The document discusses various advances in metrology, including lasers, laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems. It provides details on the basic concepts, working principles, components, and applications of lasers and laser interferometers for metrology. It also discusses the working, types, probes, and applications of CMMs. Finally, it covers the basic concepts, elements, and functions of machine vision systems used for metrological measurements.
Screw threads are used to fasten components and transmit motion or power. There are various types of screw threads classified by their form, included angle, and other geometric properties. Common thread types include British Standard, Whitworth, and metric threads. Screw thread geometry includes features like the crest, flanks, root, pitch, helix angle, and diameters. Errors in screw threads can occur during manufacturing and affect the thread form and fit. Measurement of screw threads involves determining dimensions like the major diameter, minor diameter, effective or pitch diameter, and pitch using instruments like micrometers, thread comparators, and slip gauges.
This document discusses surface metrology and surface texture. It provides definitions of key terms like roughness, waviness, and flaws. It describes how surface texture is influenced by manufacturing processes and factors like material, cutting tools, and cutting conditions. Methods for measuring and specifying surface texture are outlined, including peak-to-valley height, average roughness, form factor, and bearing curve analysis. Direct instrument methods to measure surface finish are also summarized, such as using a profilometer, Tomlinson surface tester, and Taylor-Hobson-Talysurf surface roughness tester.
This document provides information on measuring various geometric features of screw threads and gears. It discusses measuring the major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and other elements of threads using instruments like micrometers, thread gauges, and comparators. For gears, it describes measuring runout, pitch, profile, backlash, tooth thickness, and alignment using devices like dial indicators, involute measuring machines, and angular measurement techniques. The document also defines common terminology for screw thread and gear geometry.
The document discusses advances in metrology, specifically laser metrology. It begins with an introduction to lasers, including common laser types such as solid state, gas, semiconductor, dye, and fiber lasers. It then discusses various laser applications in metrology such as laser interferometry, laser triangulation sensors, and using laser diffraction patterns for dimensional measurements. Other measurement techniques discussed include using lasers for machine tool testing and alignment testing.
This document discusses principles and methods for measuring various form parameters including straightness, flatness, thread measurement, gear measurement, surface finish measurement, and roundness measurement. It provides details on common measurement techniques and applications. Key measurement types covered are straightness using spirit levels and laser systems, flatness using beam comparators and interferometry, thread measurement of parameters like diameter and pitch using micrometers and thread gauges, and surface finish analysis using profilometers and other instruments.
The document discusses various types of velocity and speed sensors. It describes tachometers, which measure rotational speed using AC or DC generators. A laser surface velocimeter uses the Doppler effect to measure speed on moving surfaces without contact. Piezoelectric sensors convert changes in velocity, pressure, or other factors into an electrical charge. Accelerometers measure proper acceleration by detecting changes in velocity over time.
The document discusses various optical measuring instruments. It describes the engineering microscope, which provides an enlarged view of small objects to measure dimensions. It also describes the toolmakers microscope in detail. The toolmakers microscope uses optics and has a base, worktable, optical head, and ground glass screen to project and measure contours, diameters, distances between holes, and other geometric features of parts. Interference patterns created using an optical flat allow for measuring the flatness and parallelism of surfaces. Other optical measuring instruments discussed include the optical projector, interferometers like the Michelson interferometer, and sources of light used for optical measurements.
This document discusses alignment tests conducted on a pillar drilling machine. It describes 10 specific tests:
1) Checking the flatness of the base and table clamping surfaces.
2) Testing the perpendicularity of the drill head guide and spindle sleeve to the base plate.
3) Ensuring the true running of the spindle taper.
4) Verifying the parallelism of the spindle axis during vertical movement.
5) Measuring the squareness of the table clamping surface to its axis.
6) Checking the squareness of the spindle axis to the table.
7) Determining the total deflection under load.
Tolerances for errors in each test are provided. The tests
Screw threads are used to fasten components and transmit motion or power. There are various types of screw threads classified by their form, included angle, and other geometric properties. Common thread types include British Standard, Whitworth, and metric threads. Screw thread geometry includes features like the crest, flanks, root, pitch, helix angle, and diameters. Errors in screw threads can occur during manufacturing and affect the thread form and fit. Measurement of screw threads involves determining dimensions like the major diameter, minor diameter, effective or pitch diameter, and pitch using instruments like micrometers, thread comparators, and slip gauges.
This document discusses surface metrology and surface texture. It provides definitions of key terms like roughness, waviness, and flaws. It describes how surface texture is influenced by manufacturing processes and factors like material, cutting tools, and cutting conditions. Methods for measuring and specifying surface texture are outlined, including peak-to-valley height, average roughness, form factor, and bearing curve analysis. Direct instrument methods to measure surface finish are also summarized, such as using a profilometer, Tomlinson surface tester, and Taylor-Hobson-Talysurf surface roughness tester.
This document provides information on measuring various geometric features of screw threads and gears. It discusses measuring the major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and other elements of threads using instruments like micrometers, thread gauges, and comparators. For gears, it describes measuring runout, pitch, profile, backlash, tooth thickness, and alignment using devices like dial indicators, involute measuring machines, and angular measurement techniques. The document also defines common terminology for screw thread and gear geometry.
The document discusses advances in metrology, specifically laser metrology. It begins with an introduction to lasers, including common laser types such as solid state, gas, semiconductor, dye, and fiber lasers. It then discusses various laser applications in metrology such as laser interferometry, laser triangulation sensors, and using laser diffraction patterns for dimensional measurements. Other measurement techniques discussed include using lasers for machine tool testing and alignment testing.
This document discusses principles and methods for measuring various form parameters including straightness, flatness, thread measurement, gear measurement, surface finish measurement, and roundness measurement. It provides details on common measurement techniques and applications. Key measurement types covered are straightness using spirit levels and laser systems, flatness using beam comparators and interferometry, thread measurement of parameters like diameter and pitch using micrometers and thread gauges, and surface finish analysis using profilometers and other instruments.
The document discusses various types of velocity and speed sensors. It describes tachometers, which measure rotational speed using AC or DC generators. A laser surface velocimeter uses the Doppler effect to measure speed on moving surfaces without contact. Piezoelectric sensors convert changes in velocity, pressure, or other factors into an electrical charge. Accelerometers measure proper acceleration by detecting changes in velocity over time.
