This document discusses implementing reliability strategies and engineering. It begins by explaining the importance of reliability in fields like aviation, defense, and energy where failure could lead to dangerous situations. It then discusses mechanical reliability and common failure modes. Reliability engineering is introduced as the study of reliability and life-cycle management. Several high-profile system failures are listed to emphasize the need for reliability in design. The document outlines various areas of reliability engineering and provides definitions of key terms. It gives examples of reliability calculations and discusses maintainability, availability, and quality. Analytical reliability techniques are also summarized, along with key points and steps to implement a reliability strategy.
This is a three parts lecture series. The parts will cover the basics and fundamentals of reliability engineering. Part 1 begins with introduction of reliability definition and other reliability characteristics and measurements. It will be followed by reliability calculation, estimation of failure rates and understanding of the implications of failure rates on system maintenance and replacements in Part 2. Then Part 3 will cover the most important and practical failure time distributions and how to obtain the parameters of the distributions and interpretations of these parameters. Hands-on computations of the failure rates and the estimation of the failure time distribution parameters will be conducted using standard Microsoft Excel.
Part 1. Reliability Definitions
1.Reliability---Time dependent characteristic
2.Failure rate
3.Mean Time to Failure
4.Availability
5.Mean residual life
Achieving high product reliability has become increasingly vital for manufacturers in order to meet customer expectations amid the threat of strong global competition. Poor reliability can doom a product and jeopardize the reputation of a brand or company. Inadequate reliability also presents financial risks from warranty, product recalls, and potential litigation. When developing new products, it is imperative that manufacturers develop reliability specifications and utilize methods to predict and verify that those reliability specifications will be met. This 4-Hour course provides an overview of quantitative methods for predicting product reliability from data gathered from physical testing or from field data
This seminar session provides an overview of major aspects of reliability engineering, including general introduction of reliability engineering (definition of reliability, function of reliability engineering, a brief history of reliability, etc.), reliability basics (metrics used in reliability, commonly-used probability distributions in reliability, bathtub curve, reliability demonstration test planning, confidence intervals, Bayesian statistics application in reliability, strength-stress interference theory, etc.), accelerated life testing (ALT) (types of ALT, Arrhenius model, inverse power law model, Eyring model, temperature-humidity model, etc.), reliability growth (reliability-based growth models, MTBF-based growth model, etc.), systems reliability & availability (reliability block diagram, non-repairable or repairable systems, reliability modeling of series systems, parallel systems, standby systems, and complex systems, load sharing reliability, reliability allocation, system availability, Monte Carlo simulation, etc.), and degradation-based reliability (introduction of degradation-based reliability, difference between traditional reliability and degradation-based reliability, etc.).
When working for Petrobras at PRSI (Pasadena Refining System Inc.) I had this opportunity to share my experience as a Maintenance Manager in Brazil with PRSI operators and maintenance crew.
Reliability is associated with unexpected failures of products or services and understanding why these failures occur is key to improving reliability. The main reasons why failures occur include:
The product is not fit for purpose or more specifically the design is inherently incapable.
The item may be overstressed in some way.
Failures can be caused by wear-out
Failures might be caused by vibration.
Reliability, describes the ability of a system or component to function under stated conditions for a specified period of time
Reliability may also describe the ability to function at a specified moment or interval of time (Availability).
This is a three parts lecture series. The parts will cover the basics and fundamentals of reliability engineering. Part 1 begins with introduction of reliability definition and other reliability characteristics and measurements. It will be followed by reliability calculation, estimation of failure rates and understanding of the implications of failure rates on system maintenance and replacements in Part 2. Then Part 3 will cover the most important and practical failure time distributions and how to obtain the parameters of the distributions and interpretations of these parameters. Hands-on computations of the failure rates and the estimation of the failure time distribution parameters will be conducted using standard Microsoft Excel.
