DNA Microarray for gene expression applied in medical condition for comparision of gene expressed in infected individual to that of normal individual or healthy individual.
description of functional genomics and structural genomics and the techniques involved in it and also decribing the models of forward genetics and techniques involved in it and reverse genetics and techniques involved in it
DNA Microarray for gene expression applied in medical condition for comparision of gene expressed in infected individual to that of normal individual or healthy individual.
description of functional genomics and structural genomics and the techniques involved in it and also decribing the models of forward genetics and techniques involved in it and reverse genetics and techniques involved in it
High throughput next generation sequencing and robust transcriptome analysis help with gene expression profiling, gene annotation or discovery of non-coding RNA.
Introduction
Transcriptome analysis
Goal of functional genomics
Why we need functional genomics
Technique
1. At DNA level
2.At RNA level
3. At protein level
4. loss of function
5. functional genomic and bioinformatics
Application
Latest research and reviews
Websites of functional genomics
Conclusions
Reference
Nadia Pisanti - With the recent New Genome Sequencing Technologies, Medicine and Biology are witnessing a revolution where Computer Science and Data Analysis play a crucial role. In this talk, I will give an overview of perspectives and challenges in this field.
High throughput next generation sequencing and robust transcriptome analysis help with gene expression profiling, gene annotation or discovery of non-coding RNA.
Introduction
Transcriptome analysis
Goal of functional genomics
Why we need functional genomics
Technique
1. At DNA level
2.At RNA level
3. At protein level
4. loss of function
5. functional genomic and bioinformatics
Application
Latest research and reviews
Websites of functional genomics
Conclusions
Reference
Nadia Pisanti - With the recent New Genome Sequencing Technologies, Medicine and Biology are witnessing a revolution where Computer Science and Data Analysis play a crucial role. In this talk, I will give an overview of perspectives and challenges in this field.
Introduction
History
Genetic mapping
DNA Markers
Physical mapping
Importance
Drawback
Conclusion
References
uses genetic techniques to construct maps showing the positions of genes and other sequence features on a genome.
Genetic techniques include cross-breeding experiments or, in the case of humans, the examination of family histories (pedigrees).
Mapping and sequencing genomes: Genetic and physical mapping, Sequencing genomes different strategies, High-throughput sequencing, next-generation sequencing technologies, comparative genomics, population genomics, epigenetics, Human genome project, pharmacogenomics, genomic medicine, applications of genomics to improve public health.
despite of the enormous genomic diversity, the phage genome mapping is being done using a plethora of techniques,which includes both genetic mapping and physical mapping
Role of molecular marker play a significant supplementary role in enhancing yield along with conventional plant breeding methods. the result obtain through molecular method are more accurate and at genotypic level. It had wider applications in field of plant breeding, biotechnology, physiology, pathology, entamology, etc. The mapping information obtained from these markers had created a revolution in the sequencing sector and open many pathways for developments, innovations and research.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
2. INTRODUCTION
• The branch of molecular biology concerned with the
structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.
• It is devoted to the mapping , sequencing and functional
analysis of genome
• The field includes studies of inter genomic phenomenon
and focuses on the interactions between loci and alleles
within the genome and other interaction such as :
EPISTASIS - The interaction of genes that are not alleles
, in particular the suppression effect of one of such genome
by another
PLEIOTROPY - The ability of a single gene to have
multiple phenotypic traits
HETEROSIS -It refers to the phenomenon in which
hybrid offspring exhibit characteristics that lie outside the
range of the parents.
3. “A discipline in genetics that
applies recombinant DNA
technology(RDT), DNA Sequencing
methods and Bioinformatics to
sequence , assemble , and analyze
the structure and function of
genomes .”
5. OBJECTIVES OF GENOMICS
Describe the importance and impact
of genomics and bioinformatics in
biology and biomedical research.
Identify appropriate resources to
gather persistent information.
Perform searches using accessible
database and tools.
6. Break the genome into smaller
manageable pieces called fragments
Steps involved in
Genomics
Sequence those smaller pieces
(fragments)
Assemble the entire genome from the
fragments and understand how the
gene expression takes place
10. STRUCTURAL GENOMICS
• It is concerned with sequencing and understanding the content of the
genome.
• It describes the 3-D structure of every protein encoded by a given
genome.
• Involves characterization and providing location of genes in a genome by
preparing its maps
1. GENETIC MAPS 2.PHYSICAL MAPS
• These maps provide information about
Relative location of genes
Molecular markers
Chromone segments
11. 1] Genetic Maps
• Also called linkage maps . Provide rough approximation of location of
genes relative to the locations of other known genes.
• These are based on the genetic function of recombination.
• For linked genes, rate of recombination is proportional to physical
distance between loci. It is determined by determining the progeny.
• Distance of genetic maps measures in percent recombination
(centimorgans) or map units.