The document discusses various optical measuring instruments. It describes the engineering microscope, which provides an enlarged view of small objects to measure dimensions. It also describes the toolmakers microscope in detail. The toolmakers microscope uses optics and has a base, worktable, optical head, and ground glass screen to project and measure contours, diameters, distances between holes, and other geometric features of parts. Interference patterns created using an optical flat allow for measuring the flatness and parallelism of surfaces. Other optical measuring instruments discussed include the optical projector, interferometers like the Michelson interferometer, and sources of light used for optical measurements.
This document discusses alignment tests conducted on a pillar drilling machine. It describes 10 specific tests:
1) Checking the flatness of the base and table clamping surfaces.
2) Testing the perpendicularity of the drill head guide and spindle sleeve to the base plate.
3) Ensuring the true running of the spindle taper.
4) Verifying the parallelism of the spindle axis during vertical movement.
5) Measuring the squareness of the table clamping surface to its axis.
6) Checking the squareness of the spindle axis to the table.
7) Determining the total deflection under load.
Tolerances for errors in each test are provided. The tests
The document provides an overview of comparators, including their basic principle, uses, characteristics, and classifications. Comparators are precision instruments used to compare the dimensions of a component to a standard. They work by initially adjusting to zero on a standard part, then taking readings on the workpiece to determine any dimensional differences. Main types include mechanical, mechanical-optical, electrical, and pneumatic comparators. Mechanical comparators have no external power needs but limited range, while mechanical-optical versions offer higher magnification but require a light source. Electrical comparators use a Wheatstone bridge circuit and galvanometer, and pneumatic comparators displace fluid to measure deviations.
The document discusses the static and dynamic characteristics of instruments. The main static characteristics are accuracy, sensitivity, reproducibility, drift, static error, dead zone, precision, threshold, linearity, stability, range, bias, tolerance and hysteresis. The dynamic characteristics include speed of response, fidelity, lag, and dynamic error. Dynamic inputs can be transient or steady state periodic like step, ramp, parabolic or sinusoidal. Lag causes a delay or retardation in the instrument's response to changing inputs.
The document discusses various linear and angular measurement instruments. It describes vernier calipers, micrometers, slip gauges, interferometers, and comparators which are used for linear measurement. Angular measurements are made using instruments like sine bars and protractors. The document also discusses different types of gauges like plug, ring, and thread gauges used for dimensional inspection of parts.
This document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems.
Laser interferometers use laser light to perform highly precise linear and angular measurements. They can measure straightness, alignment, and small displacements. CMMs use probes to determine the coordinates of points on an object's surface, allowing precise dimensional inspection. Machine vision systems use cameras and image processing to automate visual inspection and quality control tasks.
This document discusses measurement standards and devices. It provides definitions and characteristics of units of length such as meters, yards, and scales. Meters are defined based on the speed of light and yards are equivalent to specific fractions of meters. Calibration establishes the relationship between measuring devices and measurement units. Accuracy depends on minimizing measurement errors and establishing relationships to known standards.
Microfabrication involves creating miniature structures and parts that are not visible to the naked eye and are between 1 micrometer and 1000 micrometers in size. Key microfabrication methods include micro machining and advanced nano finishing processes. Micro machining involves material removal at the micro/nano scale using processes like magnetic abrasive finishing, magnetorheological finishing, and diamond turning. These processes allow for high precision manufacturing of parts for applications like optics and microelectronics.
1. The document discusses various form measurement principles and methods including straightness, flatness, thread measurement, gear measurement, surface finish measurement, and roundness measurement.
2. Thread measurement involves measuring various thread elements like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and form using methods such as thread plug gauges, thread wires, and thread micrometers.
3. Gear measurement includes measuring parameters like pitch, lead, backlash, tooth thickness, and errors using equipment such as involute measuring machines, gear tooth vernier calipers, and gear testers.
4. Surface finish is measured using techniques like stylus probes, profilometers, and comparisons to standard samples which analyze roughness parameters like Ra
Linear and angular measurements are fundamental concepts in metrology. There are several precision tools used for linear measurements, including rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometers. Vernier calipers use a vernier scale to measure lengths with an accuracy of 0.02mm or better. Micrometers can measure with an accuracy of 0.01mm or better using a screw mechanism. Other important linear measuring tools discussed include slip gauges, height gauges, and depth gauges. Angular measurements are also important and were historically used for navigation.
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
This document summarizes key concepts related to surface quality and accuracy in machining. It defines different aspects of surface texture including roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws. It describes common methods for measuring and characterizing surface roughness numerically and visually. Surface roughness values like arithmetic average, root mean square, and maximum peak-to-valley roughness are defined. The document also discusses how surface finish affects functional properties such as wear resistance, fatigue strength, and corrosion resistance. Finally, it introduces process capability and how the CpK value is used to determine if a process can reliably meet specified tolerances.
IN THIS PRESENTATION CONSIST ON LATHE AND ITS TYPES EXPLAIN SHORT &
SWEET WITH GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Note : PART-A CONTINUOUS..... Remaining Unit Update soon ...WIsh you Happy Learning.....
This document discusses various form measurement principles and methods, including straightness, flatness, thread, gear, and surface finish measurement. It describes key concepts like straightness, flatness, and parallelism. Methods for measuring straightness include spirit levels, straight edges, and laser systems. Flatness can be measured using beam comparators, interferometry, and electromechanical gauges. Thread measurement involves assessing elements like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and form using tools like micrometers, thread gauges, and microscopes. Surface roughness is analyzed using methods like peak-to-valley, average roughness, and RMS. Gear measurement techniques include using vernier calipers, the base tangent method, and invol
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Reverse Engineering
Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)
A Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an electromechanical system designed to perform coordinate metrology.
CMM is a device for measuring the physical geometrical characteristics of an object.
CMM Applications
Types of CMM
Cantilever Type
Moving bridge type
Fixed bridge type
Column type
Gantry type
Horizontal arm type
Portable type
1. Cantilever Type of CMM
2. Moving Bridge type
3.Fixed bridge type
4. Column type CMM
5. Horizontal arm type CMM
6. Gantry type CMM
Types of Probe
Contact probe
Hard probe
Switching probes
Measuring probes
Non-contact probes
Laser probe
Vision probe
Hard Probe
It has a variety of probe tip shape and size based on the application.