Part 1. Reliability Definitions
1.Reliability---Time dependent characteristic
2.Failure rate
3.Mean Time to Failure
4.Availability
5.Mean residual life
Achieving high product reliability has become increasingly vital for manufacturers in order to meet customer expectations amid the threat of strong global competition. Poor reliability can doom a product and jeopardize the reputation of a brand or company. Inadequate reliability also presents financial risks from warranty, product recalls, and potential litigation. When developing new products, it is imperative that manufacturers develop reliability specifications and utilize methods to predict and verify that those reliability specifications will be met. This 4-Hour course provides an overview of quantitative methods for predicting product reliability from data gathered from physical testing or from field data
This seminar session provides an overview of major aspects of reliability engineering, including general introduction of reliability engineering (definition of reliability, function of reliability engineering, a brief history of reliability, etc.), reliability basics (metrics used in reliability, commonly-used probability distributions in reliability, bathtub curve, reliability demonstration test planning, confidence intervals, Bayesian statistics application in reliability, strength-stress interference theory, etc.), accelerated life testing (ALT) (types of ALT, Arrhenius model, inverse power law model, Eyring model, temperature-humidity model, etc.), reliability growth (reliability-based growth models, MTBF-based growth model, etc.), systems reliability & availability (reliability block diagram, non-repairable or repairable systems, reliability modeling of series systems, parallel systems, standby systems, and complex systems, load sharing reliability, reliability allocation, system availability, Monte Carlo simulation, etc.), and degradation-based reliability (introduction of degradation-based reliability, difference between traditional reliability and degradation-based reliability, etc.).
When working for Petrobras at PRSI (Pasadena Refining System Inc.) I had this opportunity to share my experience as a Maintenance Manager in Brazil with PRSI operators and maintenance crew.
Reliability is associated with unexpected failures of products or services and understanding why these failures occur is key to improving reliability. The main reasons why failures occur include:
The product is not fit for purpose or more specifically the design is inherently incapable.
The item may be overstressed in some way.
Failures can be caused by wear-out
Failures might be caused by vibration.
Reliability, describes the ability of a system or component to function under stated conditions for a specified period of time
Reliability may also describe the ability to function at a specified moment or interval of time (Availability).
Authors: (i) Prashanth Lakshmi Narasimhan,
(ii) Mukesh Ravichandran
Industry: Automobile -Auto Ancillary Equipment ( Turbocharger)
This was presented after the completion of our 2 months internship at Turbo Energy Limited during our 3rd Year Summer holidays (2013)
This is a presentation to the top management as to why reliability is important and what is the difference between a maintenance engineer and a reliability engineer.
This is a three parts lecture series. The parts will cover the basics and fundamentals of reliability engineering. Part 1 begins with introduction of reliability definition and other reliability characteristics and measurements. It will be followed by reliability calculation, estimation of failure rates and understanding of the implications of failure rates on system maintenance and replacements in Part 2. Then Part 3 will cover the most important and practical failure time distributions and how to obtain the parameters of the distributions and interpretations of these parameters. Hands-on computations of the failure rates and the estimation of the failure time distribution parameters will be conducted using standard Microsoft Excel.
Part 2. Reliability Calculations
1.Use of failure data
2.Density functions
3.Reliability function
4.Hazard and failure rates
Is Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) right for you?Nancy Regan
This presentation outlines the goals of a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) analysis. It debunks the top misconceptions about RCM. And it poses and answers the top four questions about RCM most people don’t know to ask.
Introduction to Reliability Centered MaintenanceDibyendu De
Introduces Reliability Centered Maintenance, strategies employed, formulation of effective maintenance plan, reduction of consequences of failures and failure rate.
This is a three parts lecture series. The parts will cover the basics and fundamentals of reliability engineering. Part 1 begins with introduction of reliability definition and other reliability characteristics and measurements. It will be followed by reliability calculation, estimation of failure rates and understanding of the implications of failure rates on system maintenance and replacements in Part 2. Then Part 3 will cover the most important and practical failure time distributions and how to obtain the parameters of the distributions and interpretations of these parameters. Hands-on computations of the failure rates and the estimation of the failure time distribution parameters will be conducted using standard Microsoft Excel.
Part 3. Failure Time Distributions
1.Constant failure rate distributions
2.Increasing failure rate distributions
3.Decreasing failure rate distributions
4.Weibull Analysis – Why use Weibull?
Condition Monitoring – Cost comparison with and without CM – On-load testing and offload testing –Methods and instruments for CM – Temperature sensitive tapes – Pistol thermometers – wear-debris analysis
Maintenance Planning and Scheduling are key elements that influence the true success of any organization. Many times we have a planner or planner/scheduler, but do not know how to use him or her effectively or efficiently.
Abusing the word "Reliability" was an annoying thing for me, it's not linked to submission date of a document nor the training programs, yes these procedure can help in undirect way to improve the reliability, but when you consider your reliability program sole on it, then you are not doing reliability anymore.
