Genes are useful markers but not ideal.
Mapped feature that are not genes are called DNA markers.
DNA markers must have at least two alleles to be useful.
DNA sequence features that satisfy this requirement are-
– Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Southern hybridization
PCR
– Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
Mapping- determining the location of elements with in a genome, with respect to identifiable land marks.
Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes.
In simple mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Two types
Genetic map
Physical Map
They are useful in predicting results of dihybrid and trihybrid crosses.
It allows geneticists to understand the overall complexity and genetic organization of a particular species.
Identify genes responsible for diseases.
Identify genes responsible for traits.
genetic maps are useful from an evolutionary point of view.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
complete Single Nucleotide Polymorphiitsm Detection methods with Advance techniques with its applications
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are single base variations between genomes within a species.
There are at least 10 million polymorphic sites in the human genome.
SNPs can distinguish individuals from one another
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Chemical Cleavage Of Mismatch
Single-stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)
MutS Protein-binding Assays
Mismatch Repair Detection (MRD)
Heteroduplex Analysis (HA)
Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC)
UNG-Mediated T-Sequencing
RNA-Mediated Finger printing with MALDI MS Detection
Sequencing by Hybridization
Direct DNA Sequencing
Single-feature polymorphism (SFP)
Invader probe
Allele-specific oligonucleotide probes
PCR-based methods
Allele specific primers
Sequence Polymorphism-Derived (SPD) markers
Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLinG)
Minisequencing primers
Allele-specific ligation probes
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP), or a long one, like minisatellites.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
complete Single Nucleotide Polymorphiitsm Detection methods with Advance techniques with its applications
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are single base variations between genomes within a species.
There are at least 10 million polymorphic sites in the human genome.
SNPs can distinguish individuals from one another
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Chemical Cleavage Of Mismatch
Single-stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)
MutS Protein-binding Assays
Mismatch Repair Detection (MRD)
Heteroduplex Analysis (HA)
Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (DHPLC)
UNG-Mediated T-Sequencing
RNA-Mediated Finger printing with MALDI MS Detection
Sequencing by Hybridization
Direct DNA Sequencing
Single-feature polymorphism (SFP)
Invader probe
Allele-specific oligonucleotide probes
PCR-based methods
Allele specific primers
Sequence Polymorphism-Derived (SPD) markers
Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLinG)
Minisequencing primers
Allele-specific ligation probes
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP), or a long one, like minisatellites.
Introduction
History
Genetic mapping
DNA Markers
Physical mapping
Importance
Drawback
Conclusion
References
uses genetic techniques to construct maps showing the positions of genes and other sequence features on a genome.
Genetic techniques include cross-breeding experiments or, in the case of humans, the examination of family histories (pedigrees).
The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions is called Transcriptomics.
Transcriptomics aims:
I. To catalogue all species of transcripts, including mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and small RNAs.
II. To determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5′ and 3′ ends, splicing patterns and other post-transcriptional modifications.
III. To quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions.
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
Gene mapping / Genetic map vs Physical Map | determination of map distance a...NARC, Islamabad
Mapping- determining the location of elements with in a genome, with respect to identifiable land marks.
Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes.
In simple mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Two types
Genetic map
Physical Map
Construction of a Linkage Map or Genetic Mapping
Construction of a Linkage Map or Genetic Mapping
1. DNA MARKERS FOR GENETIC MAPPING
– Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
– Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
2. Determination of Linkage Groups(No. of Chromosomes)
Dihybrid cross
Trihybrid cross
3. Determination of Map Distance
Recombination fraction
4. Determination of Gene Order
5. Combining Map Segments
Introduction
History
Genetic mapping
DNA Markers
Physical mapping
Importance
Drawback
Conclusion
References
uses genetic techniques to construct maps showing the positions of genes and other sequence features on a genome.
Genetic techniques include cross-breeding experiments or, in the case of humans, the examination of family histories (pedigrees).
The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions is called Transcriptomics.
Transcriptomics aims:
I. To catalogue all species of transcripts, including mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and small RNAs.
II. To determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5′ and 3′ ends, splicing patterns and other post-transcriptional modifications.
III. To quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions.
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
Gene mapping / Genetic map vs Physical Map | determination of map distance a...NARC, Islamabad
Mapping- determining the location of elements with in a genome, with respect to identifiable land marks.
Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes.
In simple mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Two types
Genetic map
Physical Map
Construction of a Linkage Map or Genetic Mapping
Construction of a Linkage Map or Genetic Mapping
1. DNA MARKERS FOR GENETIC MAPPING
– Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
– Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
2. Determination of Linkage Groups(No. of Chromosomes)
Dihybrid cross
Trihybrid cross
3. Determination of Map Distance
Recombination fraction
4. Determination of Gene Order
5. Combining Map Segments
Mapping and sequencing genomes: Genetic and physical mapping, Sequencing genomes different strategies, High-throughput sequencing, next-generation sequencing technologies, comparative genomics, population genomics, epigenetics, Human genome project, pharmacogenomics, genomic medicine, applications of genomics to improve public health.
despite of the enormous genomic diversity, the phage genome mapping is being done using a plethora of techniques,which includes both genetic mapping and physical mapping
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
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Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Gene mapping | Genetic map | Physical Map | DNA Data Analysis (upgraded)
1. GENE Mapping
Muhammad Bilal
BS(hons) Applied Microbiology
University of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
2018-amj-016@uvas.edu.pk Muhammad.bilal.uvas@gmail.com
2. Gene Mapping
• Mapping- determining the location of elements with in a genome,
with respect to identifiable land marks.
• Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a
gene and the distances between genes.
• In simple mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
• Two types
Genetic map
Physical Map
Muhammd Bilal
3. Genetic map
• Graphical representation of relative distances between linked genes
of a chromosome is called genetic map, also known as gene map or
chromosome map or cross over map.
Muhammd Bilal
4. Genetic mapping
Uses of Genetic mapping
• They are useful in predicting results of
dihybrid and trihybrid crosses.
• It allows geneticists to understand the
overall complexity and genetic
organization of a particular species.
• Identify genes responsible for
diseases.
• Identify genes responsible for traits.
• genetic maps are useful from an
evolutionary point of view.
Purpose of Genetic mapping
• The purpose of genetic mapping is to
determine the linear order and
distance of separation among genes
that are linked to each other along the
same chromosome.
• The chromosome maps display the
exact location, arrangement and
combination of genes in a linkage
group of chromosomes.
Muhammd Bilal
5. Construction of a Linkage Map or Genetic Mapping
1. DNA MARKERS
FOR GENETIC
MAPPING
– Restriction
Fragment Length
Polymorphism
(RFLP)
– Simple
Sequence Length
Polymorphism
(SSLP)
– Single
Nucleotide
Polymorphism
(SNP)
2. Determination of
Linkage Groups(No.
of Chromosomes)
Dihybrid cross
Trihybrid cross
3. Determination of
Map Distance
Recombination
fraction
4. Determination of
Gene Order
5. Combining Map
Segments
Muhammd Bilal
6. 1. DNA MARKERS FOR GENETIC MAPPING
Genes are useful
markers but not ideal.
Mapped feature that
are not genes are
called DNA markers.
DNA markers must
have at least two
alleles to be useful.
DNA sequence
features that satisfy
this requirement are-
– Restriction Fragment
Length Polymorphism
(RFLP)
•Southern hybridization
•PCR
– Simple Sequence
Length Polymorphism
(SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism (SNP)
Muhammd Bilal
1
7. 1. DNA MARKERS FOR GENETIC MAPPING
Genes are useful
markers but not ideal.
Mapped feature that
are not genes are
called DNA markers.
DNA markers must
have at least two
alleles to be useful.
DNA sequence
features that satisfy
this requirement are-
– Restriction Fragment
Length Polymorphism
(RFLP)
•Southern hybridization
•PCR
– Simple Sequence
Length Polymorphism
(SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism (SNP)
Muhammd Bilal
2
8. 1. DNA MARKERS FOR GENETIC MAPPING
Genes are useful
markers but not ideal.
Mapped feature that
are not genes are
called DNA markers.
DNA markers must
have at least two
alleles to be useful.
DNA sequence
features that satisfy
this requirement are-
– Restriction Fragment
Length Polymorphism
(RFLP)
•Southern hybridization
•PCR
– Simple Sequence
Length Polymorphism
(SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism (SNP)
Muhammd Bilal
3
9. 1. DNA MARKERS FOR GENETIC MAPPING
Genes are useful
markers but not ideal.
Mapped feature that
are not genes are
called DNA markers.
DNA markers must
have at least two
alleles to be useful.
DNA sequence
features that satisfy
this requirement are-
– Restriction Fragment
Length Polymorphism
(RFLP)
•Southern hybridization
•PCR
– Simple Sequence
Length Polymorphism
(SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism (SNP)
Muhammd Bilal
4
10. 1. DNA MARKERS FOR GENETIC MAPPING
Genes are useful
markers but not ideal.
Mapped feature that
are not genes are
called DNA markers.
DNA markers must
have at least two
alleles to be useful.
DNA sequence
features that satisfy
this requirement are-
– Restriction Fragment
Length Polymorphism
(RFLP)
•Southern hybridization
•PCR
– Simple Sequence
Length Polymorphism
(SSLP)
– Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism (SNP)
Muhammd Bilal
5
11. 2. Determination of Linkage Groups(No. of Chromosomes)
• Linkage analysis is the basis of genetic mapping.
• The offspring usually co-inherit either A with B or a with b, and, in this
case, the law of independent assortment is not valid.
• Thus to test for linkage between the genes for two traits, certain
types of mating's are examined and observe whether or not the
pattern of the combinations of traits exhibited by the offspring
follows the law of independent assortment.
• If not, the gene pairs for those traits must be linked, that is they
must be on the same
Muhammd Bilal
12. 3. How do we estimate, from the offspring of a single
family, the likelihood that two gene pairs are linked?