Ball/Spherical shape probe used for establishing surface locations.
Tapered or conical probe used for locating holes.
Cylindrical probe used for checking slots and holes in sheet metal.
Switching Probes
3. Measuring Probes
2. Vision Probe
CAUSES OF ERRORS IN CMM
This document discusses metrology, which is the science of measurement. It covers key concepts in metrology including standards of measurement, accuracy vs precision, limits, fits and tolerances.
The document is divided into six modules which cover topics such as comparison measurement tools, screw thread and gear measurement, quality control principles, and statistical process control tools. Measurement standards including line, end, and wavelength standards are explained. International tolerance grades and limits of size are also summarized.
This document discusses various instruments used to measure angles:
- Protractors, bevel protractors, vernier bevel protractors, and optical bevel protractors are used to measure angles between two faces. Vernier bevel protractors provide more precise readings through a vernier scale.
- Sine bars and sine centers are used with slip gauges to measure angles through trigonometric functions. Sine bars become inaccurate for angles over 45 degrees.
- Angle gauges precisely measure angles through calibrated blocks that can be added or subtracted.
- Spirit levels and clinometers measure angles of incline relative to horizontal, with clinometers providing a scale to measure the exact
This document discusses methods for measuring various elements of screw threads, including major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter or pitch diameter, pitch, flank angle, and thread form. Common measurement tools mentioned include micrometers, thread comparators, thread micrometers, tool makers microscopes, and optical projection. Methods like using setting gauges, V-pieces, taper parallels, rollers and slip gauges, and one-, two-, or three-wire techniques are described for different thread measurements.
This document provides information on various methods for measuring force, torque, power, flow and temperature. It discusses direct and indirect methods for measuring force, including using spring balances, accelerometers, hydraulic load cells, pneumatic load cells and strain gauge load cells. It also describes techniques for measuring torque using rope brakes, hydraulic dynamometers and strain gauge transducers. Flow measurement is discussed for devices like venturi meters, orifice meters and rotameters. Temperature measurement techniques include bimetallic strips, thermocouples and resistance thermometers.
This document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems.
Laser interferometers use laser light to perform highly precise linear and angular measurements. They can measure straightness, alignment, and small displacements. CMMs use probes to determine the coordinates of points on an object's surface, allowing precise dimensional inspection. Machine vision systems use cameras and image processing to automate visual inspection and quality control tasks.
The document discusses various advances in metrology, including laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems.
Laser interferometers use laser light sources to perform highly precise linear and angular measurements. CMMs use probes to determine the coordinates of points on an object's surface and digitally map out its geometry. Machine vision systems use cameras and image processing to automatically inspect parts and make quality checks. Together, these metrology tools enable automated, high-precision measurement and inspection critical for modern manufacturing.
The document provides an overview of comparators, including their basic principle, uses, characteristics, and classifications. Comparators are precision instruments used to compare the dimensions of a component to a standard. They work by initially adjusting to zero on a standard part, then taking readings on the workpiece to determine any dimensional differences. Main types include mechanical, mechanical-optical, electrical, and pneumatic comparators. Mechanical comparators have no external power needs but limited range, while mechanical-optical versions offer higher magnification but require a light source. Electrical comparators use a Wheatstone bridge circuit and galvanometer, and pneumatic comparators displace fluid to measure deviations.
The document discusses the static and dynamic characteristics of instruments. The main static characteristics are accuracy, sensitivity, reproducibility, drift, static error, dead zone, precision, threshold, linearity, stability, range, bias, tolerance and hysteresis. The dynamic characteristics include speed of response, fidelity, lag, and dynamic error. Dynamic inputs can be transient or steady state periodic like step, ramp, parabolic or sinusoidal. Lag causes a delay or retardation in the instrument's response to changing inputs.
The document discusses various linear and angular measurement instruments. It describes vernier calipers, micrometers, slip gauges, interferometers, and comparators which are used for linear measurement. Angular measurements are made using instruments like sine bars and protractors. The document also discusses different types of gauges like plug, ring, and thread gauges used for dimensional inspection of parts.
This document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems.
Laser interferometers use laser light to perform highly precise linear and angular measurements. They can measure straightness, alignment, and small displacements. CMMs use probes to determine the coordinates of points on an object's surface, allowing precise dimensional inspection. Machine vision systems use cameras and image processing to automate visual inspection and quality control tasks.
This document discusses measurement standards and devices. It provides definitions and characteristics of units of length such as meters, yards, and scales. Meters are defined based on the speed of light and yards are equivalent to specific fractions of meters. Calibration establishes the relationship between measuring devices and measurement units. Accuracy depends on minimizing measurement errors and establishing relationships to known standards.
Microfabrication involves creating miniature structures and parts that are not visible to the naked eye and are between 1 micrometer and 1000 micrometers in size. Key microfabrication methods include micro machining and advanced nano finishing processes. Micro machining involves material removal at the micro/nano scale using processes like magnetic abrasive finishing, magnetorheological finishing, and diamond turning. These processes allow for high precision manufacturing of parts for applications like optics and microelectronics.
1. The document discusses various form measurement principles and methods including straightness, flatness, thread measurement, gear measurement, surface finish measurement, and roundness measurement.
2. Thread measurement involves measuring various thread elements like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and form using methods such as thread plug gauges, thread wires, and thread micrometers.
3. Gear measurement includes measuring parameters like pitch, lead, backlash, tooth thickness, and errors using equipment such as involute measuring machines, gear tooth vernier calipers, and gear testers.
4. Surface finish is measured using techniques like stylus probes, profilometers, and comparisons to standard samples which analyze roughness parameters like Ra
Linear and angular measurements are fundamental concepts in metrology. There are several precision tools used for linear measurements, including rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometers. Vernier calipers use a vernier scale to measure lengths with an accuracy of 0.02mm or better. Micrometers can measure with an accuracy of 0.01mm or better using a screw mechanism. Other important linear measuring tools discussed include slip gauges, height gauges, and depth gauges. Angular measurements are also important and were historically used for navigation.