So i decided to express my anger in peaceful way and i hope it can be a postive too.
for that i'll start to write a post and i'll call it "Real Reliability" to bust the myth around reliability, and i'll start with my first enemy "MTBF".
This for all the fed up guys from the wrong usage of "Reliability"
Authors: (i) Prashanth Lakshmi Narasimhan,
(ii) Mukesh Ravichandran
Industry: Automobile -Auto Ancillary Equipment ( Turbocharger)
This was presented after the completion of our 2 months internship at Turbo Energy Limited during our 3rd Year Summer holidays (2013)
This is a presentation to the top management as to why reliability is important and what is the difference between a maintenance engineer and a reliability engineer.
This is a three parts lecture series. The parts will cover the basics and fundamentals of reliability engineering. Part 1 begins with introduction of reliability definition and other reliability characteristics and measurements. It will be followed by reliability calculation, estimation of failure rates and understanding of the implications of failure rates on system maintenance and replacements in Part 2. Then Part 3 will cover the most important and practical failure time distributions and how to obtain the parameters of the distributions and interpretations of these parameters. Hands-on computations of the failure rates and the estimation of the failure time distribution parameters will be conducted using standard Microsoft Excel.
Part 2. Reliability Calculations
1.Use of failure data
2.Density functions
3.Reliability function
4.Hazard and failure rates
Is Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) right for you?Nancy Regan
This presentation outlines the goals of a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) analysis. It debunks the top misconceptions about RCM. And it poses and answers the top four questions about RCM most people don’t know to ask.
Introduction to Reliability Centered MaintenanceDibyendu De
Introduces Reliability Centered Maintenance, strategies employed, formulation of effective maintenance plan, reduction of consequences of failures and failure rate.
This is a three parts lecture series. The parts will cover the basics and fundamentals of reliability engineering. Part 1 begins with introduction of reliability definition and other reliability characteristics and measurements. It will be followed by reliability calculation, estimation of failure rates and understanding of the implications of failure rates on system maintenance and replacements in Part 2. Then Part 3 will cover the most important and practical failure time distributions and how to obtain the parameters of the distributions and interpretations of these parameters. Hands-on computations of the failure rates and the estimation of the failure time distribution parameters will be conducted using standard Microsoft Excel.
Part 3. Failure Time Distributions
1.Constant failure rate distributions
2.Increasing failure rate distributions
3.Decreasing failure rate distributions
4.Weibull Analysis – Why use Weibull?
Condition Monitoring – Cost comparison with and without CM – On-load testing and offload testing –Methods and instruments for CM – Temperature sensitive tapes – Pistol thermometers – wear-debris analysis
Maintenance Planning and Scheduling are key elements that influence the true success of any organization. Many times we have a planner or planner/scheduler, but do not know how to use him or her effectively or efficiently.
Abusing the word "Reliability" was an annoying thing for me, it's not linked to submission date of a document nor the training programs, yes these procedure can help in undirect way to improve the reliability, but when you consider your reliability program sole on it, then you are not doing reliability anymore.
So i decided to express my anger in peaceful way and i hope it can be a postive too.
for that i'll start to write a post and i'll call it "Real Reliability" to bust the myth around reliability, and i'll start with my first enemy "MTBF".
This for all the fed up guys from the wrong usage of "Reliability"
10 Things an Operations Supervisor can do Today to Improve ReliabilityRicky Smith CMRP, CMRT
Continuing the series that started with maintenance technicians and supervisors, if you are new to the position of Operations Supervisor, what are some of the things you can begin working on immediately to improve reliability within the area you work?
If you are thinking your operators are not important in helping with the management of asset reliability, think again. You cannot achieve an optimal state of asset reliability with the operators. This is a Great article on this topic.
You wonder sometimes, is Reliability the same as Availability. Here's a sample, showing 2 ways to calculate Availability. (They are not the same, but at times we think so.)
Most companies don’t measure mean time between failures (MTBF), even though it’s the most basic measurement that quantifies reliability. MTBF is the average time an asset functions before it fails. So, why don’t they measure MTBF? Let’s define reliability first before we go any further.
Reliability: The ability of an item to perform a required function under stated conditions for a stated period of time
So why don’t we measure Mean Time Between Failure. This articles discusses this issue.
