The document discusses different pig raising operations and systems of breeding pigs. It describes 5 types of pig raising operations: 1) sow-weaner/sow-litter operations which raise sows and boars to produce piglets for sale, 2) farrow to finish operations which maintain sows and boars and raise the piglets to market weight, 3) finisher operations which buy piglets and raise them to market weight, 4) boar operations which raise boars to sell semen or for natural mating, and 5) swine breeder operations which improve herd traits through selective breeding. It also outlines 4 systems of breeding pigs: purebreeding within the same breed, crossbreeding between breeds, inbreeding

1. Different Pig Raising Operations
1.Sow-weaner/Sow-Litter
operation
-raising of sows and boars
to produce piglets for sale
to farmers and commercial
raisers engaged in type of
operation.

2. Different Pig Raising Operations
2. Farrow to finish operation
-maintaining sows and boars and keeping
the piglets for fattening up to market.
Only fattened animals were sold.

3. Different Pig Raising Operations
3. Finisher Operation
-Buying of piglets and
raise them up to finisher
stage. .

4. Different Pig Raising Operations
4. Boar Operation(Artificial
Insemination/Natural Method)
-.Raising boar and selling of semen
for AI purposes or Natural mating.

5. Different Pig Raising Operations
5. Swine Breeder Operation
-improves economically important trait of
the herd through selecting superior
offspring which re sold as breeding
stock(pure/crossbreeds/hybrids/natives).

6. Starting a Piggery
• 1. Feed
• 2. Water
• 3. Transportation and Marketing
• 4. Location
• 5. Housing and Equipment

7. Systems of Breeding
1. Purebreeding
2. Crossbreeding
3. Upgrading
4. Inbreeding

8. Systems of Breeding
1. Purebreeding A system of breeding wherein
unrelated animals of the same breed
are mated to each other, resulting to
the production of purebreeds.
Example:
FATHER MOTHER
Landrace x Landrace
Duroc x Duroc
Large white x Large white
Pietrain x Pietrain
Purpose: To maintain the breed.

9. Systems of Breeding
2. Crossbreeding
Duroc x Pietrain
Breeding of two animals from
different breeds.
Hampshire x Duroc
Advantages of crossbreeding:
a) increased vigor and growth rate of litters
b) larger litters
c) increased production efficiency to about 5%
to 10%
d) increased disease resistance.

10. Systems of Breeding
2. Crossbreeding can be;
2.1 Two-way cross
- mating with the use of 2 different breeds.
Example 1: LW x LR
Example 2: P x Du

11. Systems of Breeding
Crossbreeding can be;
2.2 Three-way cross - mating with the use of three
different breeds.
Example: FATHER MOTHER
LargeWhite LandRace
X (TWO-WAY CROSS)
LWLR (TWO-WAY
CROSS PROGENY)
X
Duroc
(THREE-WAY CROSS)
DurocLWLR (THREE-WAY CROSS PROGENY)

12. Systems of Breeding
Crossbreeding can be;
2.3 Four-way cross - mating with the use of four different breeds.
Example: FATHER MOTHER
P x Du LW x LR (Two-way cross
progeny)
PDu x LWLR
PDuLWLR
NOTE: LW - Large white LR – Landrace
Du - Duroc P - Pietrain

13. Systems of Breeding
3. Inbreeding
-breeding of closely-related animals.
Example:
FATHER MOTHER
Father x Daughter
Son x Mother
Brother x Sister

14. Systems of Breeding
The effects of inbreeding are:
Reduced strength and vigor in piglets
Decreased number of pigs born and weaned
Decreased birth and weaning weight
Retarded, delayed sexual maturity
Reduced ovulation and sperm production
3. Inbreeding

15. Systems of Breeding
3. Upgrading
-system of breeding wherein an inferior
breed is improved by continued crossing.
Example:
FATHER (Pure breed) MOTHER (Local breed)
LW x A (native pig)
LW x LWA
LW x LWLWA
LWLWLWA

16. SELECTION

17. SELECTION
Selection…. systematic way of choosing desired
characteristics for breeding….

18. SELECTION
large litter size at
weaning
fast growers
efficient feed
converter
good carcass
quality
Objectives

19. SELECTION
Selection…..
Natural –“survival of the
fittest”
Artificial –based on sets of
standards

20. SELECTION
Basis of Selection…..
Physical
Perfor-
mance

21. SELECTION
EXAMINING THE PIGS
Side View Rear View Front View

22. SELECTION
LEGEND:
1- Snout 7- Poll 13- Toes 19- Rear flank
2- Face 8- Neck 14- Back 20- Rump
3- Eye 9- Shoulder 15- Loin 21- Ham
4- Ear 10-Foreleg 16- Side 22- Hock
5- Cheek 11-Dew claw 17- Belly 23- Tail
6- Jowl 12-Pastern 18- Foreflank 24- Rear leg