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
This document summarizes key concepts related to surface quality and accuracy in machining. It defines different aspects of surface texture including roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws. It describes common methods for measuring and characterizing surface roughness numerically and visually. Surface roughness values like arithmetic average, root mean square, and maximum peak-to-valley roughness are defined. The document also discusses how surface finish affects functional properties such as wear resistance, fatigue strength, and corrosion resistance. Finally, it introduces process capability and how the CpK value is used to determine if a process can reliably meet specified tolerances.
IN THIS PRESENTATION CONSIST ON LATHE AND ITS TYPES EXPLAIN SHORT &
SWEET WITH GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Note : PART-A CONTINUOUS..... Remaining Unit Update soon ...WIsh you Happy Learning.....
This document discusses various form measurement principles and methods, including straightness, flatness, thread, gear, and surface finish measurement. It describes key concepts like straightness, flatness, and parallelism. Methods for measuring straightness include spirit levels, straight edges, and laser systems. Flatness can be measured using beam comparators, interferometry, and electromechanical gauges. Thread measurement involves assessing elements like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and form using tools like micrometers, thread gauges, and microscopes. Surface roughness is analyzed using methods like peak-to-valley, average roughness, and RMS. Gear measurement techniques include using vernier calipers, the base tangent method, and invol
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Reverse Engineering
Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)
A Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an electromechanical system designed to perform coordinate metrology.
CMM is a device for measuring the physical geometrical characteristics of an object.
CMM Applications
Types of CMM
Cantilever Type
Moving bridge type
Fixed bridge type
Column type
Gantry type
Horizontal arm type
Portable type
1. Cantilever Type of CMM
2. Moving Bridge type
3.Fixed bridge type
4. Column type CMM
5. Horizontal arm type CMM
6. Gantry type CMM
Types of Probe
Contact probe
Hard probe
Switching probes
Measuring probes
Non-contact probes
Laser probe
Vision probe
Hard Probe
It has a variety of probe tip shape and size based on the application.
Ball/Spherical shape probe used for establishing surface locations.
Tapered or conical probe used for locating holes.
Cylindrical probe used for checking slots and holes in sheet metal.
Switching Probes
3. Measuring Probes
2. Vision Probe
CAUSES OF ERRORS IN CMM
This document discusses metrology, which is the science of measurement. It covers key concepts in metrology including standards of measurement, accuracy vs precision, limits, fits and tolerances.
The document is divided into six modules which cover topics such as comparison measurement tools, screw thread and gear measurement, quality control principles, and statistical process control tools. Measurement standards including line, end, and wavelength standards are explained. International tolerance grades and limits of size are also summarized.
This document discusses various instruments used to measure angles:
- Protractors, bevel protractors, vernier bevel protractors, and optical bevel protractors are used to measure angles between two faces. Vernier bevel protractors provide more precise readings through a vernier scale.
- Sine bars and sine centers are used with slip gauges to measure angles through trigonometric functions. Sine bars become inaccurate for angles over 45 degrees.
- Angle gauges precisely measure angles through calibrated blocks that can be added or subtracted.
- Spirit levels and clinometers measure angles of incline relative to horizontal, with clinometers providing a scale to measure the exact
This document discusses methods for measuring various elements of screw threads, including major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter or pitch diameter, pitch, flank angle, and thread form. Common measurement tools mentioned include micrometers, thread comparators, thread micrometers, tool makers microscopes, and optical projection. Methods like using setting gauges, V-pieces, taper parallels, rollers and slip gauges, and one-, two-, or three-wire techniques are described for different thread measurements.
This document provides information on various methods for measuring force, torque, power, flow and temperature. It discusses direct and indirect methods for measuring force, including using spring balances, accelerometers, hydraulic load cells, pneumatic load cells and strain gauge load cells. It also describes techniques for measuring torque using rope brakes, hydraulic dynamometers and strain gauge transducers. Flow measurement is discussed for devices like venturi meters, orifice meters and rotameters. Temperature measurement techniques include bimetallic strips, thermocouples and resistance thermometers.
This document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems.
Laser interferometers use laser light to perform highly precise linear and angular measurements. They can measure straightness, alignment, and small displacements. CMMs use probes to determine the coordinates of points on an object's surface, allowing precise dimensional inspection. Machine vision systems use cameras and image processing to automate visual inspection and quality control tasks.
The document discusses various advances in metrology, including laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems.
Laser interferometers use laser light sources to perform highly precise linear and angular measurements. CMMs use probes to determine the coordinates of points on an object's surface and digitally map out its geometry. Machine vision systems use cameras and image processing to automatically inspect parts and make quality checks. Together, these metrology tools enable automated, high-precision measurement and inspection critical for modern manufacturing.
This document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems.
Laser interferometers use laser light to perform highly precise linear and angular measurements. They can measure straightness, alignment, and small displacements. CMMs use probes to determine the coordinates of points on an object's surface, allowing precise dimensional inspection. Machine vision systems use cameras and image processing to automate visual inspection and quality control tasks.
This document provides information on advances in metrology using laser technology. It discusses the principles and working of lasers, including spontaneous and stimulated emission. It describes applications of lasers such as laser interferometers, laser scanning gauges, and laser telemetric systems. It also covers coordinate measuring machines, the different types of CMMs, and probes used in CMMs like trigger probes and measuring probes. The document presents information concisely on various laser-based measurement techniques.
The document discusses various precision measurement instruments based on laser technology including laser interferometers, laser telemetric systems, laser and LED based distance measuring instruments, scanning laser gauges, and interferometry. Laser interferometers can measure lengths with high accuracy in the order of 0.1 μm over distances of 100m. Laser telemetric systems allow non-contact measurement of moving components. Scanning laser gauges can measure object diameters between 0.05mm to 450mm with accuracy of ±0.25 μm. Interferometry utilizes the interference of light waves to enable highly precise dimensional measurements.
The document discusses various advances in metrology such as laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems. It provides details on the basic concepts, types, construction, probes, accessories, software, and applications of CMMs. It also explains concepts such as lasers, interferometry principles, and types of interferometers including Michelson, Twyman-Green, and laser interferometers. Machine vision systems and their elements and applications are also briefly introduced.
The document discusses several advances in metrology, including lasers, coordinate measuring machines (CMM), and machine vision systems. It provides details on basic concepts, types, components, and applications of laser interferometers, CMMs, and machine vision. Laser interferometers can be used to measure straightness, alignment, and other attributes with high precision. CMMs can be used to inspect complex geometries and come in various types with probes and software. Machine vision involves using cameras and image processing for inspection and measurement.
