The document discusses artificial neural networks and their biological inspiration. It provides details on:
- The basic structure and functioning of biological neurons
- How artificial neural networks are modeled after biological neural networks with nodes, links, weights, and activation functions
- Examples of different activation functions used in artificial neurons like threshold, sigmoid, and linear functions
- How simple logic gates can be modeled using the McCulloch-Pitts neuron model with different weight configurations
- Learning in neural networks involves adjusting the connection weights between neurons through supervised or unsupervised learning processes.
The document discusses various problem solving techniques in artificial intelligence, including different types of problems, components of well-defined problems, measuring problem solving performance, and different search strategies. It describes single-state and multiple-state problems, and defines the key components of a problem including the data type, operators, goal test, and path cost. It also explains different search strategies such as breadth-first search, uniform cost search, depth-first search, depth-limited search, iterative deepening search, and bidirectional search.
Introduction to Natural Language ProcessingMercy Rani
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence that helps computers understand human language to perform tasks like translation, grammar checking, topic classification, and determining document similarities. NLP involves natural language understanding to extract metadata from content and natural language generation to convert computerized data into natural language. Key applications of NLP include question answering, spam detection, sentiment analysis, machine translation, spelling correction, speech recognition, chatbots, and information extraction.
This document provides an overview of an Artificial Intelligence course. The course aims to introduce students to the broad field of AI and prepare them for opportunities in the AI field. It will cover topics like searching, knowledge representation, learning, neural networks, and applications of AI. The course objectives are to provide a basic foundation of concepts in searching and knowledge representation. Students will complete laboratory tasks involving predicate calculus, searching, and neural networks to apply their learning.
The document discusses various search algorithms used in artificial intelligence including uninformed and informed search methods. It provides details on breadth-first search, depth-first search, uniform cost search, and heuristic search approaches like hill climbing, greedy best-first search, and A* search. It also covers general problem solving techniques and evaluating search performance based on completeness, time complexity, space complexity, and optimality.
The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, The History of
Artificial Intelligence, and the State of the Art. Intelligent Agents: Introduction, How Agents
should Act, Structure of Intelligent Agents, Environments. Solving Problems by Searching:
problem-solving Agents, Formulating problems, Example problems, and searching for Solutions,
Search Strategies, Avoiding Repeated States, and Constraint Satisfaction Search. Informed
Search Methods: Best-First Search, Heuristic Functions, Memory Bounded Search, and Iterative
Improvement Algorithms.
Natural language processing PPT presentationSai Mohith
A ppt presentation for technicial seminar on the topic Natural Language processing
References used:
Slideshare.net
wikipedia.org NLP
Stanford NLP website
An on-going project on Natural Language Processing (using Python and the NLTK toolkit), which focuses on the extraction of sentiment from a Question and its title on www.stackoverflow.com and determining the polarity.Based on the above findings, it is verified whether the rules and guidelines imposed by the SO community on the users are strictly followed or not.
The document discusses various problem solving techniques in artificial intelligence, including different types of problems, components of well-defined problems, measuring problem solving performance, and different search strategies. It describes single-state and multiple-state problems, and defines the key components of a problem including the data type, operators, goal test, and path cost. It also explains different search strategies such as breadth-first search, uniform cost search, depth-first search, depth-limited search, iterative deepening search, and bidirectional search.
Introduction to Natural Language ProcessingMercy Rani
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence that helps computers understand human language to perform tasks like translation, grammar checking, topic classification, and determining document similarities. NLP involves natural language understanding to extract metadata from content and natural language generation to convert computerized data into natural language. Key applications of NLP include question answering, spam detection, sentiment analysis, machine translation, spelling correction, speech recognition, chatbots, and information extraction.
This document provides an overview of an Artificial Intelligence course. The course aims to introduce students to the broad field of AI and prepare them for opportunities in the AI field. It will cover topics like searching, knowledge representation, learning, neural networks, and applications of AI. The course objectives are to provide a basic foundation of concepts in searching and knowledge representation. Students will complete laboratory tasks involving predicate calculus, searching, and neural networks to apply their learning.
The document discusses various search algorithms used in artificial intelligence including uninformed and informed search methods. It provides details on breadth-first search, depth-first search, uniform cost search, and heuristic search approaches like hill climbing, greedy best-first search, and A* search. It also covers general problem solving techniques and evaluating search performance based on completeness, time complexity, space complexity, and optimality.