23. SELECTION
REMEMBER!!!
Here's how to examine the pigs during selection:
Side view, OBSERVE: Front view, OBSERVE:
o balance * neatness and trimness of
o length and depth of side head and shoulders
o ham development * spring of rib
o strength of pasterns * width of back and straight-
o manner of movement ness of forelegs
o other breed and sex
characteristics
Rear view, OBSERVE:
* set of hind legs
* depth of hams
* width of loin and of body

24. SELECTION
Ideal meat type (above) vs. common faults
(below).

25. SELECTION
EXAMINING THE PIGS
P
H
Y
S
I
C
A
L

26. SELECTION
EXAMINING THE PIGS
P
H
Y
S
I
C
A
L

27. SELECTION
EXAMINING THE PIGS
P
H
Y
S
I
C
A
L

28. SELECTION
EXAMINING THE PIGS
P
H
Y
S
I
C
A
L

29. SELECTION
Puberty in Gilts
Occurs at 4-6 months old
House gilts near the boar
Breed on the 2nd or 3rd estrus
8 months old, 130-150 kgs B.W.

30. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (Physical)
Don’t choose gilts with small infantile
vulva or abnormal vulva!

31. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (Physical)
 Well-developed
underlines or mammary
glands!

32. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (Physical)…
No
Inverted
Teats!!

33. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (Performance..)
-fastest growing gilts which are
from large litters
-requires identification at birth
and a good set of records.
-gilts should be from litters of 10 to 12
pigs which demonstrate uniform pig
weights.

34. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (Performance)…
Large litter size
Good
mothering
ability!!!

35. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (Performance)…
Strong back for
longevity
Strong legs

36. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (rate of growth..)
Fast
Growing
Pigs
* better use of farm facilities
* lower operational costs
* shorter feeding period
* lesser risk from diseases
More
Profit!!

37. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (backfat thickness)…
Replacement gilts should be lean,
having 18-20 mm of backfat.
Carcass traits such as carcass
length, loin eye area, and backfat
are of high heritability.

38. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (Feed efficiency)…
-It is important for a pig to
efficiently utilize feed to be
productive.
-The lesser the amount of
feed used by a pig to produce
a unit gain in weight, the more
profitable it becomes.
Feed
Conversion
Ratio
B
E
T
T
E
R

39. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (Heritable diseases
and abnormalities. )…
-Select vigorous and hardy pigs
from a healthy litter in a herd
raised under good swine
sanitation
-Do not keep gilts or boars from
litters that had physical
abnormalities.

40. SELECTION
Selection of Gilts (Age)
Age vs. Litter size

41. SELECTION OF
BOARS
41

42. • Masculinity in
appearance and
action
• clearly visible
primary sex
organs
• uniformly hanging
equal-sized
testicles
Sex Character
SELECTION OF BOARS
42

43. Don’t
Touch!!
43

44. •A boar should have large even testicles.
• A boar with large testicles is most likely to produce earlier
maturing daughters.
Ideal Testicle Size

45. Bad testicle examples
Small Testicles Uneven Testicles Small Uneven Testicles

46. 4 Teats Placed Above the Sheath
3 Teats Placed Above the Sheath Pin Nipples / Bad Spacing / None
Functional Teats
Boars should have a high quality underline with as many teats placed as far
forward as possible
longer bodied
and more desirable

47. Boar should have a larger and
more defined sheath.
Small Sized Sheath Medium Sized Sheath
Large Sized Sheath

48. • 6 months at the time
of selection
• serious faults in
conformation as well
as desirable traits are
developed enough at
this age
• select a boar which is
tested for fertility
Age
48

49. • Number, spacing
and presentation of
live teats
(at least 12)
Reproductive
soundness
49

50. • Well-proportioned body
length, depth and height
Body conformation
50

51. SELECTION OF BOARS
Economically Important Traits and Its Heritability
Traits Heritability Percentage
Littersize at birth 15
Littersize at weaning 12
Birth weight of pigs 5
Growth rate (weaning to market) 30
Feed efficiency 30
Conformation 29
Carcass quality
1. Length
2. Backfat thickness
3. Loin eye area
4. Percent ham (% on carcass)
5. Percent lean cuts (% on carcass)
60
50
50
58
50

52. Determine
the
weaknesses
of the gilts
and sows in
the herd to
make
necessary
adjustments
52

53. Management of Boars
53

54. 54
TRANSPORT of BOARS
• Minimize stress, diseases or injuries
• no feeding 1-2 hours
before loading
• safe, well-built loading
and unloading facilities