Draft comparison of electronic reliability prediction methodologiesAccendo Reliability
A draft version of the paper that was eventually published as “J.A.Jones & J.A.Hayes, ”A comparison of electronic-reliability prediction models”, IEEE Transactions on reliability, June 1999, Volume 48, Number 2, pp 127-134”
Provide with the kind permission of the author, J.A.Jones
Solar trackers are the foundation of a utility-scale solar plant and their reliability affects energy production, uptime, and O&M costs; significantly impacting the economics of a project. In the near future it will become increasingly important for solar asset owners and investors to take tracker reliability into consideration. For tracker vendors, providing proven reliability and overall bankability of their systems will be a critical differentiator moving forward.
Reliability Maintenance Engineering Day 2 session 2 Reliability Techniques
day live course focused on reliability engineering for maintenance programs. Introductory material and discussion ranging from basic tools and techniques for data analysis to considerations when building or improving a program.
The concepts contained within Lean Manufacturing are not limited merely to production systems. These concepts translate directly into the world of maintenance and reliability.
At the core of Lean Manufacturing philosophy is the concept of elimination of waste. It is about getting precisely the right resources to precisely the right place and at the right time to make only the necessary products in the most efficient manner possible.
The concepts of the elimination of waste can be easily traced to Benjamin Franklin. Poor Richard encouraged the concepts of elimination of waste in numerous ways. Adages like “Waste not, want not”, “A penny
saved is two pence clear…Save and have” and “He that idly loses 5s. [shillings] worth of time, loses 5s., and might as prudently throw 5s. into the river.” Yes, it was Benjamin Franklin that educated us about the possibility that avoiding unnecessary costs could return more profit than simply increasing total sales.
It was Henry Ford who took the concept of the elimination of waste and integrated it into daily operations at his manufacturing facilities. Mr. Ford’s attitude can be seen in his books, “My Life and Work” (1922) and in “Today and Tomorrow” (1926) where he describes the folly of waste and introduces the world to Just-In-Time manufacturing. Mr. Ford cites inspiration from Benjamin Franklin as part of the foundation of these concepts.
However, it wasn’t until Toyota’s Chief Engineer, Taiichi Ohno systematized these concepts and the concept of pull (Kanban) into the Toyota Production System and created a cohesive production philosophy that was focused on the elimination of waste, that the world was able to see the real power of Lean Manufacturing. Interestingly enough, when Mr. Ohno was asked about the inspiration of his system, he merely laughed and said he read most of it in Henry Ford’s book.
Part 1 of this report will focus on one very specific Lean Manufacturing method known as 5S. This section will detail how a 5S initiative focusing on a plant’s Preventive Maintenance (PM) Program can immediately unlock resources within that maintenance department and make the PM process significantly more effective and efficient. Part 2 will look at the Deadly Wastes (Muda) of manufacturing and how elimination of these wastes is also a focus of the reliability process. Part 3 will discuss the overall objectives of Lean Manufacturing and parallel them with the overall objectives of the reliability process. Part 4 will discuss Poka- Yoke (mistake proofing) and see how several standard maintenance techniques are, in fact, Poka-Yoke techniques. A brief discussion of Kaizen and how both Lean Manufacturing and Maintenance and Reliability initiatives share these very same goals and objectives will summarize the entire report.
Measurement and Evaluation of Reliability, Availability and Maintainability o...IOSR Journals
The growing complexity of equipments and systems often lead to failures and as a consequence the
aspects of reliability, maintainability and availability have come into forefront. The failure of machineries and
equipments causes disruption in production resulting from a loss of availability of the system and also increases
the cost of maintenance. The present study deals with the determination of reliability and availability aspects of
one of the significant constituent in a Railway Diesel Locomotive Engine. In order to assess the availability
performance of these components, a broad set of studies has been carried out to gather accurate information at
the level of detail considered suitable to meet the availability analysis target. The Reliability analysis is
performed using the Weibull Distribution and the various data plots as well as failure rate information help in
achieving results that may be utilized in the near future by the Railway Locomotive Engines for reducing the
unexpected breakdowns and will enhance the reliability and availability of the Engine. In this work, ABC
analysis has been used for the maintenance of spare parts inventory. Here, Power pack assemblies, Engine
System are used to focus on the reliability, maintainability and availability aspects
Estimating Reliability of Power Factor Correction Circuits: A Comparative StudyIJERA Editor
Reliability plays an important role in power supplies, as every power supply is the very heart of every electronics equipment. For other electronic equipment, a certain failure mode, at least for a part of the total system, can often be tolerated without serious (critical) after effects. However, for the power supply no such condition can be accepted, since very high demands on the reliability must be achieved. At higher power levels, the CCM boost converter is preferred topology for implementation a front end with PFC. As a result significant efforts have been made to improve the performance of high boost converter. This paper is one the effort for improving the performance of the converter from the reliability point of view. In this paper a boost power factor correction converter is simulated with single switch and interleaving technique in CCM, DCM and CRM modes under different output power ratings and the reliability. Results of the converter are explored from reliability point of view.