The document discusses various analytical techniques and instrumentation used in chemistry. It describes spectroscopic techniques like UV-VIS and IR spectroscopy. It also discusses chromatographic techniques like gas chromatography and HPLC. Finally, it provides an overview of different types of detectors used in analytical instrumentation like photomultiplier tubes, photodiodes, and describes their basic working principles.
This document discusses advances in metrology, specifically laser metrology and interferometry. It begins by explaining the principles and components of lasers and how they are used for precision measurement. Examples of laser measuring machines described include laser telemetric systems, laser and LED distance measuring instruments, scanning laser gauges, and laser interferometers. Interferometry uses laser beams to perform highly accurate linear and angular measurements. Coordinate measuring machines and digital devices for computer-aided inspection are also summarized.
An optical modulator is a device that modulates or varies the amplitude of an optical signal in a controlled manner. It generates desired intensity and color in light by changing optical parameters like transmission, refractive index, or reflection according to an input signal. Common types of optical modulators include electroabsorption modulators, electro-optic modulators, acousto-optic modulators, and Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulators. Optical modulators are important for applications like optical communication systems.
The document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometry and coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). It describes the principles and components of laser interferometry, including laser sources, optical elements, and measurement receivers. Coordinate measuring machines are discussed, including their construction, types of probes, accuracy considerations, and applications for precision inspection. Computer-aided inspection using machine vision systems is also summarized, outlining the key stages of image generation, processing, and analysis.
Optical spectroscopy instruments are constructed from components including a radiant energy source, wavelength selector, sample containers, radiation detector, and signal processor. Spectrometers employ various sources such as tungsten filament lamps, hydrogen/deuterium lamps, and lasers. Wavelength selection is performed using filters or monochromators containing prisms or diffraction gratings. Radiation is detected using phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, or silicon photodiodes. Instruments can be single beam, double beam in space, or double beam in time. Molecular absorption spectroscopy utilizes these components to study electronic and vibrational transitions using UV-Vis light.
Collimating light maintains a consistent beam size over distance, while focusing light converges the beams to a point. It depends on your specific needs:
- Collimating is best if you need uniform intensity over a large area at a set working distance.
- Focusing is best if you need to concentrate the maximum intensity to a small spot size at the working plane.
You'll want to consider factors like the desired spot size, working distance, beam uniformity requirements and intensity thresholds to determine the optimal solution. Both collimating and focusing have applications, so understanding your technical requirements is key to choosing the right approach. Consulting an optics expert can also help ensure you select a solution tailored to your unique application.
- Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules to determine their structure.
- Infrared radiation is passed through a sample, and the wavelengths absorbed are measured to produce an infrared spectrum.
- The spectrum corresponds to the vibrational and rotational frequencies of functional groups in the molecule, allowing the structure to be deduced.
Ultrasound imaging uses transducers to emit sound waves into the body and receive echoes. There are three main types of ultrasound displays:
A-mode shows amplitude of echoes over time. B-mode uses brightness to display 2D cross-sections. M-mode images motion over time, useful for evaluating moving structures like heart valves.
The ultrasound beam has near and far field regions. Arrays allow focusing at different depths through phased delays. Spatial resolution depends on pulse length and beam width. Modern systems digitally process echo signals in parallel from each transducer to form high-quality images.
FT-IR spectroscopy works by detecting the vibrations of chemical bonds when exposed to infrared radiation. The infrared region is divided into near, mid, and far infrared. FT-IR uses an interferometer which splits the infrared beam into two beams that travel different paths before recombining, allowing simultaneous measurement across the infrared spectrum. Components include an infrared source, beam splitter, stationary and moving mirrors, sample, and detector. FT-IR has advantages over dispersive IR including better sensitivity, resolution, and ability to measure the full spectrum quickly. Applications include analysis of materials, kinetics studies, and identification of compounds and chemical structures.
This document provides an introduction to lasers, including their properties, theory of operation, components, and applications. Lasers emit light through stimulated emission and rely on population inversion to produce a coherent, monochromatic beam. The key components are a pump source to excite the gain medium and optical resonators to provide feedback. Lasers have numerous applications including material processing, medicine, metrology, data storage, communications, displays, spectroscopy, and military uses due to their directional and high-powered coherent light.
Laser interferometers use the precise wavelength of lasers to perform high-precision measurements of distance, angles, and other quantities. There are two main types: homodyne laser interferometers, which are based on Michelson interferometry, and heterodyne laser interferometers, which detect Doppler shifts. Key components include a laser source, beam splitters, retroreflectors, and a measurement receiver. Applications include measuring displacement, angles, flatness, straightness, and vibrations in fields like engineering and manufacturing.
OES is the reference analysis technique for elemental analysis of solid metallic samples . that uses the light emitted of an excited element and (PMT) convert the light in an electrical signal. that can be read by the instrument computer and the software
This document discusses axisymmetric elements for finite element analysis. It covers the conditions required for a problem to be axisymmetric, including symmetry about the axis of revolution. It also discusses the derivation of shape functions for axisymmetric elements, including a three node axisymmetric triangular element. Finally, it mentions assembling the element stiffness matrix and calculating stresses and strains.
The Linear Strain Triangular (LST) element is a six noded triangular element that has 12 unknown displacement degrees of freedom. It can be used for finite element analysis of structures and materials. The LST element approximates strains and displacements using linear interpolation between its six nodes.
A beam is a structural member that is supported along its length and subjected to external forces acting perpendicularly to its central axis. There are different types of beams including cantilever, simply supported, overhanging, fixed, and continuous beams. Beams can experience different types of transverse loading such as point loads, uniformly distributed loads, and uniformly varying loads.
This document discusses the finite element method (FEM) for engineering analysis. It explains that FEM involves discretizing a continuous structure into smaller, finite elements and then solving the equations for each element. The general steps of FEM are: 1) discretizing the structure into elements connected at nodes, 2) numbering nodes and elements, 3) selecting displacement functions, 4) defining material behavior, 5) deriving element stiffness matrices, 6) assembling equations, 7) applying boundary conditions, 8) solving for displacements, 9) computing strains and stresses, and 10) interpreting results. Discretization is the process of subdividing a structure into smaller finite elements that are then assembled to represent the original structure.
