The three main spatial data structures in GIS are vector, raster, and TIN. Vector data represents geographic features as points, lines, and polygons. Raster data divides space into a grid with a value assigned to each cell. TIN data connects elevation points to form irregular polygons. Attribute tables store information about each geographic feature in rows and columns. Topology defines spatial relationships between features and is important for network analysis.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
Data models are a set of rules and/or constructs used to describe and represent aspects of the real world in a computer. GIS can handle four data models for various applications. This module explains those four.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
An introduction to GIS Data Types. Strengths and weaknesses of raster and vector data are discussed. Also covered is the importance of topology. Concludes with a discussion of the vector-based format of OpenStreetMap data.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
Data models are a set of rules and/or constructs used to describe and represent aspects of the real world in a computer. GIS can handle four data models for various applications. This module explains those four.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
An introduction to GIS Data Types. Strengths and weaknesses of raster and vector data are discussed. Also covered is the importance of topology. Concludes with a discussion of the vector-based format of OpenStreetMap data.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
A spatial database, or geodatabase is a database that is optimized to store and query data
that represents objects defined in a geometric space. Most spatial databases allow representing simple geometric objects such as points, lines and polygons.
Also known as geospatial data or geographic information it is the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be mapped.
the title of this course is Entitles as GIS and Remote sensingmulugeta48
This course is entitled as GIS and Remote sensing, this course is mainly focus on the application of GIS on irrigation water which is the application of water to the soil for the purpose of crop production
The presentation was given by Mr. Bas Kempen, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
basic concept of geographic data,GIS and its component,data acquisition ,raster, vector formats,spatial data,topology and data model data output ,GIS applications
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
4. In vector data layers, the feature layer is linked to
an attribute table. Every individual feature
corresponds to one record (row) in the attribute
table.
Vector Data Structure
5. About Image Files
• Image files contain no
data
• They are the background
• You can create data
based on images
• Not considered a “data”
structure
7. A raster grid can store values that represent categories, for example,
vegetation type
The basic grid attribute table has a value and
count field
The value field has a code or some real number
representing information about the grid cell. In
this case it is a code for vegetation.
The count field shows how many grid cells have
that same value.
Raster Data Structure
8. A raster grid can store values that represent categories, for example,
vegetation type
A grid table can also have additional information,
in this case the name of the vegetation type. But
is always has the value and count fields.
Raster Data Structure
9. Grids can also store continuous values like elevation
Raster Data Structure
10. Elevation grid for area north of Kirkuk, Iraq
From space shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM)
Zoom in and you see the grid cells
These are called:
Digital Elevation Models (DEM)
Raster Data Structure
11. So 2 ways of representing elevation:
Vector contour lines Raster grid
Raster Data Structure
12. Sources of raster data
Interpreted
satellite imagery,
e.g., land cover
Conversion of vector to raster data
Raster Data Structure
13. Sources of raster data Spatial analysis performed on vector data
A point layer of crime reports
A density grid derived from
the same crime data –
interpolation of point data
over a continuous surface
Raster Data Structure
14. Sources of raster data
Although an digital aerial photo is in raster format, it has no data.
Raster Data Structure
16. Raster and Vector Data Structures
Point
Line
Polygon
Vector Raster
Raster data are described by a cell grid, one value per cell
Zone of cells
17. • Features with discrete
shapes and
boundaries (e.g.,
street, land ownership
parcel, well)
• Database
management
• Database query and
reporting
• Network analysis
• High quality maps
• Continuous surfaces
with fuzzy boundaries
or with qualities that
change gradual over
space (e.g., soil, land
cover, vegetation,
pollution)
• Spatial analysis and
modeling (e.g.,
agricultural suitability)
Vector Raster
18. A 3rd data structure for representing surfaces:
Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)
TIN Data Structure
23. • Linear geographic features such as streams and
ridges are more accurately represented in a TIN
• Less points are needed to represent the
topography – less hard disk space is needed
• Points can be concentrated in important areas
where the topography is more variable, or where
more detail is required (e.g., small areas of land)
• Survey data and known elevations can easily be
incorporated into a TIN
• Some functions cannot be performed with DEM
data, but are easily done with a TIN
TIN Data Structure
Advantages
25. Attribute table
“Flat File” with columns and rows
Row = geographic feature record
Column = attribute field (item of information about a feature)
Attribute Data Structure
26. Attribute field general types
• Numeric (integer or decimals)
• Text (string)
• Date
• Blob (binary large object)
27. Attribute data types
• Categorical (name):
– nominal
• no inherent ordering
• land use types, county names
– ordinal
• inherent order
• road class; stream class
Note: often coded to numbers (eg. SSN)
but can’t do arithmetic
• Numerical
Known difference between values
– interval
• No natural zero
• can’t say ‘twice as much’
• temperature (Celsius or
Fahrenheit)
– ratio
• natural zero
• ratios make sense (e.g. twice
as much)
• income, age, rainfall
Note: may be expressed as integer
[whole number] or floating point [decimal
fraction]
Attribute data tables can contain locational information, such as addresses
or a list of X,Y coordinates. ArcView refers to these as event tables. However,
these must be converted to true spatial data (shape file), for example by
geocoding, before they can be displayed as a map.
28. Topology
When you edit features in an electric utility
system, you want to be sure that the ends of
primary and secondary lines connect exactly and
that you are able to perform tracing analysis on
that electric network.
Features need to be connected using specific rules.
30. Planar topology
Property parcels of land must adjoin each other
exactly, without gaps or overlaps. This two-
dimensional graph is called a planar topology.
31. Topological relationships
The relationships that do not change if you imagine a map being
on a rubber sheet and you pull and stretch the rubber sheet in
different directions.
Vector and TIN data can have topological structure.
Raster and images can not have a topological structure.
32. For a project
• What data layers
• Vector, raster, TIN, image?
• Topological structure (network connectivity
or planar topology)?
• Attributes?
• Minimum required accuracy?
33. Some objects are non-topological and can be freely placed in a
geographic area.
Examples?
Many objects are primarily stored in a GIS for the purpose of
background display on a map, so it is usually not necessary to
store them in a topological format.
If roads are a background layer in your GIS, they will probably
be simple features. If roads are part of an analysis of a
transportation system, they should be topological features.
Should a data layer be topologically structured?
34. ArcGIS Major Data Formats
• Coverages (Arc/Info)
– Older
– Used with ArcInfo versions 7 and older
• Shape files
– Developed when ArcView was released
– ArcView merged with ArcInfo at version 8
• Geodatabases
– Developed when ArcGIS was released (version 8)
– Shapefiles are still used, but the move is toward
geodatabases
35. Arc/Info Coverages
Coverages are an older data structure in which topology could be modeled.
You will still find many data sets in Arc/Info coverage data formats.
But for new data, you should use geodatabase or shapefile formats.
37. Geodatabases
Geodatabases can be created with ArcGIS 8.x , 9.x, and 10
Geodatabases give you more power to specify rules for features
and structure topology
38. Summary
• 3 Spatial Data Structure Types in GIS
– Vector
– Raster
– TIN
• Attribute Data Structure – Tables of
columns and rows
• Topology – needed for spatial data to
“know” where other data is