Fundametals of HVAC Refrigeration and AirconditioningCharlton Inao
This course is designed to tackle the fundamentals of Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration as they relate to human comfort in residential and industrial design applications. The main focus of the course will be to examine the fundamental criteria involved in sizing and design of HVAC systems as well as to investigate the equipment used to satisfy the design criteria. The culmination part of the course is the design of air conditioning and ventilation of a commercial or residential building as a final project or case study.
Team formation
The course is designed to explore the entrepreneurial mindset and culture, utilizing a technology or engineering background. This fits into goals of starting a company or being involved in an entrepreneurial or R&D effort in companies of all sizes and industries. The course is also applicable in training future scientist and engineers to participate in in business ventures and Research and Development (R&D) activities.
Air conditioning systems
2. Properties of moist air
3. Moist air processes
4. Space air conditioning
5. Indoor air quality--comfort and health
6. Heat transfer from human body
7. Heat transfer in building envelopes
8. Infiltration heat load and weatherizing
9. Computation of the heating load
10. Heat gain by solar radiation
11. Computation of the cooling load
12. Energy requirements for HVAC systems; building energy audit
13. Fans--performance, selection, and installation
14. Air flow in ducts and fittings
15. Design of duct systems
16. Codes & standards for building energy systems
17. Annual energy consumption
Air conditioning systems
2. Properties of moist air
3. Moist air processes
4. Space air conditioning
5. Indoor air quality--comfort and health
6. Heat transfer from human body
7. Heat transfer in building envelopes
8. Infiltration heat load and weatherizing
9. Computation of the heating load
10. Heat gain by solar radiation
11. Computation of the cooling load
12. Energy requirements for HVAC systems; building energy audit
13. Fans--performance, selection, and installation
14. Air flow in ducts and fittings
15. Design of duct systems
16. Codes & standards for building energy systems
17. Annual energy consumption
Air conditioning systems
2. Properties of moist air
3. Moist air processes
4. Space air conditioning
5. Indoor air quality--comfort and health
6. Heat transfer from human body
7. Heat transfer in building envelopes
8. Infiltration heat load and weatherizing
9. Computation of the heating load
10. Heat gain by solar radiation
11. Computation of the cooling load
12. Energy requirements for HVAC systems; building energy audit
13. Fans--performance, selection, and installation
14. Air flow in ducts and fittings
15. Design of duct systems
16. Codes & standards for building energy systems
17. Annual energy consumption
Air conditioning systems
2. Properties of moist air
3. Moist air processes
4. Space air conditioning
5. Indoor air quality--comfort and health
6. Heat transfer from human body
7. Heat transfer in building envelopes
8. Infiltration heat load and weatherizing
9. Computation of the heating load
10. Heat gain by solar radiation
11. Computation of the cooling load
12. Energy requirements for HVAC systems; building energy audit
13. Fans--performance, selection, and installation
14. Air flow in ducts and fittings
15. Design of duct systems
16. Codes & standards for building energy systems
17. Annual energy consumption
The course is designed to explore the entrepreneurial mindset and culture, utilizing a technology or engineering background. This fits into goals of starting a company or being involved in an entrepreneurial or R&D effort in companies of all sizes and industries. The course is also applicable in training future scientist and engineers to participate in in business ventures and Research and Development (R&D) activities.
Nme 515 air conditioning and ventilation systems for submissionCharlton Inao
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Moist air properties and conditioning processes
Chapter 3 Air-conditioning systems
Chapter 4 Indoor and outdoor design conditions
Chapter 5 Space air diffusion and duct design
Chapter 6 Heat transmission in building structures
Chapter 7 Solar radiation
Chapter 8 Infiltration and ventilation
Chapter 9 Cooling/heating load calculations
Chapter 10 Building energy calculations
Nme 516 industrial processes for canvasCharlton Inao
The course involves the study and analysis of of industrial processing plants, focusing on local and international industries . It also deals with the analysis of flow sheets, equipment and operating data from simple cone-type rice mills, coconut oil mills, sugar centrals, plywood factories, cement plants to big power plants and processing plants.analysis of flow sheets, equipment and operating data from simple cone-type rice mills, coconut oil mills, sugar centrals, plywood factories, cement plants to big power plants and processing plants.