The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, The History of
Artificial Intelligence, and the State of the Art. Intelligent Agents: Introduction, How Agents
should Act, Structure of Intelligent Agents, Environments. Solving Problems by Searching:
problem-solving Agents, Formulating problems, Example problems, and searching for Solutions,
Search Strategies, Avoiding Repeated States, and Constraint Satisfaction Search. Informed
Search Methods: Best-First Search, Heuristic Functions, Memory Bounded Search, and Iterative
Improvement Algorithms.
Natural language processing PPT presentationSai Mohith
A ppt presentation for technicial seminar on the topic Natural Language processing
References used:
Slideshare.net
wikipedia.org NLP
Stanford NLP website
An on-going project on Natural Language Processing (using Python and the NLTK toolkit), which focuses on the extraction of sentiment from a Question and its title on www.stackoverflow.com and determining the polarity.Based on the above findings, it is verified whether the rules and guidelines imposed by the SO community on the users are strictly followed or not.
Natural Language Processing seminar review Jayneel Vora
This document summarizes a seminar review on natural language processing. It defines NLP as using AI to communicate with intelligent systems in a human language like English. It outlines the steps of defining representations, parsing information, and constructing data structures. It also lists some of the basic components, applications, implementations, algorithms, and companies involved in NLP.
This presentation on Recurrent Neural Network will help you understand what is a neural network, what are the popular neural networks, why we need recurrent neural network, what is a recurrent neural network, how does a RNN work, what is vanishing and exploding gradient problem, what is LSTM and you will also see a use case implementation of LSTM (Long short term memory). Neural networks used in Deep Learning consists of different layers connected to each other and work on the structure and functions of the human brain. It learns from huge volumes of data and used complex algorithms to train a neural net. The recurrent neural network works on the principle of saving the output of a layer and feeding this back to the input in order to predict the output of the layer. Now lets deep dive into this presentation and understand what is RNN and how does it actually work.
Below topics are explained in this recurrent neural networks tutorial:
1. What is a neural network?
2. Popular neural networks?
3. Why recurrent neural network?
4. What is a recurrent neural network?
5. How does an RNN work?
6. Vanishing and exploding gradient problem
7. Long short term memory (LSTM)
8. Use case implementation of LSTM
Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course will transform you into an expert in deep learning techniques using TensorFlow, the open-source software library designed to conduct machine learning & deep neural network research. With our deep learning course, you'll master deep learning and TensorFlow concepts, learn to implement algorithms, build artificial neural networks and traverse layers of data abstraction to understand the power of data and prepare you for your new role as deep learning scientist.
Why Deep Learning?
It is one of the most popular software platforms used for deep learning and contains powerful tools to help you build and implement artificial neural networks.
Advancements in deep learning are being seen in smartphone applications, creating efficiencies in the power grid, driving advancements in healthcare, improving agricultural yields, and helping us find solutions to climate change. With this Tensorflow course, you’ll build expertise in deep learning models, learn to operate TensorFlow to manage neural networks and interpret the results.
And according to payscale.com, the median salary for engineers with deep learning skills tops $120,000 per year.
You can gain in-depth knowledge of Deep Learning by taking our Deep Learning certification training course. With Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course, you will prepare for a career as a Deep Learning engineer as you master concepts and techniques including supervised and unsupervised learning, mathematical and heuristic aspects, and hands-on modeling to develop algorithms. Those who complete the course will be able to:
Learn more at: https://www.simplilearn.com/
The document discusses game playing in artificial intelligence. It describes how general game playing (GGP) involves designing AI that can play multiple games by learning the rules, rather than being programmed for a specific game. The document outlines how the minimax algorithm is commonly used for game playing, involving move generation and static evaluation functions to search game trees and determine the best move by maximizing or minimizing values at each level.
This document introduces machine learning in Python using Scikit-learn. It discusses machine learning basics and algorithm types including supervised and unsupervised learning. Scikit-learn is presented as a popular Python tool for machine learning tasks with simple and efficient APIs. An example web traffic prediction problem is used to demonstrate how to load and prepare data, select and evaluate models, and analyze underfitting and overfitting issues. The document concludes that Python and Scikit-learn make machine learning tasks accessible.