The document defines depreciation as the gradual and permanent decrease in the value of an asset over time due to factors like wear and tear, depletion, and obsolescence. It then discusses various depreciation methods like straight-line, declining balance, and sum of years digits. Under straight-line method, a fixed amount is deducted each year so the accumulated depreciation equals the original cost minus salvage value at the end of the asset's life. The declining balance method charges a fixed percentage of the book value each year, so depreciation is higher in early years. The sum of years digits method allocates more depreciation in early years based on the proportion of remaining life. The document also
This document discusses different types of maintenance including corrective, scheduled, preventive, and predictive maintenance. It defines each type and provides examples. Preventive maintenance aims to prevent failures and reduce costs through regular inspection and minor repairs. The document also covers replacement analysis and discusses factors that influence replacement decisions like deterioration, obsolescence, and inadequate capacity. It presents examples of problems calculating economic life and comparing individual versus group replacement policies based on failure probabilities and costs.
The document discusses various cash flow analysis methods including present worth, future worth, annual equivalent, and rate of return. It provides the formulas and sign conventions for revenue-dominated and cost-dominated cash flow diagrams for each method. Examples are given to demonstrate how to use the present worth and future worth methods to evaluate projects and choose the best alternative.
This document provides an introduction to value engineering interest formulas and their applications. It defines key terms like value, cost value, exchange value, use value, esteem value and different types of functions. It describes the value analysis/value engineering procedure and discusses when it should be used. Various interest formulas are explained including compound amount, present worth, uniform series and capital recovery. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the formulas to calculate future values, single payments, and equal installment amounts.
1. Engineering economics involves analyzing alternatives and making decisions to obtain the best monetary return. It considers factors like costs, benefits, risks, and time value of money.
2. Cost components include fixed costs, variable costs, marginal costs, and opportunity costs. Break-even analysis determines the sales volume needed to recover total costs.
3. Material, design, and process selection are important economic decisions in manufacturing. The most cost-effective options are chosen while meeting requirements.
TQM concepts focus on continuous quality improvement through management commitment, customer focus, quality training, process improvement, treating suppliers as partners, and performance measures. There are three views on quality costs: higher quality means higher costs; quality improvement costs less than savings from reduced defects; and quality costs are those incurred to fix defects, not just direct costs. Quality costs fall into four categories: prevention to ensure no defects; appraisal after production; internal failures during production; and external failures after shipping like returns. Benefits of TQM include greater customer loyalty, market share, and productivity.
This document provides an overview of total quality management (TQM) basics and definitions of quality. It discusses that quality means doing things right the first time and meeting customer expectations. Quality is defined in various ways such as fitness for use, conformance to requirements, and exceeding customer needs. The document then reviews the historical evolution of quality from ancient craftsmanship to modern approaches like statistical process control, total quality control, and TQM. It emphasizes that quality is important for higher customer satisfaction, profits, and overall business success.
The document discusses various quality control tools and techniques, specifically focusing on check sheets and flowcharts. It provides examples of simple check sheets to record data for car valet operations and product testing. Flowcharts are identified as a graphical tool to map processes and improve understanding. Standard flowchart symbols are defined for events like operations, decisions, storage, transport, and inspections. An example flowchart is provided mapping the estimator process for handling customer enquiries and generating quotes. Different types of process charts - outline, two-handled, and flowcharts - are also briefly mentioned.
1. The document discusses various types of linear and angular measurement instruments. It provides lists of common measuring devices along with their functions such as calipers, micrometers, height gauges, slip gauges, and comparators.
2. Key linear measurement instruments described include vernier calipers, micrometers, height gauges, depth gauges, and slip gauges. The document explains the basic principles, components, and uses of each tool.
3. Measurement techniques like vernier scales, least count calculations, and wringing of slip gauges are outlined. Different types of comparators - mechanical, electrical, and optical - are also introduced along with their working principles.
1. The document discusses the basics of metrology and measurement including the elements that affect precision and accuracy in measurement.
2. It describes the key elements of a metrology system as the standard, workpiece, instrument, person, and environment. Variations in any of these elements can introduce errors.
3. Several types of errors are also outlined including systematic, random, environmental, loading, and dynamic errors. Understanding error sources is important for achieving accurate measurements.
This document discusses various failure modes and repair methods for machine elements. It covers failures in gears, guideways, spindles, lead screws, bearings, and machine beds. The main causes of failure include wear, fatigue, overload, and corrosion. Repair methods depend on the type and extent of damage, and may include grinding, welding, bush fitting, replacement of parts, and preventing future failures through improved maintenance and design. Failure analysis techniques help identify root causes and prevent recurrence.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. UNIT-III
ADVANCES IN METROLOGY
Basic concepts of laser, Advantages of laser –
laser interferometers – Types – DC and AC laser
interferometer – Applications – Straightness –
Alignment. Basic concept of CMM – Types of
CMM – constructional features – Probes –
Accessories – Software – Application – Basic
concepts of machine vision system – Element –
Application
3. LASER
• Laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation.
• Laser instrument is a device to produce powerful,
monochromatic, collimated beam of light in which
the waves are coherent.
• Energy appears to be emanating from a very small
point.
• The laser is used extensively for interferometry
particularly the Helium- Neon gas type.
• This produces 1 to 2mm diameter beam of red light
power of 1MW and focused at a point of very high
intensity.
4. • Laser systems have wide dynamic range, low
optical cross talk and high contrast.
• Laser fined application in dimensional
measurements and surface inspection
because of the properties of laser light.
• These are useful where precision, accuracy,
rapid non-contact gauging of soft, delicate or
hot moving points.
• An electromagnetic radiation is emitted
whenever a charged particles such as an
electron drops from a higher energy state E2
to E 1
5. Terminology
• WAVELENGTH: the distance between the two
crest and two trough
• FREQUENCY: the number of waves passing in
a point in a certain time
• MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT: spectrum of visible
light having the same wavelength
• COHERENT: The distance over which the beam
stays in phase with itself
6. WORKINGPRINCIPLEOFLASER
A LASER work in the form of the processes that
consists of four importantprocesses:
1. Energy Absorption
2. Spontaneous Emission
3. Pumping and Population Inversion
4. Stimulated Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation
(Triggered photon)
7.