Nme 3107 technopreneurship for canvas june 17Charlton Inao
Technopreneurship is a philosophy, a way of building a career or perspective in life. The course covers the value of professional and life skills in entrepreneurial thought, investment decisions, and action that students can utilize in starting technology companies or exexuting R&D projects in companies as they start their careers.The net result is a positive outlook towards wealth creation, high value adding, and wellness in society.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
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2. The importance of reliability
Electrical, electronic and Mechanical equipment is used in a
number of fields — in industry for the control of processes, in
computers, in medical electronics, atomic energy, in weapon
systems, defence equipments, communications, navigation at sea
and in the air, and in many other fields.
It is essential that this equipment should operate reliably under all
the conditions in which it is used. In the air navigation, military and
atomic energy fields, for instance, failure could result in a dangerous
situation.
Very complicated systems, involving large numbers of separate
units, such as avionic and aerospace electronic systems are coming
into use more and more. These systems are extremely complex and
use a large number of component parts. As each individual part is
liable to failure, the overall reliability will decrease unless the
reliability of each component part can be improved.
2
3. Mechanical reliability
The well-reported failures, such as the Space Shuttle Challenger, Chernobyl
nuclear accidents, and the Bhopal gas escape, emphasize vividly the necessity for
mechanical reliability.
Buildings, bridges, transit systems. railways, automotive systems, robots, offshore
structures, oil pipe lines and tanks, steam turbine plates, roller bearings, etc., all
have their particular modes of failure affecting their reliability.
There are a number of common modes of mechanical failures, which are worth
listing, e.g. with structures:
(1)Corrosion failures
(2) Fatigue failures
(3) Wear failures
(4) Fretting failures
(5) Creep failures
(6) Impact failures
These may be considered the main failure modes, but there are of course many
others, such as ductile rupture, thermal shock, galling, brinelling, spalling,
radiation damage, etc.
A ‘failure’ is any inability of a part or equipment to carry out its
3
specified function.
4. Reliability Engineering
• Reliability engineering is an engineering field that deals
with the study, evaluation, and life-cycle
management of reliability: the ability of a system or
component to perform its required functions under
stated conditions for a specified period of time
• Reliability engineering is a sub-discipline within systems
engineering. Reliability is often measured
as probability of failure, frequency of failures, or in terms
of availability, a probability derived from reliability and
maintainability. Maintainability and maintenance are
often important parts of reliability engineering.
5. Well-publicized system failures such as those listed below may have
also contributed to more serious consideration of reliability in product
design
• Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster:
This debacle occurred in 1986, in which all crew
members lost their lives. The main reason for this
disaster was design defects.
• Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Explosion:
This disaster also occurred in 1986, in the former
Soviet Union, in which 31 lives were lost. This
debacle was also the result of design defects.
• Point Pleasant Bridge Disaster:
This bridge located on the West Virginia/ Ohio border
collapsed in 1967. The disaster resulted in the loss
of 46 lives and its basic cause was the metal fatigue
of a critical eye bar.
6. RELIABILITY SPECIALIZED AND
APPLICATION AREAS
• Mechanical reliability
This is concerned with the reliability of mechanical
items. Many textbooks and other publications have
appeared on this topic.
Example:
Critical mechanical component assessment
Shaft strength
Selection of flexible couplings and transmission brakes
Gear life assessment; screening of belt drives
Assessment of bearing life, load ratings of slider bearings and shaft
sealing devices
Bolt loading and lubrication systems
7. • Software reliability.
This is an important emerging area of reliability as
the use of computers is increasing at an alarming
rate.
• Human reliability.
In the past, many times systems have failed not due
to technical faults but due to human error. The
first book on the topic appeared in 1986
• Reliability optimization.
This is concerned with the reliability optimization of
engineering systems
• Reliability growth.
This is basically concerned with monitoring
reliability growth of engineering systems during
their design and development
8. • Structural reliability.
This is concerned with the reliability of
engineering structures, in particular civil
engineering
• Power system reliability.
This is a well-developed area and is basically
concerned with the application of
reliability principles to conventional power
system related problems. Many books on
the subject have appeared over the years
including a vast number of other
publications
9. • Robot reliability and safety.
