1. The document discusses various form measurement principles and methods including straightness, flatness, thread measurement, gear measurement, surface finish measurement, and roundness measurement.
2. Thread measurement involves measuring various thread elements like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and form using methods such as thread plug gauges, thread wires, and thread micrometers.
3. Gear measurement includes measuring parameters like pitch, lead, backlash, tooth thickness, and errors using equipment such as involute measuring machines, gear tooth vernier calipers, and gear testers.
4. Surface finish is measured using techniques like stylus probes, profilometers, and comparisons to standard samples which analyze roughness parameters like Ra
Comparators: Constructional features and operation of mechanical, optical, electrical/electronics and pneumatic comparators, advantages, limitations and field of applications
Principles of interference, concept of flatness, flatness testing, optical flats, optical interferometer and laser interferometer.
Surface texture measurement: importance of surface conditions, roughness and waviness, surface roughness standards specifying surface roughness parameters- Ra, Ry, Rz, RMS value etc., surface roughness measuring instruments – Tomlinson and Taylor Hobson versions, surface roughness symbols
Screw Thread measurement: Two wire
Screw Thread measurement: Three wire
Screw Thread measurement: Floating Carriage
Gear measurement: Gear tooth comparator
Gear measurement: Master Gear
Gear measurement: Using Rollers and Parkinson Gear Tester
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Tool Maker’s microscope,
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Profile Projector
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using 3D CMM
Comparators: Constructional features and operation of mechanical, optical, electrical/electronics and pneumatic comparators, advantages, limitations and field of applications
Principles of interference, concept of flatness, flatness testing, optical flats, optical interferometer and laser interferometer.
Surface texture measurement: importance of surface conditions, roughness and waviness, surface roughness standards specifying surface roughness parameters- Ra, Ry, Rz, RMS value etc., surface roughness measuring instruments – Tomlinson and Taylor Hobson versions, surface roughness symbols
Screw Thread measurement: Two wire
Screw Thread measurement: Three wire
Screw Thread measurement: Floating Carriage
Gear measurement: Gear tooth comparator
Gear measurement: Master Gear
Gear measurement: Using Rollers and Parkinson Gear Tester
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Tool Maker’s microscope,
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Profile Projector
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using 3D CMM
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
Presentation gives brief overview of Linear and angular measurements related to engineering, different types of instruments used for Linear and angular measurements such as vernier calipers ,micrometers,their types,non precision measuring instruments etc.
Surface roughness metrology deals with basic terminology of surface,surface roughness indication methods,analysis of surface traces, measurement methods,surface roughness measuring instruments such as Stylus Probe Instrument, Profilometer, Tomlinson Surface Meter ,The Taylor-Hobson Talysurf etc.This is very useful for diploma,degree engineering students of mechanical,production,automobile branch
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
Presentation gives brief overview of Linear and angular measurements related to engineering, different types of instruments used for Linear and angular measurements such as vernier calipers ,micrometers,their types,non precision measuring instruments etc.
Surface roughness metrology deals with basic terminology of surface,surface roughness indication methods,analysis of surface traces, measurement methods,surface roughness measuring instruments such as Stylus Probe Instrument, Profilometer, Tomlinson Surface Meter ,The Taylor-Hobson Talysurf etc.This is very useful for diploma,degree engineering students of mechanical,production,automobile branch
These may be used as reference standards for transferring the dimension of the unit of length from the primary standard to gauge blocks of lower accuracy and for the verification and graduation of measuring apparatus. These are high carbon steel hardened, ground and lapped rectangular blocks, having cross sectional area 0f 30 mm
10mm. Their opposite faces are flat, parallel and are accurately the stated distance apart. The opposite faces are of such a high degree of surface finish, that when the blocks are pressed together with a slight twist by hand, they will wring together. They will remain firmly attached to each other. They are supplied in sets of 112 pieces down to 32 pieces. Due to properties of slip gauges, they are built up by, wringing into combination which gives size, varying by steps of 0.01 mm and the overall accuracy is of the order of 0.00025mm. Slip gauges with three basic forms are commonly found, these are rectangular, square with center hole, and square without center hole.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
8. INTRODUCTION
• Threads are of prime importance, they are used as
fasteners.