RECOMBINATION
FREQUENCY BETWEEN LOCI
CONCLUSION
=50% Loci are located on different chromosome
or far apart on same chromosome
<50% Both loci are linked,
12. 2] Physical maps
• Based on direct analysis of DNA and place genes in relation
to distances measured in number of base pairs ,kilobase
or mega-base.
• Used to order cloned DNA fragments and to find the order
and physical distance between DNA base pairs by DNA
markers.
• The techniques used :
Restriction mapping
STS Mapping
FISH
DNA Sequencing
13. RESTRICTION
MAPPING-
Determines
relative position
of restriction
sites on DNA . It
is done using
many restriction
enzymes thus
producing many
fragments.
STS MAPPING-
Sequence
tagged site
mapping locate
the position pf
short unique
sequences of
DNA on a
chromosome.
FISH –
Fluorescent in
situ
hybridization
technique
where markers
can be visually
mapped to
locations on
chromosome.
DNA
Sequencing-
Direct DNA
sequence
information
used to create
most detailed
physical maps.
14. • GENETIC MAPS
• Lower resolution
• Less accurate
• Markers are
spaced by
recombination
frequency
• ATGC sequence is
not achieved.
• PHYSICAL MAPS
• Higher resolution
• More accurate
• Number of base
pairs
• ATGC sequence is
achieved
15. WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING
To determine the ordered nucleotide sequence of an
organism entire genome is the ultimate aim of structural
genomics. Since they are billions of base pairs long it is
tedious task. For this DNA is broken into fragments and
then sequenced. Putting the fragments back in correct
order is also a problems. The two approaches used for
this are
1. Map Based Sequencing
2. Whole Genome Shotgun Sequencing.
16. MAP BASED
SEQUENCING - It
requires initial creation
of detailed genetic and
physical maps which
provide known location
of genetic markers which
later is used to help align
the short sequenced
fragments in the correct
order.
WHOLE GENOME
SHOTGUN SEQUENCING
- Small insert clones are
prepared directly from
genomic DNA and
sequenced and then
powerful computer
programs then assemble
the entire genome by
examining overlap
among small insert
clones
17. FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS
• Also known as Transcriptomic or Proteomics.
• It attempts to understand dynamic aspects like
transcription , translation and protein interactions .
• It focus on understanding gene function and interaction
at the whole genome level using high throughput
approaches.
• The high throughput analysis of all expressed genes is
termed TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS
• It is conducted by two approaches:
Sequence based approaches
Microarray based approaches
18. 1] SEQUENCE BASED APPROACHES
Expressed Sequence Tags : ESTs are short
sequences of c DNA typically 200-400
nucleotide in length obtained either from
5’ or 3’ end of c DNA inserts of c DNA
library. They provide a rough estimate of
genes that are actively expressed in a
genome under a particular physiological
condition.
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression-Used
for gene expression profile analysis . It is
more quantitative in determining m RNA
expression in a cell. Short fragments of
DNA excised from c DNA sequences act
as unique markers of gene transcript.
Software tools for SAGE Analysis are
SAGE map , SAGE xprofiler ,SAGE Genie
19. 2] MICROARRAY BASED TECHNIQUE
A microarray is a pattern of ss DNA probes which are immobilized
on a surface called chip They use hybridization to detect a specific
DNA or RNA in a sample .It uses a million different probes fixed on
a solid surface .It involved from Southern BlottingIt is used to
analyse the expression of thousands of genes in single reaction and
to understand the genetic causes for abnormal functioning of the
body. Software programs to perform microarray image analysis:
ArrayDB
TIGR Spotfinder
Software programs for microarray data normalization are:
Arrayplot
SNOMAD
20. COMPARITIVE GENOMICS
• Genomic feature like DNA Sequence, Gene Order , Regulatory
Sequence of different organisms are compared.
• Whole or large parts of genomes compared to study basic
biological similarities or differences.
• The subject of comparative genomics impinges on;
Evolutionary biology and phylogenetic reconstruction
Drug discovery programs
Genome flux and dynamics
Function predictions of hypothetical proteins
Identification of genes , regulatory motifs , and other non-coding
DNA motifs.
21. TOOLS USED IN COMPARATIVE
GENOMICS
BLASTN
MEGABLAST
MUMmer
VISTA
WABA
PaternHunter
PipMaker
22. Methods of Comparative Genomics
Comparative analysis of Genome Structure
Comparative analysis of coding regions
Comparative analysis of non-coding regions
Comparative analysis of genome at three levels:
Overall nucleotide statistics(genome size , overall G+C
content, genome signature)
Genome structure at DNA level
Genome structure at gene level
23. APPLICATION OF GENOMICS
Identity comparison for new nucleic acid sequences .
Analysis of Gene expression profile .
Database of model organism .
Hunting for disease related genes .
Analysis of genes related to drug action .
Screening for poisonous side effects of genes .
Pharmacogenomics study drug response pattern in humans .