The document discusses different types of knowledge that may need to be represented in AI systems, including objects, events, performance, and meta-knowledge. It also discusses representing knowledge at two levels: the knowledge level containing facts, and the symbol level containing representations of objects defined in terms of symbols. Common ways of representing knowledge mentioned include using English, logic, relations, semantic networks, frames, and rules. The document also discusses using knowledge for applications like learning, reasoning, and different approaches to machine learning such as skill refinement, knowledge acquisition, taking advice, problem solving, induction, discovery, and analogy.
This Edureka Recurrent Neural Networks tutorial will help you in understanding why we need Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and what exactly it is. It also explains few issues with training a Recurrent Neural Network and how to overcome those challenges using LSTMs. The last section includes a use-case of LSTM to predict the next word using a sample short story
Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1. Why Not Feedforward Networks?
2. What Are Recurrent Neural Networks?
3. Training A Recurrent Neural Network
4. Issues With Recurrent Neural Networks - Vanishing And Exploding Gradient
5. Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs)
6. LSTM Use-Case
Transformer modality is an established architecture in natural language processing that utilizes a framework of self-attention with a deep learning approach.
This presentation was delivered under the mentorship of Mr. Mukunthan Tharmakulasingam (University of Surrey, UK), as a part of the ScholarX program from Sustainable Education Foundation.
Natural language processing (NLP) involves building models to understand human language through automated generation and understanding of text and speech. It is an interdisciplinary field that uses techniques from artificial intelligence, linguistics, and statistics. NLP has applications like machine translation, sentiment analysis, and summarization. There are two main approaches: statistical NLP which uses machine learning on large datasets, and linguistic approaches which utilize structured linguistic resources like lexicons. Key NLP tasks include part-of-speech tagging, parsing, named entity recognition, and more.
Deep learning and neural networks are inspired by biological neurons. Artificial neural networks (ANN) can have multiple layers and learn through backpropagation. Deep neural networks with multiple hidden layers did not work well until recent developments in unsupervised pre-training of layers. Experiments on MNIST digit recognition and NORB object recognition datasets showed deep belief networks and deep Boltzmann machines outperform other models. Deep learning is now widely used for applications like computer vision, natural language processing, and information retrieval.
Supervised vs Unsupervised vs Reinforcement Learning | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube: https://youtu.be/xtOg44r6dsE
(** Python Data Science Training: https://www.edureka.co/python **)
In this PPT on Supervised vs Unsupervised vs Reinforcement learning, we’ll be discussing the types of machine learning and we’ll differentiate them based on a few key parameters. The following topics are covered in this session:
1. Introduction to Machine Learning
2. Types of Machine Learning
3. Supervised vs Unsupervised vs Reinforcement learning
4. Use Cases
Python Training Playlist: https://goo.gl/Na1p9G
Python Blog Series: https://bit.ly/2RVzcVE
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Given two integer arrays val[0...n-1] and wt[0...n-1] that represents values and weights associated with n items respectively. Find out the maximum value subset of val[] such that sum of the weights of this subset is smaller than or equal to knapsack capacity W. Here the BRANCH AND BOUND ALGORITHM is discussed .
Recurrent Neural Networks have shown to be very powerful models as they can propagate context over several time steps. Due to this they can be applied effectively for addressing several problems in Natural Language Processing, such as Language Modelling, Tagging problems, Speech Recognition etc. In this presentation we introduce the basic RNN model and discuss the vanishing gradient problem. We describe LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU). We also discuss Bidirectional RNN with an example. RNN architectures can be considered as deep learning systems where the number of time steps can be considered as the depth of the network. It is also possible to build the RNN with multiple hidden layers, each having recurrent connections from the previous time steps that represent the abstraction both in time and space.
The document provides an overview of computer graphics systems and their components. It discusses:
1) The four major applications of computer graphics: display of information, design, simulation and animation, and user interfaces.
2) The basic components of a graphics system including input devices, CPU, GPU, memory, frame buffer, and output devices.
3) Key graphics concepts such as pixels, resolution, color depth, and rasterization.
4) Examples of input devices like keyboards, mice, and tablets and their logical representation in programs.
