This document discusses educational management and resources. It covers several topics: 1) The physical aspects of schools including buildings, facilities, and hostels. Proper sites and infrastructure are important. 2) Learning resources such as instructional materials, audiovisual aids, and libraries which help make teaching more effective. 3) Educational financing - who pays for education, how should funds be raised and distributed, and the importance of financial education. Budgets are planning tools to allocate limited resources.

1. Educational
management and
supervision
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Asima shahzadi
asimashahzadi7@gmail.com

3. After studying this unit students will be able;
• To understand the physical aspect of school
• To describe the learning resources
• To understand the educational financing
• To define the budget
Objectives of the Unit

4.  Resource management is the process by which businesses manage their
various resources effectively. Those resources can be intangible –
people and time – and tangible – equipment, materials, and finances.
 Managing resources involves schedules and budgets for people,
projects, equipment, and supplies.
Management Of Resources

5. School building, school ground, laboratory equipment and transportation are the general
terms of physical facilities. These are required to facilitate the pupil and the staff to
complete most programs of instructions. Moreover hostel, dispensary and cafeteria are
also important to facilitate the individuals in the learning process.
1. The school building
2. The school site
3. Hostel
Physical Aspect (School Building and Hostel etc.)

6. Following considerations should be kept in mind about the school building
1. proper site for the school
2. school building should be safe from dust, dirty water, earthquakes and other dangerous phenomenon.
3. Staff room, record room and clerk office should be built near the headmaster office.
4. Trees and plants must be planted in the courtyard of the school.
5. A school must have a playing area because physical health can be ensured by physical exercises.
6. The school should have a clean water supply.
7. The facility of a good library should be provided for the students. They should be given all information in
the use of library.
The School Building

7. 1. The site of the land must satisfy the following desirable conditions.
2. The site of the school should be away from the area where it is thickly populated. It should preferably have a
peaceful and natural environment ideal for teaching-learning activity.
3. The place should be high and dry and capable of maintaining the physical health and hygiene of the students.
4. There should be easy communication and yet the site of the land should not be located by the side of the main
road.
5. The area should be away from the disturbing factors like the market place, cinema hall, and the factories or
industries.
6. The site should have the natural surrounding with hillock, open land, and the park that may give a pleasant
feeling to anybody.
The school site

8. A hostel is a place where usually students live and which is supervised by an administration and living in those hostels is called the hostel
life.
1. The need and utility of hostel
2. Hostel superintendent and her/his responsibilities
3. Messing and its supervision
4. Methods of the living for the students
5. Ailment and regulations
6. Health and games
7. Organization of the hostel
8. Hostel buildings
9. Internal management
10. Registers
Hostel

9. Learning Resources
Learning resources are those devices and procedures that help to make teaching and
learning more interesting, more stimulating, more reinforcing and more effective.
A) Instructional material
B) Audio visual aids
C) The library

10. Objectives
 Self instructional teaching material plays a ‘front line’ important role in the learning
process.
 Useful materials are; textual material, audiovisual material and computer-based
material.
Instructional Material

11. Instructional Material
Types
1. -Books, pamphlets , etc.
2. -Already published or specially written.
3. -Maps , charts , photographs etc.
4. -Material from newspaper, journals etc.
5. -Handwritten material passing from tutor to learner.

12. Good teachers are constantly on the alert for methods and devices that will make learning meaningful. With
the wise selection and use of a variety of instructional devices or audio-visual materials, experiences can b;
provided that will develop understanding.
 To challenge the attention of the pupils:
 To stimulate the imagination and develop the mental imagery of the pupils:
 To facilitate the understanding of the pupils:
 To provide incentive for action:
 To develop the ability to listen:
Audio Visual Aids

13.  Best motivation.
 Clear image.
 Save energy and time.
 Antidote of the disease of verbal instructions.
 Capture attention.
 reinforcement to learner.
 Positive transfer of learning.
 Gain & hold student interest.
 Increase understanding and retention.
 Stimulate the development of understanding and attitudes.
The value of audio-visual aids in learning

14. We shall classify these aids into five types
1. Aids through the ear
Phonograph
Radio
2. Aids through the eye
Motion pictures
The camera
White board
The bulletin board
Presentations maps, diagrams etc
Types of Audio-visual Aids

15. 3. Aids through the eye and ear
Sound-motion picture
Television
4. Aids through activity
The school journey
The objects and model collections
5. Miscellaneous
Booklets
Newspapers and magazines
Types of Audio-visual Aids

16. A library is a curated collection of sources of information and similar resources, selected
by experts and made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing, often in
a quiet environment beneficial to study. It provides physical or digital access to material.
 Utility of library
 Organization of library
 Class library
 Classification and arrangements of books
 Reading room
Library

17. The general field of education finance can be divided into;
1)Educational finance system that are designed to raise and distribute public
education fund.
2)Educational finance management.
Educational Financing

18. 1. Who pays for education?
2. Who benefits from education?
3. What should be the method of paying?
4. Who should the criteria of equity and efficiency be met while paying for
education?
5. How should the students be financed?
6. How much of the total resources of an economy be devoted to education?
7. How should the expenditures be divided into various sub-sectors of
education?
8. How should the expenditures be divided according to the level of
education?
Financing f education is concerned with such
questions as are summarized (Doherty, 1984)

19.  1. Financial Education Helps You Gain Control
 2. Financial Education Helps End the Debt Cycle
 3. Financial Education Helps You Understand Your Money
 4. Financial Education Helps You Plan for the Future
 5. Financial Education Helps You Understand Your Choices
Importance of educational financing

20.  Society
 Religion
 Political form of government
 External factors
 Population
 Status of education
 Economic factors
 System of administration
 Types of organization
 Acquiring resources
Forces that effect the demand of education

21. It is a plan of activities in a time period relating their costs to resources
available.
A budget is a plan for financing govt. activities during a fix period. Prepared
and submitted by a responsible executive to a preventative body, whose
approval and authorization are necessary before the plan can be executed.
Budgeting

22.  The purpose of budgeting is basically to provide a model of how the business might perform,
financially speaking, if certain strategies, events, plans are carried out.
 In constructing a Business Plan, the manager attempts to forecast Income and Expenditure,
and thereby profitability.
 The purpose of budgeting is to provide a financial framework for the decision making process
 The purpose of budgeting is to enable the actual business performance to be measured against
the forecast business performance
Purpose of budgeting

23. 1. Budgeting compels and motivates management to make an early and timely study of its problems.
2. Budgeting provides a valuable means of controlling income and expenditure of a business as it is a “plan
for spending.”
3. Budgeting provides a tool through which managerial policies and goals are periodically evaluated, tested
and established as guidelines for the entire organization.
4. The use of budgeting in an organization develops an attitude of “cost consciousness”, stimulates the
effective use of resources, and creates an environment of profit-mindedness throughout the organization.
5. Budgeting encourages productive competition, provides incentive to perform efficiently and gives a
sense of purpose to each individual in the organization.
Advantages of budgeting