The document summarizes key concepts related to failure and repair rates in manufacturing industries. It defines reliability as the probability a system will perform as intended without failure for a given period of time. Availability accounts for both reliability and how quickly a system can be repaired. It also defines failure rate, repair rate, and different types of availability like point availability and mean availability. Maintainability is defined as how easily and quickly a system can be restored after failure.
Taruna is presenting a research proposal on mathematical assessment and reliability optimization of redundant complex systems. The presentation discusses reliability concepts, system configurations like series and parallel, redundancy, stochastic and deterministic models, and concludes with a literature review on previous reliability analysis research. The goal is to decrease failure rates of modern technological systems through proper understanding of components and factors affecting reliability.
Unit 9 implementing the reliability strategyCharlton Inao
This document discusses implementing reliability strategies and engineering. It begins by explaining the importance of reliability in fields like aviation, defense, and energy where failure could lead to dangerous situations. It then discusses mechanical reliability and common failure modes. Reliability engineering is introduced as the study of reliability and life-cycle management. Several high-profile system failures are listed to emphasize the need for reliability in design. The document outlines various areas of reliability engineering and provides definitions of key terms. It gives examples of reliability calculations and discusses maintainability, availability, and quality. Analytical reliability techniques are also summarized, along with key points and steps to implement a reliability strategy.
This document defines availability as the probability that a system or component is operational at a given time without failure. It discusses the relationship between availability, reliability, and maintainability. Availability is classified as inherent, achieved, or operational availability depending on what types of downtime are considered. The document also provides a component availability flow chart and equations for calculating total availability in parallel, series, and mixed systems. It lists several techniques for improving availability such as proper training, maintenance scheduling, quality lubricants, automation, and uninterrupted power supplies.
Measurement and Evaluation of Reliability, Availability and Maintainability o...IOSR Journals
The growing complexity of equipments and systems often lead to failures and as a consequence the
aspects of reliability, maintainability and availability have come into forefront. The failure of machineries and
equipments causes disruption in production resulting from a loss of availability of the system and also increases
the cost of maintenance. The present study deals with the determination of reliability and availability aspects of
one of the significant constituent in a Railway Diesel Locomotive Engine. In order to assess the availability
performance of these components, a broad set of studies has been carried out to gather accurate information at
the level of detail considered suitable to meet the availability analysis target. The Reliability analysis is
performed using the Weibull Distribution and the various data plots as well as failure rate information help in
achieving results that may be utilized in the near future by the Railway Locomotive Engines for reducing the
unexpected breakdowns and will enhance the reliability and availability of the Engine. In this work, ABC
analysis has been used for the maintenance of spare parts inventory. Here, Power pack assemblies, Engine
System are used to focus on the reliability, maintainability and availability aspects
Availability is a performance criterion for repairable systems that accounts for both the reliability and maintainability properties of a component or system. It is defined as the probability that the system is operating properly when it is requested for use
The document discusses reliability engineering and fault tolerance. It covers topics like availability, reliability requirements, fault-tolerant architectures, and reliability measurement. It defines key terms like faults, errors, and failures. It also describes techniques for achieving reliability like fault avoidance, fault detection, and fault tolerance. Specific architectures discussed include redundant systems and protection systems that can take emergency action if failures occur.
This document provides an overview of reliability engineering topics including software reliability, fault tolerance, and reliability requirements. It discusses key concepts such as availability, reliability, faults, errors and failures. It also describes different fault-tolerant system architectures and reliability metrics including probability of failure on demand, rate of occurrence of failures, and availability. Functional reliability requirements and examples are also presented relating to checking requirements, recovery requirements, redundancy requirements and development process requirements.
Taruna is presenting a research proposal on mathematical assessment and reliability optimization of redundant complex systems. The presentation discusses reliability concepts, system configurations like series and parallel, redundancy, stochastic and deterministic models, and concludes with a literature review on previous reliability analysis research. The goal is to decrease failure rates of modern technological systems through proper understanding of components and factors affecting reliability.
Unit 9 implementing the reliability strategyCharlton Inao
This document discusses implementing reliability strategies and engineering. It begins by explaining the importance of reliability in fields like aviation, defense, and energy where failure could lead to dangerous situations. It then discusses mechanical reliability and common failure modes. Reliability engineering is introduced as the study of reliability and life-cycle management. Several high-profile system failures are listed to emphasize the need for reliability in design. The document outlines various areas of reliability engineering and provides definitions of key terms. It gives examples of reliability calculations and discusses maintainability, availability, and quality. Analytical reliability techniques are also summarized, along with key points and steps to implement a reliability strategy.