• Recombination Frequency
• Recombination fraction is a measure of the distance between two loci.
• Two loci that show 1% recombination are defined as being 1 centimorgan
(cM) apart on a genetic map.
• 1 map unit = 1 cM (centimorgan)
• Two genes that undergo independent assortment have recombination
frequency of 50 percent and are located on nonhomologous chromosomes
or far apart on the same chromosome = unlinked
• Genes with recombination frequencies less than 50 percent are on the
same chromosome = linked
Muhammd Bilal
13. • After determining the relative
distances between the genes of a
linkage group, it becomes easy to
place genes in their proper linear
order.
• NEXT is
4. Determination of Gene
Order
5. Combining Map Segments
Muhammd Bilal
14. Limitations of Genetic Map
• A map generated by genetic techniques is rarely sufficient for directing the
sequencing phase of a genome project. This is for two reasons:
• The resolution of a genetic map depends on the number of crossovers that
have been scored .
• Genes that are several tens of kb apart may appear at the same position on
the genetic map.
• Genetic maps have limited accuracy .
• Presence of recombination hotspots means that crossovers are more likely
to occur at some points rather than at others.
• physical mapping techniques has been developed to address this problem.
Muhammd Bilal
15. Physical Map
• A physical map is generated by methods that directly locate the
positions of specific sequences on a chromosomal DNA molecule.
• Expressed sequence tags (ESTs), which are short sequences obtained
from the ends of complementary DNAs (cDNAs)
• Expressed sequence tags are therefore partial gene sequences, and
when used in map construction they provide a quick way of locating
the positions of genes, even though the identity of the gene might
not be apparent from the EST sequence.
• fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
• Sequence Tagged Site (STS) Mapping.
Muhammd Bilal
16. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH).
• FISH enables the position of a
marker on a chromosome or
extended DNA molecule to be
directly visualized.
• In FISH, the marker is a DNA
sequence that is visualized by
hybridization with a fluorescent
probe.
Muhammd Bilal
17. Sequence Tagged Site (STS) Mapping/mapping reagent
• STS mapping is the most powerful physical mapping technique.
• Detailed Maps are generated by STS mapping.
• A sequence tagged site (STS) is a short DNA sequence, generally
between 100bp and 500bp in length.
• STS is easily recognizable and occurs once in the chromosome or
genome being studied.
Muhammd Bilal
18. Sequence Tagged Site (STS) Mapping/mapping reagent
• A collection of overlapping DNA fragments
spanning the chromosome or genome that is
being studied.
• Pairs of markers that lie within a single fragment
must be located close to each other on the
chromosome.
• how close can be determined by measuring the
frequency with which the pair occurs together
in different fragments in the mapping reagent.
• The mapping reagent could be a clone library,
possibly one that is also being assembled into a
contig prior to DNA sequencing.
Muhammd Bilal
20. Genetic Map VS Physical Map
• A genetic map is constructed
using recombination frequency
calculated from the progenies.
• A genetic map is an indirect
method of locating the positions
of genes or DNA markers.
• The unit of measurement of map
distance in genetic map is cM
• physical mapping pertains to
locating the position of DNA
sequences.
• physical mapping is a direct
method.
• The unit of measurement of map
distance in physical map is the
base pair.
Muhammd Bilal
21. REFERENSES
GENE CLONING AND DNA ANALYSIS An Introduction-T.A. BROWN-Sixth
Edition---Part II The Applications of Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis in
Research---10.2.3 Using a map to aid sequence assembly
Authentic Resources
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21116/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21962/
Additional Resources
• https://www.slideshare.net/PrashantTripathi59/gene-mapping-
ppt?from_action=save
• https://www.slideshare.net/zeeshanahmed121121/gene-mapping-ppt-
81617490?from_action=save
• https://www.slideshare.net/MEENAKSHIDAS11/gene-mapping-
methods?from_action=save
Muhammd Bilal
RFLP
• RFLP is the first type of DNA marker to be studied.
• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.
• But restriction sites in genomic DNA are polymorphic and exists as two alleles.
• The RFLP and its position in the genome map can be worked out following the inheritance of its alleles.
RFLP
• RFLP is the first type of DNA marker to be studied.
• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.
• But restriction sites in genomic DNA are polymorphic and exists as two alleles.
• The RFLP and its position in the genome map can be worked out following the inheritance of its alleles.
RFLP
• RFLP is the first type of DNA marker to be studied.
• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.
• But restriction sites in genomic DNA are polymorphic and exists as two alleles.
• The RFLP and its position in the genome map can be worked out following the inheritance of its alleles.
RFLP
• RFLP is the first type of DNA marker to be studied.
• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.
• But restriction sites in genomic DNA are polymorphic and exists as two alleles.
• The RFLP and its position in the genome map can be worked out following the inheritance of its alleles.
RFLP
• RFLP is the first type of DNA marker to be studied.
• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.
• But restriction sites in genomic DNA are polymorphic and exists as two alleles.
• The RFLP and its position in the genome map can be worked out following the inheritance of its alleles.