8. COMPONENTS/ELEMENTS OF LASER
• ACTIVE MEDIUM – May be solid crystals such
as ruby, liquid dyes, gases as co2 or
Helium/neon semiconductors. It contain
atoms whose electrons may be excited to a
metastable energy level by an energy source.
• EXCITATION MEDIUM – Pump energy into
active medium. They are optical, electrical or
chemical methods.
9. • HIGH REFLECTIVE MIRROR – A mirror which
essentially reflects 100% of the laser light.
• PARTIALLY TRANSMISSIVE MIRROR – Reflects
less than 100% of laser light.
12. ADVANTAGES
• More intensive than any other monochromatic
source
• High precise, accurate
• It facilitates rapid non-contact gauging of soft,
delicate or hot moving parts
• Allow fabrication of fine structures with high
quality avoiding mechanical stress
15. • TRANSMITTING UNIT
• PHOTO CELL OR RECEIVER
• MICROPROCESSOR OR CONTROL UNIT
• Used to measure the roundness and
diameter of hot steel bars
• Accuracy of 0.025mm for 5 - 25 mm dia
objects
19. • Used for high speed, non contact dimensional
and positional measurement and control
• The three components are TRANSMITTER,
RECEIVER, PROCESSSOR ELECTRONICS
• Laser beam moving at constant linear speed
• It measures at the rate of 150 scans per
second
• Object to be sensed photo electrically by the
receiver
• Received signals are converted by processor
electronics to convenient form
26. WHAT IS DIFFRACTION?
• Which involves a change in direction of
waves as they pass through an opening or
around a barrier in their path.
27. • Above fig shows a method of measuring the
diameter of thin wire using the interference
fringes (edges, borders) resulting from
diffraction of the light by the wire in the laser
beam.
• A measure of the diameter can be obtained by
moving the photo detector until the output is
restored to its original value.
• Variation in wire diameter as small as 0.2%
over wire diameter from 0.005 to 0.2mm can
be measured.
33. • This consists of two frequency laser head,
beam directing and splitting optics,
measurement optics, receivers, and
wavelength compensators and electronics.
• It is ideally suited for measuring linear
positioning straightness in two planes, pitch
(the place at the beam falls) and yaw
(deviation of beam)
• The two-frequency laser head provides one
frequency with P-polarization and another
frequency with S-polarization.
• The laser beam is split at the polarizing beam
splitter into its two separate frequencies.
34. • The measuring beam is directed through the
interferometer to reflect off a target mirror
or retro reflector attached to the object to be
measured.
• The reference beam is reflected from fixed
retro reflector.
• The measurement beam on its return path
recombines with the reference beam and is
directed to the electronic receiver.
• POLARIZATION – to produce different views
on different sides
35. • INTERFERENCE
The two waves suppose to form a resultant
wave of greater or lower amplitude is called
interference
• PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
The two waves have same wavelength and
exactly in phase with each other – the resultant
wave is sum of the amplitudes which produces
increased brightness
if the phase not each other, the resultant
amplitude is the difference of the individual
amplitudes which results darkness
37. INTERFEROMETER
• An instrument which generates and
compares the difference between the two
light waves which are reflected off two
different surfaces.
• Utilizes the effect of interference.
• INTERFEROMETRY: accurate measurement of
linear dimensions using a pure
monochromatic light source
38. • Laser Interferometer:
–the instrument used for high precision
measurements (distance, angles…. etc.)
–it uses the very small, stable and accurately
defined wavelength of laser as a unit of
measure
39. Applications
• Other Applications
– Measure angles, flatness, straightness, velocity
and vibrations, etc.
Xiaoyu Ding
Rearrangements
of the light paths
40. Linear Distance Measurement
The positioning accuracy is measured by
comparing the position value displayed by
machine with the actual position.
42. • Measurement of lengths
• Small changes in lengths
• Optical testing
• Surface structure
• Measurement of pressure and
temperature difference in gas flows and
plasmas
APPLICATIONS OF INTERFEROMETERS
43. • Particle velocities and vibration
amplitudes
• Wavelength measurements
• Testing of optical components
• Calibration of slip gauges
• Co ordinate measuring machine
44. Principle of Michelson Interferometer
• Albert Michelson (1852~1931)
the first American scientist to receive a
Nobel prize, invented the optical
interferometer.
The Michelson interferometer has
been widely used for over a century to
make precise measurements of
wavelengths and distances.
Albert Michelson
Xiaoyu Ding
45. • Michelson Interferometer 1) Separation
2) Recombination
3) Interference
A Michelson Interferometer for use on an optical table
49. OBJECTIVE
• To determine the wave length of light derived
from certain sources by comparison to meter
bar.
• Based on the principle of constructive and
destructive interference
• The reflected rays back to beam splitter from
where they are transmitted to photo detector
52. TYPES OF INTERFEROMETERS
• Homodyne or single – frequency or DC laser
interferometer
• Hetrodyne or dual – frequency or AC laser
interferometer
53. AC LASER INTERFEROMETER
• OBJECTIVE
The A.C system mixes the beams of
slightly different frequencies, permitting the
distance information to be carried on a.c wave
form
a.c laser interferometer measures mirror
displacement by measuring the phase change
due to the doppler effect.
54. COMPONENTS
• Two frequency laser source
• Optical elements
i ) Beam splitters
ii ) Beam benders
iii ) Retro reflectors
• Laser head’s measurement receiver
• Wave plate
• Measurement display
56. • Using AC laser light source of quality
interference fringes over longer distance
• Two slightly different frequencies with
opposite circular polarization
• After reflection beams recombines at B2 to
produce alternate light and dark interference
• The photo detector p1 receives f1 and f2
• The photo detector p2 receives f2 and
(f1±Δf1)
57. • f2-f1 in Amplifier1
• F2- (f1±Δf1) in Aamplifier2
• The up and down pulses from the converter
are converted electronically and displayed In
analog or digital form on the indicator
• Has high repeatability and resolution of
displacement measurement
• High accuracy
• 60 m range
• Easy to install
60. WORKING METHOD
• Single polarization state
• Wave plates or retarders – change the
polarization state of light
• Half wave plate will rotate the plane of
polarization
• Beam splitter – separates the beam source
• It is an improved version of Michelson
interferometer
• He – Ne gas type laser
61. • Beam having two opposing circularly
polarized components
• the two beams are reference beam and
transmitted beam
• These are recombines at beam splitter but
differently polarized but do not interfere
• Wave plate used to interfere with one
another to produce plane polarized beam
• The detectors used to distinguish the
direction of movement and the moveable
retro reflector is able to attach to the
required place for finding distance
62.
63. COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
• OBJECTIVE:
To determine the geometrical
characteristics of an object operating in a three
dimensional space.
• Role of inspection process
• Measuring probe to determine coordinates of
points on an object surface.
• Design, testing, profiling
• 100% dimensional assessment.
• First developed in Ferranti in scotland
67. WORKING
• Measuring machines are used for measurement
of length over the outer surfaces of a length bar
or any other long member.
• The member may be either rounded or flat and
parallel. It is more useful and advantageous than
vernier calipers, micrometer, screw gauges etc.
• The measuring machines are generally universal
character and can be used for works of varied
nature.
• The co-ordinate measuring machine is used for
contact inspection of parts.
68. • When used for computer-integrated
manufacturing these machines are controlled by
computer numerical control.
• General software is provided for reverse
engineering complex shaped objects.
• The component is digitized using CNC, CMM
and it is then converted into a computer model
which gives the two surface of the component.
• These advances include for automatic work part
alignment on the table. Savings in inspection 5
to 10 percent of the time is required on a CMM
compared to manual inspection methods.
72. Working Principle
• CMM is used for measuring the distance
between two holes. The work piece is
clamped to the worktable and aligned for
three measuring slides x, y and z.
• The measuring head provides a taper probe tip
which is seated in first datum hole and the
position of probe digital read out is set to zero.
• The probe is then moved to successive holes,
the read out represent the co-ordinate part print
hole location with respect to the datum hole.
73. • Automatic recording and data processing
units are provided to carry out complex
geometric and statistical analysis.
• Special co-ordinate measuring machines are
provided both linear and rotary axes.
• This can measure various features of parts
like cone, cylinder and hemisphere.
• The prime advantage of co-ordinate
measuring machine is the quicker inspection
and accurate measurements.
74.
75.
76.
77. Performance of CMM
• Geometrical accuracies such as positioning
accuracy, Straightness and Squareness.
• Total measuring accuracy in terms of axial length
measuring accuracy.
• Volumetric length measuring accuracy and
length measuring repeatability. i.e.,
Coordinate measuring machine has to be tested
as complete system.
• Since environmental effects have great influence
for the accuracy testing, including thermal
parameters, vibrations and relative humidity are
required.
78. APPLICATIONS
• Co-ordinate measuring machines find applications
in automobile, machine tool, electronics, space and
many other large companies.
• These machines are best suited for the test and
inspection of test equipment, gauges and tools.
• For aircraft and space vehicles, hundred percent
inspections is carried out by using CMM.
• CMM can be used for determining dimensional
accuracy of the components.
• These are ideal for determination of shape and
position, maximum metal condition, linkage of results
etc. which cannot do in conventional machines.
79. • CMM can also be used for sorting tasks to
achieve optimum pairing of components
within tolerance limits.
• CMMs are also best for ensuring economic
viability of NC machines by reducing their
downtime for inspection results.
• They also help in reducing cost, rework cost
at the appropriate time with a suitable CMM.
87. MACHINE VISION SYSTEM
• OBJECTIVE
A Vision system can be defined as a system
for automatic acquisition and analysis of images
to obtain desired data for interpreting or
controlling an activity.
It is a technique which allows a sensor to
view a scene and derive a numerical or logical
decision without further human intervention.
Machine vision can be defined as a means of
simulating the image recognition and analysis
capabilities of the human system with electronic
and electro mechanical techniques.
88. USES OF MACHINE VISION
• Functions like gauging of dimensions,
• Identification of shapes,
• Measurement of distances,
• Determining orientation of parts,
• Quantifying motion-detecting surface shading
• It is best suited for high production.
• These systems function without fatigue.
• This is suited for inspecting the masks used in
the production of micro-electronic devices
92. MAIN ADVANTAGE OF VISION SYSTEM
• Reduction of tooling and fixture costs
• Elimination of need for precise part
• Location for handling robots and
integrated automation of dimensional
verification and defect detection
94. FUNCTION OF MACHINE VISION
• Lighting and presentation of object to be
evaluated.
• It has great compact on repeatability,
reliability and accuracy.
• Iighting source and projection should be
chosen and give sharp contrast.
• Images sensor compressor TV camera may be
vidiocon or solid state.
95. • For simple processing, analog comparator
and a computer controller to convert the
video information to a binary image is used.
• Data compactor employs a high speed away
processor to provide high speed processing of
the input image data.
• System control computer communicates with
the operator and make decision about the
part being inspected.
96. • The output and peripheral devices operate
the control of the system.
• The output enables the vision system to
either control a process or provide caution
and orientation information two a robot, etc.
98. ELEMENTS OF MACHINE VISION
SYSTEM
• The delivery system
• Light source(illumination)
• Lenses – Field Of View of working distance
• Image sensor and digitizer
1. Converting optical into electrical signal
2. Videocon camera, solid state, camera and
frame grabber, synchronizing sensor
99. • Preprocessor – greater degree of image
refinement and removing or enhancing
features
• Vision processor/ controller – preprocessed
can be analyze here
Programmable Logic Controller
• Communication links
• Output devices – to control machine function
according to communication received from
the processor
100. APPLICATION
• Machine vision can be used to replace
human vision for welding.
• Machining and maintained
relationship between tool and work
piece and assembly of parts to
analyze the parts.
• This is frequently used for printed
circuit board inspection to ensure
minimum conduction width and
spacing between conductors.
101. • These are used for weld seam tracking,
robot guideness and control, inspection
of microelectronic devices and tooling,
on line inspection in machining
operation, assemblies monitoring high-
speed packaging equipment etc.
• Automotive – to guid robots, identify
codes, engine block inspection.
102. • Semiconductor manufacturing
• Manufacturing industries
• Solar panel manufacturing
• Food and packaging
• Postal and parcel inspection
• Non destructive testing
• Inspections of continuous webs