This document defines availability as the probability that a system or component is operational at a given time without failure. It discusses the relationship between availability, reliability, and maintainability. Availability is classified as inherent, achieved, or operational availability depending on what types of downtime are considered. The document also provides a component availability flow chart and equations for calculating total availability in parallel, series, and mixed systems. It lists several techniques for improving availability such as proper training, maintenance scheduling, quality lubricants, automation, and uninterrupted power supplies.
Measurement and Evaluation of Reliability, Availability and Maintainability o...IOSR Journals
The growing complexity of equipments and systems often lead to failures and as a consequence the
aspects of reliability, maintainability and availability have come into forefront. The failure of machineries and
equipments causes disruption in production resulting from a loss of availability of the system and also increases
the cost of maintenance. The present study deals with the determination of reliability and availability aspects of
one of the significant constituent in a Railway Diesel Locomotive Engine. In order to assess the availability
performance of these components, a broad set of studies has been carried out to gather accurate information at
the level of detail considered suitable to meet the availability analysis target. The Reliability analysis is
performed using the Weibull Distribution and the various data plots as well as failure rate information help in
achieving results that may be utilized in the near future by the Railway Locomotive Engines for reducing the
unexpected breakdowns and will enhance the reliability and availability of the Engine. In this work, ABC
analysis has been used for the maintenance of spare parts inventory. Here, Power pack assemblies, Engine
System are used to focus on the reliability, maintainability and availability aspects
Availability is a performance criterion for repairable systems that accounts for both the reliability and maintainability properties of a component or system. It is defined as the probability that the system is operating properly when it is requested for use
The document discusses reliability engineering and fault tolerance. It covers topics like availability, reliability requirements, fault-tolerant architectures, and reliability measurement. It defines key terms like faults, errors, and failures. It also describes techniques for achieving reliability like fault avoidance, fault detection, and fault tolerance. Specific architectures discussed include redundant systems and protection systems that can take emergency action if failures occur.
This document provides an overview of reliability engineering topics including software reliability, fault tolerance, and reliability requirements. It discusses key concepts such as availability, reliability, faults, errors and failures. It also describes different fault-tolerant system architectures and reliability metrics including probability of failure on demand, rate of occurrence of failures, and availability. Functional reliability requirements and examples are also presented relating to checking requirements, recovery requirements, redundancy requirements and development process requirements.
A new design for fault tolerant and fault recoverable ALU System has been proposed in this paper. Reliability is one of the most critical factors that have to be considered during the designing phase of any IC. In critical applications like Medical equipment & Military applications this reliability factor plays a
very critical role in determining the acceptance of product. Insertion of special modules in the main design for reliability enhancement will give considerable amount of area & power penalty. So, a novel approach to this problem is to find ways for reusing the already available components in digital system in efficient way to implement recoverable methodologies. Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) has traditionally used
for protecting digital logic from the SEUs (single event upset) by triplicating the critical components of the system to give fault tolerance to system. ScTMR- Scan chain-based error recovery TMR technique provides recovery for all internal faults. ScTMR uses a roll-forward approach and employs the scan chain implemented in the circuits for testability purposes to recover the system to fault-free state. The proposed
design will incorporate a ScTMR controller over TMR system of ALU and will make the system fault tolerant and fault recoverable. Hence, proposed design will be more efficient & reliable to use in critical applications, than any other design present till today.
This document discusses key reliability, maintainability, and availability (RMA) requirements for systems. It defines metrics like MTBF, MTBCF, and MTTR that measure reliability, maintainability, and availability. Availability is calculated based on MTBF, MTBCF, and MTTR. Uptime and downtime are also important availability metrics measured over different time periods like percentage of hours in a week, month, or year. Developing RMA requirements also involves defining capacity needs like peak, minimum, and sustained data rates as well as considerations for operational suitability, supportability, and workforce needs.
Application of Lifetime Models in Maintenance (Case Study: Thermal Electricit...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document outlines the syllabus for the ME2037 Maintenance Engineering course. The objectives are to understand maintenance principles, functions, and industry practices for successful management. Key topics covered include maintenance planning principles, preventive maintenance policies, condition monitoring methods and instruments, repair methods for machine elements and material handling equipment. Assessment includes understanding reliability concepts like MTBF, MTTR, and factors affecting availability. The course aims to explain different maintenance categories and illustrate condition monitoring instruments to manage maintenance activities effectively.
The document discusses research methodology and power system reliability. It introduces various research concepts like the research process, types of research, and the difference between research methods and methodology. It then covers power system reliability, including definitions, hierarchical analysis, reliability indices like LOLP, SAIFI and SAIDI, and the concept of optimal reliability value.