Introduction to Transformers for NLP - Olga PetrovaAlexey Grigorev
Olga Petrova gives an introduction to transformers for natural language processing (NLP). She begins with an overview of representing words using tokenization, word embeddings, and one-hot encodings. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are discussed as they are important for modeling sequential data like text, but they struggle with long-term dependencies. Attention mechanisms were developed to address this by allowing the model to focus on relevant parts of the input. Transformers use self-attention and have achieved state-of-the-art results in many NLP tasks. Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) provides contextualized word embeddings trained on large corpora.
This document provides an overview of natural language processing (NLP). It discusses how NLP allows computers to understand human language through techniques like speech recognition, text analysis, and language generation. The document outlines the main components of NLP including natural language understanding and natural language generation. It also describes common NLP tasks like part-of-speech tagging, named entity recognition, and dependency parsing. Finally, the document explains how to build an NLP pipeline by applying these techniques in a sequential manner.
What Is Deep Learning? | Introduction to Deep Learning | Deep Learning Tutori...Simplilearn
This Deep Learning Presentation will help you in understanding what is Deep learning, why do we need Deep learning, applications of Deep Learning along with a detailed explanation on Neural Networks and how these Neural Networks work. Deep learning is inspired by the integral function of the human brain specific to artificial neural networks. These networks, which represent the decision-making process of the brain, use complex algorithms that process data in a non-linear way, learning in an unsupervised manner to make choices based on the input. This Deep Learning tutorial is ideal for professionals with beginners to intermediate levels of experience. Now, let us dive deep into this topic and understand what Deep learning actually is.
Below topics are explained in this Deep Learning Presentation:
1. What is Deep Learning?
2. Why do we need Deep Learning?
3. Applications of Deep Learning
4. What is Neural Network?
5. Activation Functions
6. Working of Neural Network
Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course will transform you into an expert in deep learning techniques using TensorFlow, the open-source software library designed to conduct machine learning & deep neural network research. With our deep learning course, you’ll master deep learning and TensorFlow concepts, learn to implement algorithms, build artificial neural networks and traverse layers of data abstraction to understand the power of data and prepare you for your new role as deep learning scientist.
Why Deep Learning?
It is one of the most popular software platforms used for deep learning and contains powerful tools to help you build and implement artificial neural networks.
Advancements in deep learning are being seen in smartphone applications, creating efficiencies in the power grid, driving advancements in healthcare, improving agricultural yields, and helping us find solutions to climate change. With this Tensorflow course, you’ll build expertise in deep learning models, learn to operate TensorFlow to manage neural networks and interpret the results.
You can gain in-depth knowledge of Deep Learning by taking our Deep Learning certification training course. With Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course, you will prepare for a career as a Deep Learning engineer as you master concepts and techniques including supervised and unsupervised learning, mathematical and heuristic aspects, and hands-on modeling to develop algorithms.
There is booming demand for skilled deep learning engineers across a wide range of industries, making this deep learning course with TensorFlow training well-suited for professionals at the intermediate to advanced level of experience. We recommend this deep learning online course particularly for the following professionals:
1. Software engineers
2. Data scientists
3. Data analysts
4. Statisticians with an interest in deep learning
I think this could be useful for those who works in the field of Coputational Intelligence. Give your valuable reviews so that I can progree in my research
Natural Language Processing(NLP) is a subset Of AI.It is the ability of a computer program to understand human language as it is spoken.
Contents
What Is NLP?
Why NLP?
Levels In NLP
Components Of NLP
Approaches To NLP
Stages In NLP
NLTK
Setting Up NLP Environment
Some Applications Of NLP
The document outlines various concepts related to agents and environments, including:
- Different types of agents such as rational agents, intelligent agents, simple reflex agents, model-based reflex agents, goal-based agents, and learning agents.
- Properties of environments including fully/partially observable, single/multi-agent, deterministic/stochastic, episodic/sequential, static/dynamic, discrete/continuous, and known/unknown.
- An example of a vacuum cleaning agent interacting with its environment is provided to illustrate agents, percepts, actions, and environments.
Brief introduction on attention mechanism and its application in neural machine translation, especially in transformer, where attention was used to remove RNNs completely from NMT.
Neural networks are inspired by biological neurons and are used to learn relationships in data. The document defines an artificial neural network as a large number of interconnected processing elements called neurons that learn from examples. It outlines the key components of artificial neurons including weights, inputs, summation, and activation functions. Examples of neural network architectures include single-layer perceptrons, multi-layer perceptrons, convolutional neural networks, and recurrent neural networks. Common applications of neural networks include pattern recognition, data classification, and processing sequences.