55. Amy M. Gonzales-Eguia, ATI-ITCPH 55
• clean & disinfect truck for loading
• suitable bedding and protection
• divider when hauling unfamiliar boars
• avoid harsh handling
• Consider loading density
TRANSPORT of BOARS

56. 56
ARRIVAL AT THE FARM
• Rest in a clean, dry , warm and draft free pen
• isolation
• acclimatization

57. ISOLATION/QUARANTINE
•30 DAYS
•feed & check at the end of the day
•no medicated feed
•observe signs of diseases
•deworm/vaccinate
57

58. ACCLIMATIZATION
• 3 weeks
• Blood tests against diseases
• exposure to breeding barn manure
• housed adjacent to culled sows or
market gilts
58

59. MANAGEMENT OF BOARS
59
Want a lifetime performance
potential? Manage me well.!.!

60. MANAGEMENT OF BOARS
•influence conception rate
•Feed 2-3 hrs before they are expected to
breed.
Optimum temperature: 21oC
60

61. MANAGEMENT OF BOARS
•No slippery floors in the breeding
area
•Maintain breeding records
61

62. COMMON PROBLEMS
•Abnormal or
poor semen
production
• Disease
• high
temperature
• over-use

63. COMMON PROBLEMS
•Poor sex drive
• Bullied
• injury
• laziness (hot
weather)

64. COMMON PROBLEMS
•Physical
disorders
• Feet sores & cracks
• arthritis
• injuries to
muscles/ligaments

65. FEEDING
• as a guideline: 2-2.5 kg/day with 14% CP and 3000 kcal
DE/kg
• provide fresh water (8-20 liters/day)
65

66. • 8-months old
• 130 kg or more
• trained to mount a
dummy sow
• good quality &
sufficient quantity of
semen
• sufficient libido
66
When will I be
ready for the good
life?

67. Frequency of Use
Boar Age Service Interval
8-12 months 5-10 days
>1 year 3-4 days
67

68. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
68
acclimatize
boars before
use
1st “use” at 8
months old
ideal ratio:
1 AI boar: 50-100 sows

69. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
69
perform blood
testing before
using AI boar
check semen
regularly
1 caretaker should
handle boars

70. Regular Boar Activities
Amy M. Gonzales-Eguia, ATI-ITCPH 70
4-6 months Selection
6-7 months Acclimatization
7-8 months Training
8-12 months collection: 1x/wk
(max 2X)
>12 months collection: 2-3x/week
30-36 months Planned culling

71. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
71
• Only 1 boar?
Replace boars every 1.5-2 years
• Have 1 extra boar for every 30 sows
• Boars of different ages and sizes

73. PLANNED VS UNPLANNED
CULLING
Planned culling is
based on;
Age
Poor performance

74. PLANNED VS UNPLANNED
CULLIN
G Unplanned culling includes;
Lameness
Abortion
Diseases
Returns/no heat
Failure to conceive

75. Reasons for culling & its percentage

76. Pointers on Culling of Sows







age
litter size
fertility & prolificacy
milk production
quality of piglets
feet and leg
problem
damaged udder

77. Pointers on Culling of
Boars
low libido
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
leg defects inability to mount
poor semen quality & quantity
wrong mounting position
too aggressive
old boars
diseases & injuries

78. Recommended Culling guidelines
Parity/Litter
no.
Litter size Estrus Impregnation
Gilt Not applicable Cull if not served at the age of 9 ½
months
Cull after 3 unsuccessful
consecutive breeding (4th heat)
1 Retain If the sow does not come into heat
within 10 days, she will be given
hormone. Cull if not come in heat
within 17 days after weaning
Cull after 2 unsuccessful
consecutive breeding. In case of
hormone treatment, cull after the
1st unsuccessful breeding.
2 Retain Cull if not in heat within 30 days
after hormonal treatment.
Cull after 2nd consecutive
unsuccessful breeding.
3 Cull in case of <24 piglets weaned in 3 farrowings Cull if not in heat within 30 days
after weaning.
As 2nd parity
4 Cull in case of <27 piglets weaned during the last 3
farrowings, excluding fostered piglets.
As 3rd parity As 2nd parity
5 Cull in case of <27 piglets weaned during the last 3
farrowings, excluding fostered piglets.
As 3rd parity As 2nd parity
6 As the 5th parity As 3rd parity As 2nd parity
7 and above As 5th parity, also cull in case 2 piglets weighs <1kg
@birth
Cull if not heat within 10 days after
weaning
Cull after 1st unsuccessful service.