The document summarizes Rahul Singh's seminar presentation on reliability. It defines reliability as the ability of a product to perform as expected over time, with a probability between 0 and 1 under specified conditions. There are two types of failures: functional and reliability. Reliability is measured through failure rate and other metrics. Products go through debugging, chance failure, and wear-out phases as shown in the bathtub curve. Exponential and Weibull distributions model failure rates. System reliability depends on components arranged in series, parallel or both. Life testing plans include failure-terminated, time-terminated and sequential tests.
Authors: (i) Prashanth Lakshmi Narasimhan,
(ii) Mukesh Ravichandran
Industry: Automobile -Auto Ancillary Equipment ( Turbocharger)
This was presented after the completion of our 2 months internship at Turbo Energy Limited during our 3rd Year Summer holidays (2013)
Proposed Algorithm for Surveillance ApplicationsEditor IJCATR
Technological systems are vulnerable to faults. In many fault situations, the system operation has to be stopped to avoid
damage to machinery and humans. As a consequence, the detection and the handling of faults play an increasing role in modern
technology, where many highly automated components interact in a complex way such that a fault in a single component may cause
the malfunction of the whole system. This work introduces the main ideas of fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control under the optics
of various research work done in this area. It presents the Arduino technology in both hardware and software sides. The purpose of this
paper is to propose a diagnostic algorithm based on this technology. A case study is proposed for this setting. Moreover, we explained
and discussed the result of our algorithm.
This document discusses system reliability. It defines reliability and explains that a system's reliability depends on the reliability of its individual components as well as how those components are configured. Components can be connected in series or parallel. For series connections, the system reliability is the product of the individual reliabilities. For parallel connections, the system reliability is higher than the individual reliabilities. More complex systems can have both series and parallel components. Having redundant parallel components, like standby components, improves reliability over simple parallel systems. Exponential and Weibull distributions are commonly used to model component failure rates and calculate reliability metrics.
A Novel Approach to Derive the Average-Case Behavior of Distributed Embedded ...ijccmsjournal
Monte-Carlo simulation is widely used in distributed embedded system in our present era. In this
research work, we have put an emphasis on reliability assessment of any distributed embedded system
through Monte-Carlo simulation. We have done this assessment on random data which represents input
voltages ranging from 0 volt to 12 volt; several numbers of trials have been executed on those data to
check the average case behavior of a distributed real time embedded system. From the experimental result, a saturation point has been achieved against the time behavior which shows the average case behavior of the concerned distributed embedded system.
Maintenance Engineering, Principle of Maintenancerishikantmip22
The document discusses maintenance engineering principles and practices. It covers objectives of maintenance planning which include maximizing production availability and minimizing costs. It also discusses reliability concepts such as MTBF, MTTR, and availability. Different types of maintenance organization structures are described such as decentralized, centralized, and partially centralized models. Key aspects of maintenance such as maintainability, availability calculations, and factors affecting them are explained.
Reliability is defined as the ability of a product to perform as expected over time, and is formally defined as the probability that a product performs its intended function for a stated period of time under specified operating conditions. Maintainability is the probability that a system or product can be retained in or restored to operating condition within a specified time. There are two types of failures - functional failures that occur early due to defects, and reliability failures that occur after some period of use. Reliability can be inherent in a product's design or achieved based on observed performance. Reliability is measured through metrics like failure rate, mean time to failure, and mean time between failures.
RTOS_GROUP_activity which is for the 7th sem eRajeshKotian11
This document discusses hierarchical approaches for fail-safe design in real-time operating systems. It describes how errors can ideally be detected and corrected at each level of a hierarchy to simplify verification. For example, ECC memory can detect and correct single-bit errors. The document also defines reliability, availability, and serviceability as key aspects of fail-safe design. It provides examples of how high availability and high reliability systems can be achieved through various approaches like redundancy, quick recovery times, and more reliable components.
Optimized sensor selection for control and fault tolerance of electromagnetic...ISA Interchange
This paper presents a systematic design framework for selecting the sensors in an optimized manner, simultaneously satisfying a set of given complex system control requirements, i.e. optimum and robust performance as well as fault tolerant control for high integrity systems. It is worth noting that optimum sensor selection in control system design is often a non-trivial task. Among all candidate sensor sets, the algorithm explores and separately optimizes system performance with all the feasible sensor sets in order to identify fallback options under single or multiple sensor faults. The proposed approach combines modern robust control design, fault tolerant control, multi-objective optimization and Monte Carlo techniques. Without loss of generality, it's efficacy is tested on an electromagnetic suspension system via appropriate realistic simulations.
Reliability engineering is concerned with ensuring systems and components function as intended for a specified period of time. It involves tasks like requirements specification, design, testing, and maintenance to analyze and improve reliability. A reliability engineer identifies potential failure modes and assesses risks to reduce costs from downtime and repairs. Key responsibilities include advising on new installation designs, participating in risk management, and developing engineering solutions to recurring problems. Reliability engineering differs from safety engineering in considering a broader set of hazards focused on costs rather than severe accidents.