This is an emerging new area of the application
of basic reliability and safety principles to robot
associated problems.
• Life cycle costing.
This is an important subject that is directly
related to reliability. In particular, when
estimating the ownership cost of the product,
the knowledge regarding its failure rate is
essential.
• Maintainability.
This is closely coupled to reliability and is
concerned with the maintaining aspect of the
product.
10. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
• Reliability: This is the probability that an item will
carry out its assigned mission satisfactorily for the
stated time period when used under the specified
conditions.
• Failure: This is the inability of an item to function
within the initially defined guidelines.
• Downtime: This is the time period during which the
item is not in a condition to carry out its stated
mission.
• Maintainability: This is the probability that a failed
item will be repaired to its satisfactory working state.
• Redundancy :This is the existence of more than one
means for accomplishing a defined function.
10
11. Active redundancy: This is a type of redundancy when all redundant
items are operating simultaneously.
Availability: This is the probability that an item is available for
application or use when needed.
Useful life: This is the length of time an item operates within an
acceptable level of failure rate.
Mission time: This is the time during which the item is performing its
specified operating condition.
Human error: This is the failure to perform a given task (or the
performance of a forbidden action) that could lead to disruption of
scheduled operations or result in damage to property/equipment.
Human reliability: This is the probability of completing a job/task
successfully by humans at any required stage in the system operation
within a defined minimum time limit (if the time requirement is
specified).
11
12. MEAN TIME BETWEEN FAILURES (MTBF): The mean exposure
time between consecutive failures of a component. This applies to
repairable items, and means that if an item fails, say 5 times over
a period of use totaling 1000hours, the MTBF would be 1000/5 or
200hours.
MEAN TIME BETWEEN MAINTENANCE (MTBM): The average
time between all maintenance events that cause downtime, both
preventative and corrective maintenance, and also includes any
associated logistics delay time.
MEAN TIME TO FAILURE (MTTF): Mean Time To Failure (MTTF): It
is the average time that elapses until a failure occurs. MTTF is
commonly found for non repairable items such as fuses or bulbs,
etc.
12
13. GENERAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS RELATED
FORMULAS
Evaluating the left-hand side of Equation (6) yields
t
From Equation (7), we get
t
( t )dt
The above equation is the general expression for the
reliability function. Thus, it can be used to obtain
reliability of an item when its times to failure follow any
known statistical distribution, for example, exponential,
Rayleigh,Weibull, and gamma distributions.
13
ln R(t) (t)dt...(7)
0
R(t)
e 0
...(8)
14. GENERAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS RELATED FORMULAS
Mean time to failure: This can be obtained by using any of the
following three formulas:
MTTF E t
tf t dt
( ) ( ) ...(9)
or
MTTF R t dt
( ) .............(10)
or
where:
MTTF is the item mean time to failure,
E(t) is the expected value,
s is the Laplace transform variable,
R(s) is the Laplace transform for the reliability function, R (t).
is the failure rate
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...(11)
1
( )
0
0
0
MTTF LimitR s
s
15. Mean time between failure MTBF
where MTBF stands for mean operating time between failures.
MTBF should be confined to the case of repairable items with
constant failure rate
15
GENERAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS RELATED FORMULAS
1
MTBF
is the failure rate
16. Bathtub Hazard Rate Curve
• Bathtub hazard rate curve is a well known concept to
represent failure behavior of various engineering
items/products because the failure rate of these items
changes with time.
• Its name stem from its shape resembling a bathtub as shown
in Figure 1.
• Three distinct regions of the curve are identified in the figure:
burn-in region(early failures),
useful life region, and
wear-out region.
16
17. • These regions denote three phases that a newly
manufactured product passes through during its
life span.
• During the burn-in region/period, the product
hazard rate (i.e., time dependent failure rate)
decreases and some of the reasons for the
occurrence of failures during this period are poor
workmanship, substandard parts and materials,
poor quality control, poor manufacturing
methods, …….
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18. incorrect installation and start-up human error, inadequate
debugging, incorrect packaging, inadequate processes, and
poor handling methods. Other names used for the “burn-in
region” are “debugging region,” “infant mortality region,” and
“break-in region.”
• During the useful life region, the product hazard rate remains
constant and the failures occur randomly or unpredictably.
Some of the reasons for their occurrence are undetectable
defects, abuse, low safety factors, higher random stress than
expected, unavoidable conditions, and human errors.