The document discusses different types of machine learning paradigms including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. It then provides details on artificial neural networks, describing them as consisting of simple processing units that communicate through weighted connections, similar to neurons in the human brain. The document outlines key aspects of artificial neural networks like processing units, connections between units, propagation rules, and learning methods.
Natural Language Processing seminar review Jayneel Vora
This document summarizes a seminar review on natural language processing. It defines NLP as using AI to communicate with intelligent systems in a human language like English. It outlines the steps of defining representations, parsing information, and constructing data structures. It also lists some of the basic components, applications, implementations, algorithms, and companies involved in NLP.
This presentation on Recurrent Neural Network will help you understand what is a neural network, what are the popular neural networks, why we need recurrent neural network, what is a recurrent neural network, how does a RNN work, what is vanishing and exploding gradient problem, what is LSTM and you will also see a use case implementation of LSTM (Long short term memory). Neural networks used in Deep Learning consists of different layers connected to each other and work on the structure and functions of the human brain. It learns from huge volumes of data and used complex algorithms to train a neural net. The recurrent neural network works on the principle of saving the output of a layer and feeding this back to the input in order to predict the output of the layer. Now lets deep dive into this presentation and understand what is RNN and how does it actually work.
Below topics are explained in this recurrent neural networks tutorial:
1. What is a neural network?
2. Popular neural networks?
3. Why recurrent neural network?
4. What is a recurrent neural network?
5. How does an RNN work?
6. Vanishing and exploding gradient problem
7. Long short term memory (LSTM)
8. Use case implementation of LSTM
Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course will transform you into an expert in deep learning techniques using TensorFlow, the open-source software library designed to conduct machine learning & deep neural network research. With our deep learning course, you'll master deep learning and TensorFlow concepts, learn to implement algorithms, build artificial neural networks and traverse layers of data abstraction to understand the power of data and prepare you for your new role as deep learning scientist.
Why Deep Learning?
It is one of the most popular software platforms used for deep learning and contains powerful tools to help you build and implement artificial neural networks.
Advancements in deep learning are being seen in smartphone applications, creating efficiencies in the power grid, driving advancements in healthcare, improving agricultural yields, and helping us find solutions to climate change. With this Tensorflow course, you’ll build expertise in deep learning models, learn to operate TensorFlow to manage neural networks and interpret the results.
And according to payscale.com, the median salary for engineers with deep learning skills tops $120,000 per year.
You can gain in-depth knowledge of Deep Learning by taking our Deep Learning certification training course. With Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course, you will prepare for a career as a Deep Learning engineer as you master concepts and techniques including supervised and unsupervised learning, mathematical and heuristic aspects, and hands-on modeling to develop algorithms. Those who complete the course will be able to:
Learn more at: https://www.simplilearn.com/
The document discusses game playing in artificial intelligence. It describes how general game playing (GGP) involves designing AI that can play multiple games by learning the rules, rather than being programmed for a specific game. The document outlines how the minimax algorithm is commonly used for game playing, involving move generation and static evaluation functions to search game trees and determine the best move by maximizing or minimizing values at each level.
This document introduces machine learning in Python using Scikit-learn. It discusses machine learning basics and algorithm types including supervised and unsupervised learning. Scikit-learn is presented as a popular Python tool for machine learning tasks with simple and efficient APIs. An example web traffic prediction problem is used to demonstrate how to load and prepare data, select and evaluate models, and analyze underfitting and overfitting issues. The document concludes that Python and Scikit-learn make machine learning tasks accessible.
The document discusses different types of knowledge that may need to be represented in AI systems, including objects, events, performance, and meta-knowledge. It also discusses representing knowledge at two levels: the knowledge level containing facts, and the symbol level containing representations of objects defined in terms of symbols. Common ways of representing knowledge mentioned include using English, logic, relations, semantic networks, frames, and rules. The document also discusses using knowledge for applications like learning, reasoning, and different approaches to machine learning such as skill refinement, knowledge acquisition, taking advice, problem solving, induction, discovery, and analogy.
This Edureka Recurrent Neural Networks tutorial will help you in understanding why we need Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and what exactly it is. It also explains few issues with training a Recurrent Neural Network and how to overcome those challenges using LSTMs. The last section includes a use-case of LSTM to predict the next word using a sample short story
Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1. Why Not Feedforward Networks?