Fault tolerance refers to a system's ability to continue operating correctly even if some components fail. There are three categories of faults: transient, intermittent, and permanent. Fault tolerance is achieved through redundancy, including information, time, and physical redundancy. Reliability is the probability a system will function as intended for a given time. It depends on design, components, and environment. Reliability increases through quality control and redundancy. Maintainability is the probability a failed system can be repaired within a time limit. Availability is the probability a system will be operational when needed. Series systems fail if any component fails, while parallel systems fail only if all components fail.
A fault tolerant tokenbased atomic broadcast algorithm relying on responsive ...Neelamani Samal
This document summarizes a fault tolerant token-based atomic broadcast algorithm that relies on an unreliable failure detector and satisfies the responsive property. The algorithm aims to tolerate processor-level failures in a distributed system. It divides a job into tasks, uses a token to control access to shared resources, and monitors task execution times. If a task does not respond within the timeout period, it is declared faulty and removed from the ready queue. The algorithm was implemented on a multi-core processor to simulate fault tolerance capabilities in a distributed system within a specified time interval.
Probability that a product, piece of equipment, or system will perform its intended function for a stated period of time under specified operating conditions.
A new design for fault tolerant and fault recoverable ALU System has been proposed in this paper. Reliability is one of the most critical factors that have to be considered during the designing phase of any IC. In critical applications like Medical equipment & Military applications this reliability factor plays a
very critical role in determining the acceptance of product. Insertion of special modules in the main design for reliability enhancement will give considerable amount of area & power penalty. So, a novel approach to this problem is to find ways for reusing the already available components in digital system in efficient way to implement recoverable methodologies. Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) has traditionally used
for protecting digital logic from the SEUs (single event upset) by triplicating the critical components of the system to give fault tolerance to system. ScTMR- Scan chain-based error recovery TMR technique provides recovery for all internal faults. ScTMR uses a roll-forward approach and employs the scan chain implemented in the circuits for testability purposes to recover the system to fault-free state. The proposed
design will incorporate a ScTMR controller over TMR system of ALU and will make the system fault tolerant and fault recoverable. Hence, proposed design will be more efficient & reliable to use in critical applications, than any other design present till today.
This document discusses key reliability, maintainability, and availability (RMA) requirements for systems. It defines metrics like MTBF, MTBCF, and MTTR that measure reliability, maintainability, and availability. Availability is calculated based on MTBF, MTBCF, and MTTR. Uptime and downtime are also important availability metrics measured over different time periods like percentage of hours in a week, month, or year. Developing RMA requirements also involves defining capacity needs like peak, minimum, and sustained data rates as well as considerations for operational suitability, supportability, and workforce needs.
Application of Lifetime Models in Maintenance (Case Study: Thermal Electricit...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document outlines the syllabus for the ME2037 Maintenance Engineering course. The objectives are to understand maintenance principles, functions, and industry practices for successful management. Key topics covered include maintenance planning principles, preventive maintenance policies, condition monitoring methods and instruments, repair methods for machine elements and material handling equipment. Assessment includes understanding reliability concepts like MTBF, MTTR, and factors affecting availability. The course aims to explain different maintenance categories and illustrate condition monitoring instruments to manage maintenance activities effectively.
The document discusses research methodology and power system reliability. It introduces various research concepts like the research process, types of research, and the difference between research methods and methodology. It then covers power system reliability, including definitions, hierarchical analysis, reliability indices like LOLP, SAIFI and SAIDI, and the concept of optimal reliability value.
The document summarizes Rahul Singh's seminar presentation on reliability. It defines reliability as the ability of a product to perform as expected over time, with a probability between 0 and 1 under specified conditions. There are two types of failures: functional and reliability. Reliability is measured through failure rate and other metrics. Products go through debugging, chance failure, and wear-out phases as shown in the bathtub curve. Exponential and Weibull distributions model failure rates. System reliability depends on components arranged in series, parallel or both. Life testing plans include failure-terminated, time-terminated and sequential tests.
Authors: (i) Prashanth Lakshmi Narasimhan,
(ii) Mukesh Ravichandran
Industry: Automobile -Auto Ancillary Equipment ( Turbocharger)
This was presented after the completion of our 2 months internship at Turbo Energy Limited during our 3rd Year Summer holidays (2013)
Proposed Algorithm for Surveillance ApplicationsEditor IJCATR
Technological systems are vulnerable to faults. In many fault situations, the system operation has to be stopped to avoid
damage to machinery and humans. As a consequence, the detection and the handling of faults play an increasing role in modern
technology, where many highly automated components interact in a complex way such that a fault in a single component may cause
the malfunction of the whole system. This work introduces the main ideas of fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control under the optics
of various research work done in this area. It presents the Arduino technology in both hardware and software sides. The purpose of this
paper is to propose a diagnostic algorithm based on this technology. A case study is proposed for this setting. Moreover, we explained
and discussed the result of our algorithm.