• During the wear-out region, the product hazard rate increases
and some of the reasons for the occurrence of “wear-out
region” failures are as follows: Poor maintenance, Wear due to
friction, Wear due to aging, Corrosion and creep, Wrong
overhaul practices, and Short designed-in life of the product.
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21. Example 1 :
• Assume that a railway engine’s constant failure rate λ is 0.0002
failures per hour. Calculate the engine’s mean time to failure.
1
1
MTTF
Thus, the railway engine’s expected time to failure is 5000 h.
• Assume that the failure rate of an automobile is 0.0004 failures/h.
Calculate the automobile reliability for a 15-h mission and mean
time to failure.
Using the given data in Equation
R t e
( ) ...(8)
21
5000h
0.0002
λ
(0.0004)(15)
e
0.994
( )
0
e
t
t dt
t
Example 2 :
22. 22
Similarly, inserting the specified data for the automobile failure
rate into Equation MTTF, we get
MTTF R t dt
( ) .............(10)
0
MTTF
e dt
MTTF e dt
h
t
t
1
0.0004
2,500
..
..
0
(0.0004)
0
Thus, the reliability and mean time to failure of the automobile
are 0.994 and 2,500 h, respectively.
23. Definition of Maintainability
Maintainability is a measure of the speed with which
loss of performance is detected, diagnosed and made
good.
Maintainability is the probability that a unit or system
will be restored to specified conditions within a given
period when maintenance action is taken in accordance
with prescribed procedures and resources.
It is a characteristic of the design and installation of the
unit or system.
The ‘availability’ or time an equipment is functioning
correctly while in use depends both on reliability and on
maintainability.
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24. Definition of Availability
Availability. Availability is defined as the percentage of
time that a system is available to perform its required
function(s).
It is measured in a variety of ways, but it is principally
a function of downtime.
Availability can be used to describe a component or
system but it is most useful when describing the nature
of a system of components working together. Because it
is a fraction of time spent in the “available” state, the
value can never exceed the bounds of 0 < A < 1. Thus,
availability will most often be written as a decimal, as
in 0.99999, as a percentage, as in 99.999%,
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25. Availability
• Availability
This is the probability that an item is available for
application or use when needed.
Maintainability together with reliability
determine the availability of a machinery
system. Availability is influenced by the time
demand made by preventive and corrective
maintenance measures.
Availability(A) is measured by:
A= MTBF/MTBF + MTTR
26. 26
Quality and reliability
The quality of a device is the degree of performance to
applicable specification and workmanship standards.
What is the difference between Quality and Reliability?
Quality means good performance and longevity.
Quality of any manufactured product is determined by its design,
the materials from which it is made and the processes used in its
manufacture.
Quality control measures performance and its variations from
specimen to specimen by statistical methods to determine
whether production satisfies the design requirements.
Quality of a product is determined by conformity and reliability.
In Reliability it matters how long a product will maintain its
original characteristics when in operation.
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Analytical Techniques and Methods in Reliability
Built-in test (BIT) (Testability analysis)
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
Reliability Hazard analysis
Reliability Block Diagram analysis
Fault tree analysis
Root cause analysis
28. 28
Accelerated Testing
Reliability Growth analysis
Weibull analysis
Thermal analysis by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and /
or Measurement
Thermal induced, shock and vibration fatigue analysis
by FEA and / or Measurement
Electromagnetic analysis
Statistical interference
Predictive and preventive maintenance: Reliability
Centered Maintenance (RCM) analysis
Human error analysis
Operational Hazard analysis
Results are presented during the system design reviews and logistics reviews.
Reliability is just one requirement among many system design requirements.
29. KEY POINTS
• Reliability is a measure of uncertainty and therefore
estimating reliability means using statistics and
probability theory
• Reliability is quality over time
• Reliability must be designed into a product or service
• Most important aspect of reliability is to identify cause
of failure and eliminate in design if possible otherwise
identify ways of accommodation
• Reliability is defined as the ability of an item to
perform a required function without failure under stated
conditions for a stated period of time
• The costs of unreliability can be damaging to a
company
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30. Steps in Implementation
1. Arrange for schedules to be in corporated in
relevant work plans
2. Identify the training needs in discussion with
relevant personnel
3. Assist personnel to develop required skills for
inspections and servicing within scope and
authority.
4. Collect data/information with performance
indicators
5. Recommend improvements to reliability
strategy in accordance with procedures.
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