2. What Are Recurrent Neural Networks?
3. Training A Recurrent Neural Network
4. Issues With Recurrent Neural Networks - Vanishing And Exploding Gradient
5. Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs)
6. LSTM Use-Case
Transformer modality is an established architecture in natural language processing that utilizes a framework of self-attention with a deep learning approach.
This presentation was delivered under the mentorship of Mr. Mukunthan Tharmakulasingam (University of Surrey, UK), as a part of the ScholarX program from Sustainable Education Foundation.
Natural language processing (NLP) involves building models to understand human language through automated generation and understanding of text and speech. It is an interdisciplinary field that uses techniques from artificial intelligence, linguistics, and statistics. NLP has applications like machine translation, sentiment analysis, and summarization. There are two main approaches: statistical NLP which uses machine learning on large datasets, and linguistic approaches which utilize structured linguistic resources like lexicons. Key NLP tasks include part-of-speech tagging, parsing, named entity recognition, and more.
Deep learning and neural networks are inspired by biological neurons. Artificial neural networks (ANN) can have multiple layers and learn through backpropagation. Deep neural networks with multiple hidden layers did not work well until recent developments in unsupervised pre-training of layers. Experiments on MNIST digit recognition and NORB object recognition datasets showed deep belief networks and deep Boltzmann machines outperform other models. Deep learning is now widely used for applications like computer vision, natural language processing, and information retrieval.
Supervised vs Unsupervised vs Reinforcement Learning | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube: https://youtu.be/xtOg44r6dsE
(** Python Data Science Training: https://www.edureka.co/python **)
In this PPT on Supervised vs Unsupervised vs Reinforcement learning, we’ll be discussing the types of machine learning and we’ll differentiate them based on a few key parameters. The following topics are covered in this session:
1. Introduction to Machine Learning
2. Types of Machine Learning
3. Supervised vs Unsupervised vs Reinforcement learning
4. Use Cases
Python Training Playlist: https://goo.gl/Na1p9G
Python Blog Series: https://bit.ly/2RVzcVE
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Given two integer arrays val[0...n-1] and wt[0...n-1] that represents values and weights associated with n items respectively. Find out the maximum value subset of val[] such that sum of the weights of this subset is smaller than or equal to knapsack capacity W. Here the BRANCH AND BOUND ALGORITHM is discussed .
Recurrent Neural Networks have shown to be very powerful models as they can propagate context over several time steps. Due to this they can be applied effectively for addressing several problems in Natural Language Processing, such as Language Modelling, Tagging problems, Speech Recognition etc. In this presentation we introduce the basic RNN model and discuss the vanishing gradient problem. We describe LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU). We also discuss Bidirectional RNN with an example. RNN architectures can be considered as deep learning systems where the number of time steps can be considered as the depth of the network. It is also possible to build the RNN with multiple hidden layers, each having recurrent connections from the previous time steps that represent the abstraction both in time and space.
The document provides an overview of computer graphics systems and their components. It discusses:
1) The four major applications of computer graphics: display of information, design, simulation and animation, and user interfaces.
2) The basic components of a graphics system including input devices, CPU, GPU, memory, frame buffer, and output devices.
3) Key graphics concepts such as pixels, resolution, color depth, and rasterization.
4) Examples of input devices like keyboards, mice, and tablets and their logical representation in programs.
Introduction to Transformers for NLP - Olga PetrovaAlexey Grigorev
Olga Petrova gives an introduction to transformers for natural language processing (NLP). She begins with an overview of representing words using tokenization, word embeddings, and one-hot encodings. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are discussed as they are important for modeling sequential data like text, but they struggle with long-term dependencies. Attention mechanisms were developed to address this by allowing the model to focus on relevant parts of the input. Transformers use self-attention and have achieved state-of-the-art results in many NLP tasks. Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) provides contextualized word embeddings trained on large corpora.
This document provides an overview of natural language processing (NLP). It discusses how NLP allows computers to understand human language through techniques like speech recognition, text analysis, and language generation. The document outlines the main components of NLP including natural language understanding and natural language generation. It also describes common NLP tasks like part-of-speech tagging, named entity recognition, and dependency parsing. Finally, the document explains how to build an NLP pipeline by applying these techniques in a sequential manner.