This document discusses system reliability. It defines reliability and explains that a system's reliability depends on the reliability of its individual components as well as how those components are configured. Components can be connected in series or parallel. For series connections, the system reliability is the product of the individual reliabilities. For parallel connections, the system reliability is higher than the individual reliabilities. More complex systems can have both series and parallel components. Having redundant parallel components, like standby components, improves reliability over simple parallel systems. Exponential and Weibull distributions are commonly used to model component failure rates and calculate reliability metrics.
A Novel Approach to Derive the Average-Case Behavior of Distributed Embedded ...ijccmsjournal
Monte-Carlo simulation is widely used in distributed embedded system in our present era. In this
research work, we have put an emphasis on reliability assessment of any distributed embedded system
through Monte-Carlo simulation. We have done this assessment on random data which represents input
voltages ranging from 0 volt to 12 volt; several numbers of trials have been executed on those data to
check the average case behavior of a distributed real time embedded system. From the experimental result, a saturation point has been achieved against the time behavior which shows the average case behavior of the concerned distributed embedded system.
Maintenance Engineering, Principle of Maintenancerishikantmip22
The document discusses maintenance engineering principles and practices. It covers objectives of maintenance planning which include maximizing production availability and minimizing costs. It also discusses reliability concepts such as MTBF, MTTR, and availability. Different types of maintenance organization structures are described such as decentralized, centralized, and partially centralized models. Key aspects of maintenance such as maintainability, availability calculations, and factors affecting them are explained.
Reliability is defined as the ability of a product to perform as expected over time, and is formally defined as the probability that a product performs its intended function for a stated period of time under specified operating conditions. Maintainability is the probability that a system or product can be retained in or restored to operating condition within a specified time. There are two types of failures - functional failures that occur early due to defects, and reliability failures that occur after some period of use. Reliability can be inherent in a product's design or achieved based on observed performance. Reliability is measured through metrics like failure rate, mean time to failure, and mean time between failures.
RTOS_GROUP_activity which is for the 7th sem eRajeshKotian11
This document discusses hierarchical approaches for fail-safe design in real-time operating systems. It describes how errors can ideally be detected and corrected at each level of a hierarchy to simplify verification. For example, ECC memory can detect and correct single-bit errors. The document also defines reliability, availability, and serviceability as key aspects of fail-safe design. It provides examples of how high availability and high reliability systems can be achieved through various approaches like redundancy, quick recovery times, and more reliable components.
Optimized sensor selection for control and fault tolerance of electromagnetic...ISA Interchange
This paper presents a systematic design framework for selecting the sensors in an optimized manner, simultaneously satisfying a set of given complex system control requirements, i.e. optimum and robust performance as well as fault tolerant control for high integrity systems. It is worth noting that optimum sensor selection in control system design is often a non-trivial task. Among all candidate sensor sets, the algorithm explores and separately optimizes system performance with all the feasible sensor sets in order to identify fallback options under single or multiple sensor faults. The proposed approach combines modern robust control design, fault tolerant control, multi-objective optimization and Monte Carlo techniques. Without loss of generality, it's efficacy is tested on an electromagnetic suspension system via appropriate realistic simulations.
Reliability engineering is concerned with ensuring systems and components function as intended for a specified period of time. It involves tasks like requirements specification, design, testing, and maintenance to analyze and improve reliability. A reliability engineer identifies potential failure modes and assesses risks to reduce costs from downtime and repairs. Key responsibilities include advising on new installation designs, participating in risk management, and developing engineering solutions to recurring problems. Reliability engineering differs from safety engineering in considering a broader set of hazards focused on costs rather than severe accidents.
Fault tolerance refers to a system's ability to continue operating correctly even if some components fail. There are three categories of faults: transient, intermittent, and permanent. Fault tolerance is achieved through redundancy, including information, time, and physical redundancy. Reliability is the probability a system will function as intended for a given time. It depends on design, components, and environment. Reliability increases through quality control and redundancy. Maintainability is the probability a failed system can be repaired within a time limit. Availability is the probability a system will be operational when needed. Series systems fail if any component fails, while parallel systems fail only if all components fail.