• It is a helical groove, used to transmit force and
motion.
• In plain shaft, the hole assembly, the object of
dimensional control is to ensure a certain
consistency of fit.
• The performance of screw threads during their
assembly with nut depends upon a number of
parameters such as the condition of the machine
tool used for screw cutting, work material and
tool.
9. GEOMETRICAL FEATURES
• The measurement of
• Straightness
• Flatness
• Squareness
• Parallelism
• Roundness
• Circularity
• Cylindricity
11. STRAIGHTNESS MEASUREMENT
• A line is said to be straight over a given length,
if the variation of the distance of its from two
planes perpendicular to each other and
parallel to the general direction of the line
remains within the specified tolerance limits.
• The tolerance on the straightness of a line is
defined as the maximum deviation in relation
to the reference straight line joining the two
extremities of the line to be checked.
12. • Important geometrical parameter of machines
• Example: shaping machine-guideways
• Shortest distance between the two lines –
straight line
• Ray of light, liquid level
• It is a qualitative measure of a surface
• Straightness measuring system should be in
line with functional point – called Bryan’s
principle
14. METHODS OF STRAIGHTNESS
SPIRIT LEVEL:
• Inspecting the horizontal surfaces
• Finding direction and magnitude of minor
deviation from nominal condition
• The bubble will move from its position along
the radius of the angle of tilt.
• Ether, alcohol, benzol- low viscosity fluid
• Having graduated scale
18. STRAIGHT EDGES:
• With the help of surface plates and sprit
levels straight edges are used for checking
straightness and flatness
• Flat – sectioned measuring instrument
• Made up of steels
• Straight edges are used for testing large areas
of surface
• Painted surfaces are used to measure
straightness
LASER MEASURING SYSTEM:
20. FLATNESS MEASUREMENT
• Minimum distance between the two planes,
which will cover all irregularities of the
surface to be tested
• Best-fit plane between two standard
reference plane one above and one below
the plane surface to be tested
• Deviation of the surface from the best fitting
plane
23. Measurement of Screw Threads
• Screw Threads are used to
Transmit power and Motion.
• Fasten Two components with help
Of nuts,bolts and Studs.
Screw threads form included
Angle,Head Angle,Helix angle.
49. THREAD MICROMETER METHOD
• Used to measure threads within certain range of thread pitches.
• Anvil settings getting small error to measure range threads.
• First pitch diameter is measured for standard plug gauge of the same
size.
• It has special contacts to suit with the end screw thread for checking.
• End of spindle is pointed at V thread from with corresponding V
recess in the fixed Anvil.
• Is to measure only the angle of point and flanks of the threads come
into the contact.
• Micometer give the pitch diameter.
• Advantages:
• Which shows the variation in drunken thread.
• Limitations:
• Must set Standard thread plug get reading exactly zero.
50. PITCH MEASUREMENT
• Three methods,
1.Pitch Measuring Machine 2.Tool Makers microscope
3.Screw pitch gauge.
Pitch Measuring Machine
• Measurement is to move the stylus along the screen parallel to
the axis from one place to the next place.
• In this method is accurate method of measuring the pitch.
• Micrometer reading is set near zero on the scale.
• Indicator is moved along to bring the stylus and the indicator is
adjusted radially.
51. Pitch Measuring Machine
• Stylus engages between thread flanks and the pointer K is opposite
in the line L.
• To bring T in opposite in its index mark.
• Rotation of the micrometer and the second reading is taken.
• Difference between these two measured readings is known pitch of
the thread.
54. 1.Work table is placed on the base of the instrument.
2.Optical Head is mounted on a vertical column it can be
moved up and down.
3.Workpiece is mounted on glass plate.
4.Light source provides horizontal beam of light which
reflected from a mirror 90° upward towards the table.
5.Image of the work piece through optical head.
6.Image is projected three prisms to ground glass.
7.Screen can be rotated 360 °.
8.Different types of graduated screens and eyepieces are used.
Applications:
Linear measurement.
Measurement of Pitch diameter.
Comparing thread forms.
Center to center distance measurements.
