd parity As 2nd parity 6 As the 5th parity As 3rd parity As 2nd parity 7 and above As 5th parity, also cull in case 2 piglets weighs <1kg @birth Cull if not heat within 10 days after weaning Cull after 1st unsuccessful service.