A fault tolerant tokenbased atomic broadcast algorithm relying on responsive ...Neelamani Samal
This document summarizes a fault tolerant token-based atomic broadcast algorithm that relies on an unreliable failure detector and satisfies the responsive property. The algorithm aims to tolerate processor-level failures in a distributed system. It divides a job into tasks, uses a token to control access to shared resources, and monitors task execution times. If a task does not respond within the timeout period, it is declared faulty and removed from the ready queue. The algorithm was implemented on a multi-core processor to simulate fault tolerance capabilities in a distributed system within a specified time interval.
Probability that a product, piece of equipment, or system will perform its intended function for a stated period of time under specified operating conditions.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
1. Failure and Repair Rate Analysis of
Manufacturing Industries
THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022 EDU-STEM
Dr. Shakuntla Singla
Associate Professor
Department of Mathematics and Humanities
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University),Mullana ,Ambala ,Haryana
2. BackGround
Basic Concept and Definitions
Literature Review
Different Systems
Outline:
3. BackGround
The study of operational research started during the second world war and afterwards. With the
development of operational research, the study of reliability theory emerged as by product in
context of defence studies. The words reliable and reliability are in use from ancient time. In fact
these occur frequently in social, political, economical and practical fields to indicate the
efficiency of a person or a mechanical equipment. A mathematical shape to the word reliability
was given later in 1950 with its scientific use for defense purpose.
4. In 1965, a complex missile program ran into hundreds of millions of dollars which included a reliability program. This
program was a line of high reliability, premium quality and costly parts, designed to be used with sizable safety factors.
Another area of modern technology involving reliability was the space program. It was observed and realized that the
percentage of successful space launchings has increased dramatically since the early days of our space program due to the
application of reliability concept. Transportation sector is other area where the reliability plays an important role
5. The development of reliability technology in India is an interesting and encouraging history for
researchers. The theory of reliability plays an important role, directly or indirectly in almost all of our
daily life problems. Some of the systems whose reliability is of immediate concern to the society in
general are power, transportation, medical care, steel and communication industries etc. The history
of modern engineering reflects that system failures can occur in any field. Industrial accident in
Union Carbide, Bhopal in 1984 and power reactor accident in Chernobyl, USSR in 1986 are prime
examples of complex system failure.
6. To compete with the global market and to achieve higher production goals, the industrial system should remain operative for
maximum possible duration. Actually, these systems are subjected to random failures. These failures may be due to poor
designs, wrong manufacturing techniques, lack of operative skills and experience, adoption of poor maintenance policies,
power fluctuations, operations at overload/under load, delay in starting the maintenance, delay in getting the equipment’s
behavior information, organizational rigidity and complexity and many a times human error also. Therefore, to compete in
the global market, high production and good quality (operation and performance wise) is must and can be achieved by
maintaining system failure at the lowest possible level (i.e. highest system availability).
7. Concept of system reliability was developed during the last six decades mainly in late 1940’s and early 1950’s.
The fields of communication and transportation were perhaps the first to witness the rapid growth in
complexity due to the advancement in electronics and control systems. Reliability engineering has been
stressed for several years in the field of military-aircraft manufacturers. In aircraft design, avionics subsystem
was more complex and hence been used for reliability analysis.
8. Reliability techniques are used to judge the availability and maintainability of a system. Maintainability and availability are two
main features, which are closely related to reliability. The aim of reliability theory is to evaluate errors in measurement and
suggest ways of improving the tests so that the errors are minimized. A reliability, availability, maintainability (RAM) theory is
very much convenient for the manufacturing industry. Reliability and availability are key attributes of technical systems.
Although there have been tremendous advances in the art and science of system evaluation, yet it is very difficult to assess their
performance with a very high accuracy or precision. For finding the critical component of the system which affects the system
performance mostly, a composite measure of reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) named as the RAM-index has
been introduced which influences the effects of failure and repair rate parameters on its performance
9. BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
Reliability of a system (product) deals with the concept of dependability, successful operation or
performance and the absence of failures. Reliability is the probability that a machine (product)
can perform its intended function, without failure, for a specified interval of time when operating
under standard conditions. It should be observed that the above stated definition stresses four
significant factors: probability, intended function, time and operating conditions. These four
elements play an important role in characterizing the reliability of an item.
10. The concept of reliability has been interpreted in number of
different ways, out of which few are listed below:-
Reliability is the probability that the device operate without failures for a given time under the specified operating
conditions.
Reliability of a system is failure free operation for a definite period, under the given operating conditions with
minimum time lost for repair and preventive maintenance.
The reliability of an equipment is assumed to be the capacity of the equipment to maintain given properties under
specified conditions for a period of time.