62. ADJUSTABLE THREAD GAUGES
• It is another name of Wickman Adjustable Thread gauge.
• Which is used to measure Limits,major,minor, and effective
Diameter.
• Anvil-Adjusting screw the setting of the master gauge.
• After adjustment monogram lead seal can be fixed over the
adjusting screw.
64. Functions of Various types of gauges
1.Solid or Adjustable GO screw Ring gauge.
2.Check plug for new solid screw Ring gauge.
3.Wear Check plug for new solid and Adjustable GO Ring
gauge.
4.Setting Plug for adjustable GO Screw Ring gauge.
5.GO screw Caliper Gauge.
6. Setting Plug for GO Screw Caliper gauge.
7.NOGO Screw Caliper gauge
8.Gauge for Major Diameter.
Internal Thread gauging:
1.GO Screw Plug.
2.NOGO Screw Gauge 3.Gauge for Minor diameter.
66. FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER
• It consists of three major parts,
1.Base casting 2.Lower Carriage 3.Upper Carriage.
• Base has housing to support the work piece.
• Two V Grooves on the table lie parallel to the center.It’s support the
Lower gauge.
• Carriage has two conical pegs.
• One V Grooves resting upon a ball.
• Another one V Groove which lies on base ball.
• Upper surface of the lower carriage has Two V grooves on ball
bearings.
• Upper carriage floats at freely on the balls.It is called Floating
carriage.
• Movement allowed two directions which right angle to each other.
67. Measurement of Gears
• Gear is a mechanical drives which transmit power through
toothed wheel.
• Accuracy is very important to gear manufacturing.
• Transmission efficiency almost 99%.
• The gear blanks should be tested for the dimensional accuracy
and tooth thickness for the forms of gears.
• Two forms of gears are commonly.1.Involute 2.Cycloidal.
• Involute gear is also called as spur gear.
• Cycloidal gears are used to heavy and impact loads.
• Pressure angle is 25° to 14.5°
68. Measurement of Gears
Types of Gears:
1.Spur Gear.
2.Sprial Gear.
3.Helical Gear.
4.Bevel Gear.
5.Worm and worm wheel.
6.Rack and Pinion Gear.
74. Spur Gear Measurements
Runout:
• It is eccentricity in the pitch circle.
• It will give the tooth failures in gears.
• By used eccentricity tester.
• Gears are rotates tooth by tooth and the variation is noted
from the dial indicator.
83. Parkinson Gear Tester
• Master Gear attached the vertical Spindle.
• Tested gear is fixed on carriage.
• Carriage on slides on both sides.
• Gear Rotates sliding carriage indicated by dial indicator.
84. Parkinson Gear Tester
• Variation is recorded in a recorder by using waxed circular
chart.
• Mandrels are free rotates without clearance.
• Left mandrels moves along Table.
• Right mandrels moves along the Spring loaded carriage.
• Scale is attached in one side and other side attached venirer
which enables the center distance to be measured is 0.025mm.
• Pitch or concentricity of pitch line is the errors.
• Movement of carriage reading in dial indicator.
• Errors are enables in gear tester.
• The recorder is also filleted in the form of circular or
rectangular chart, and than errors recorded.
• Limitations:
90. SURFACE FINISH MEASUREMENT
• Components are produced by various method of
manufacturing process.
• It is not to possible to produce smooth surfaces and
some irregularities are formed.
• Factors affecting Surface finish Measurement.
1.Workpiece Material 2.Vibration 3.Machine Type
4.Too and fixtures.
93. Analysis of Surface Finish
Types:
1.The Average of Roughness method.
2.Peak valley height method.
3.From Factor.
The Average of Roughness method:
i).Centre Line Average.
ii).Root Mean square.
iii).Ten Point Method.
109. 1.DIAMETERAL METHOD:
• Measuring plungers are located 180° a part the diameter is
measured at several places
• It is suitable only specimen elliptical or it has an even
number of lopes.
• This method is unreliable in determining the roundness.
2.CIRCUMFERENTIAL CONFINING GAUGES:
• This technique does not allow
For the measurement of the other
Related geometric characteristics,
Such as concentrity,flatness of
shoulders.