11. Let 𝑁0
be the size of the population out of which 𝑁𝑠
units survive the test while 𝑁𝑓
fail, then reliability function 𝑅 (𝑡) is given by
𝑅 𝑡 =
𝑁𝑆
𝑁𝑜
=
𝑁𝑜−𝑁𝑓
𝑁𝑜
(1)
𝑑𝑅(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
= −
1
𝑁𝑜
𝑑𝑁𝑓
𝑑𝑡
(Taking N0 fixed) (2)
The rate at which component fails can be defined as
𝑑𝑁𝑓
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑁𝑜
𝑑𝑅(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
(3)
Dividing both sides of equation (1.3) by 𝑁𝑠
, we obtain the instantaneous probability 𝑟(𝑡)of failure , that is,
𝑟(𝑡) =
1
𝑁𝑆
𝑑𝑁𝑓
𝑑𝑡
= −
𝑁𝑜
𝑁𝑆
𝑑𝑅(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
(4)
12. Dividing both sides of equation (3) by 𝑁𝑠
, we obtain the instantaneous probability 𝑟(𝑡)of failure ,
that is,
𝑟(𝑡) =
1
𝑁𝑆
𝑑𝑁𝑓
𝑑𝑡
= −
𝑁𝑜
𝑁𝑆
𝑑𝑅(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
(4)
Using (1) in (4), we get
𝑟(𝑡) = −
1
𝑅(𝑡)
𝑑𝑅(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
(5)
Integrating (5), we get
𝑟 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑅(𝑡)
(6)
𝑅 𝑡 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝[− 0
𝑡
𝑟 𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
(7)
13. Failure Rate (𝝀): The failure rate is expressed in terms of failures per unit time.
It is computed as the ratio of number of failures of the items undergoing the test time.
𝜆 =
𝑁𝑓
𝑇
, (8)
where = failure rate, 𝑁𝑓 = No. of failures during test interval, T = Total test time.
Repair rate (): The repair rate is expressed in terms of repairs per unit time.
It is computed as the ratio of number of repairs of the items undergoing the test time.
=
𝑁𝑟
𝑇
, (9)
= repair rate, 𝑁𝑟 = No. of repair during test interval T = Total test time.
14. Availability
Availability is a performance criterion for repairable systems that accounts for both the reliability and maintainability aspects of a
system. It is defined as the probability that the system is operating properly when it is required for use. That is, availability is the
probability that a system is not in the failed state or undergoing a repair action when it needs to be used. The numerical value of
availability is expressed as a probability from 0 to 1. Availability calculations take into accounts both the failures and repairs of the
system. For example, if a lamp has 99.9% availability, then there will be one time out of a thousand that someone needs to use the
lamp but it is non-operational because of the switch is broken, or it is waiting for the replacement of lamps etc
15. Availability Classification: The definition of availability is somewhat flexible, depending on what types of
downtimes are considered in the analysis. As a result, there are a number of different classifications of availability:
(i) Point (instantaneous) Availability
(ii) Average Up-Time Availability (Mean Availability)
(iii) Steady State Availability
(iv) Operational Availability
16. Point (instantaneous) Availability(𝑨 𝒕 ): Point or instantaneous availability is the probability that a system (or
component) will be operational at any random time 𝑡. It is defined by expected up time of the system.
Average Up-Time (Mean) Availability(𝑨𝒎 𝑻 ): The mean availability is the proportion of time during a mission or
time-period when the system is available for use. It represents the mean value of the instantaneous availability function over
the period (0, T):
𝐴𝑚 𝑇 =
1
𝑇 0
𝑇
𝐴 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
17. Steady State Availability𝑨(∞): The steady state availability of the system is the limit of the instantaneous availability
function as time approaches infinity.
𝐴 (∞)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑡→∞
𝐴(𝑡)
Operational Availability(𝑨𝟎): Operational availability is a measure of availability, which includes all experienced
sources of downtime. The equation for operational availability is:
𝐴0 =Uptime/ (Operation Cycle)
where the operation cycle is the overall time period of operation being investigated, and uptime is the total time the system
was functioning during the operating cycle. Thus, operational availability is the availability that the customer actually
experiences. It is essentially the a posteriori availability based on actual events that happened to the system.
18. Maintainability:
Maintainability, like reliability, has its own unique and diversified elements. Maintainability is a characteristic of a design, installation, and
operation, usually expressed as the probability that a machine can be retained in, or restored to specified operable condition within a specified
interval of time when maintenance is required. In other words maintainability measures the ease and speed with which a system can be
restored to operational status after a failure occurs. This refers to the aspects of a product that increases its serviceability and reparability,
increases the cost effectiveness of maintenance, and ensures that the product meets the requirements for its intended use. Maintainability is
also a probability in the same way as reliability, its value lies between zero and one. Good maintainability will ensure that reliable equipment
will be available to the users.
19. Maintainability v/s Reliability:
Reliability and maintainability jointly affect the availability of the equipment. Highly reliable equipment or a system
may fail rarely, but, if its maintainability is poor, then it takes very long time to repair and decommission once it
fails. Thus, the availability of highly reliable equipment may reduce considerably, if the maintenance is poor.
Similarly equipment may have very good maintainability, but if it has poor reliability then it would fail frequently
and in turn availability would get reduced. Maintainability may be given less importance in some applications like
missiles and rocket propulsion etc. but, for general industrial equipments and components, maintainability has to be
given more considerations
20. RENEWALTHEORY
For a repairable system, the time of operation is not continuous. In other words, the system’s life cycle
can be described by a sequence of up and down states. The system operates until it fails, then it is repaired and
returned to its original operating state. It will fail again after some random time of operation, get repaired again
and this process of failure and repair will repeat. This is called a renewal process and is defined as a sequence of
independent and non-negative random variables. In this case, the random variables are the times-to-failure and the
time-to-repair. Each time a unit fails and is restored to working order, a renewal is said to have occurred. This type
of renewal process is known as an alternating renewal process, since the state of the component alternates between
a functioning state and a repair state.
21. System Reliability: System reliability is a measure of the performance of the system under the specified conditions. In
most of the complex systems it has been observed that, they consist of components and subsystems connected in series, parallel
or standby or a combination of these. To calculate system reliability following basic steps are required:
(i) The components and subsystems, which constitute a given system and whose individual reliability factors can be estimated,
are identified and computed.
(ii) The configuration in which the components are connected to form the system is represented in logical manner either by a
block diagram or by a transition diagram.
22. (ii) The configuration in which the components are connected to form the system is represented in logical manner either by a
block diagram or by a transition diagram.
(iii) The condition for successful operation of the system is then established, that is, it is decided as how the components
should function. For example, we can consider whether all components be operative or it is sufficient that k out of n components
function.
(iv) The combination rules of probability theory are stated to be applied to estimate the system reliability.
23. System reliability can be enhanced by using various
techniques as given below:
(i) Parts improvement method
(ii) Effective and creative design
(iii) System simplification
(iv) Structural redundancy
(v) Maintenance and repair
24. TYPE OF SYSTEMS
On the basis of repair point of view, the systems can be classified as:
1. Non-Repairable System
This type of system operates only once. Such systems have an instantaneous life requirement e.g. fuses,
missiles, flash bulbs. Reliability is the important criteria to calculate the effectiveness of non-repairable
system.
25. 2. Repairable System:
a) Continuously operating System: This type of system once put in operation continues to operate till its failure or the
system is stopped for planned maintenance. Examples are nuclear furnaces, earth satellites etc.
b) Once on and off operating system: This type of system is characterized by the fact that it can be operated and re-operated
when desired e.g. turbines, pumps, computer, etc.
26. Configuration of a system
(1)Series System (2) Parallel System
(3)Mixed Configuration(Series-Parallel , Parallel-Series)
Series System-
In a system ,if any one component fails then whole system is said to be failed. The system is
operative only if all component are operative .The components need not be physically
connected in series for the system like wheels of a car to be called a Series System.
…………
In this system , the reliability R(t) is given by : 𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑅𝑖(t)
Parallel System-
This system is said to be failed if all its component fails . The system is operative even one of
the component fails .
Reliability R(t)=1- 𝑖=1
𝑛
(1 − 𝑅𝑖(𝑡))
2 3 n
1
2
n
3
27. Series – Parallel system:
It is a system in which there are number of units in series configuration and each these units is further
composed of many sub units with parallel configuration.
Parallel- series system:
It is a system in which there are number of units in parallel configuration and each these units is further
composed of many sub units with series configuration.
1st 2nd mth (stages)
.......
Series – Parallel configuration Parallel-Series Configuration
….1st stage….
….. 2nd stage..
…...3rd stage...
.......mth stage
n
n
2
1
1
1
1 n
n
2
2
2
1
1
n
3
2
1
n
3
2
2
3
n
28. Conclusion:
The reliability of complex systems has emerged as a thrust area because of occurrence of disastrous event in the industries.
The manufacturers are highly concerned about reliability of the systems. The manufacturers lose billions of dollars every year
as a direct consequence of the unreliability of industrial plants in terms of cost of lost production, cost of fixing or replacing
equipment and of course the loss of human life that cannot be measured in terms of money. Huge amount is spent annually on
the planned maintenance of industrial systems and assets in order to maintain certain levels of reliability. So, reliability has
become one of the vital ingredients in system planning, design, development and operational phase of the system. Its study can
benefit industries in terms of higher productivity and low maintenance costs.