What Is Deep Learning? | Introduction to Deep Learning | Deep Learning Tutori...Simplilearn
This Deep Learning Presentation will help you in understanding what is Deep learning, why do we need Deep learning, applications of Deep Learning along with a detailed explanation on Neural Networks and how these Neural Networks work. Deep learning is inspired by the integral function of the human brain specific to artificial neural networks. These networks, which represent the decision-making process of the brain, use complex algorithms that process data in a non-linear way, learning in an unsupervised manner to make choices based on the input. This Deep Learning tutorial is ideal for professionals with beginners to intermediate levels of experience. Now, let us dive deep into this topic and understand what Deep learning actually is.
Below topics are explained in this Deep Learning Presentation:
1. What is Deep Learning?
2. Why do we need Deep Learning?
3. Applications of Deep Learning
4. What is Neural Network?
5. Activation Functions
6. Working of Neural Network
Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course will transform you into an expert in deep learning techniques using TensorFlow, the open-source software library designed to conduct machine learning & deep neural network research. With our deep learning course, you’ll master deep learning and TensorFlow concepts, learn to implement algorithms, build artificial neural networks and traverse layers of data abstraction to understand the power of data and prepare you for your new role as deep learning scientist.
Why Deep Learning?
It is one of the most popular software platforms used for deep learning and contains powerful tools to help you build and implement artificial neural networks.
Advancements in deep learning are being seen in smartphone applications, creating efficiencies in the power grid, driving advancements in healthcare, improving agricultural yields, and helping us find solutions to climate change. With this Tensorflow course, you’ll build expertise in deep learning models, learn to operate TensorFlow to manage neural networks and interpret the results.
You can gain in-depth knowledge of Deep Learning by taking our Deep Learning certification training course. With Simplilearn’s Deep Learning course, you will prepare for a career as a Deep Learning engineer as you master concepts and techniques including supervised and unsupervised learning, mathematical and heuristic aspects, and hands-on modeling to develop algorithms.
There is booming demand for skilled deep learning engineers across a wide range of industries, making this deep learning course with TensorFlow training well-suited for professionals at the intermediate to advanced level of experience. We recommend this deep learning online course particularly for the following professionals:
1. Software engineers
2. Data scientists
3. Data analysts
4. Statisticians with an interest in deep learning
I think this could be useful for those who works in the field of Coputational Intelligence. Give your valuable reviews so that I can progree in my research
Natural Language Processing(NLP) is a subset Of AI.It is the ability of a computer program to understand human language as it is spoken.
Contents
What Is NLP?
Why NLP?
Levels In NLP
Components Of NLP
Approaches To NLP
Stages In NLP
NLTK
Setting Up NLP Environment
Some Applications Of NLP
The document outlines various concepts related to agents and environments, including:
- Different types of agents such as rational agents, intelligent agents, simple reflex agents, model-based reflex agents, goal-based agents, and learning agents.
- Properties of environments including fully/partially observable, single/multi-agent, deterministic/stochastic, episodic/sequential, static/dynamic, discrete/continuous, and known/unknown.
- An example of a vacuum cleaning agent interacting with its environment is provided to illustrate agents, percepts, actions, and environments.
Brief introduction on attention mechanism and its application in neural machine translation, especially in transformer, where attention was used to remove RNNs completely from NMT.
Neural networks are inspired by biological neurons and are used to learn relationships in data. The document defines an artificial neural network as a large number of interconnected processing elements called neurons that learn from examples. It outlines the key components of artificial neurons including weights, inputs, summation, and activation functions. Examples of neural network architectures include single-layer perceptrons, multi-layer perceptrons, convolutional neural networks, and recurrent neural networks. Common applications of neural networks include pattern recognition, data classification, and processing sequences.
The document discusses different types of machine learning paradigms including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. It then provides details on artificial neural networks, describing them as consisting of simple processing units that communicate through weighted connections, similar to neurons in the human brain. The document outlines key aspects of artificial neural networks like processing units, connections between units, propagation rules, and learning methods.
The document discusses artificial neural networks and backpropagation. It provides background on neural networks, including their biological inspiration from the human brain. It describes the basic components of artificial neurons and how they are connected in networks. It explains feedforward neural networks and discusses limitations of single-layer perceptrons. The document then introduces multi-layer feedforward networks and the backpropagation algorithm, which allows training of hidden layers by propagating error backwards. It provides details on calculating error terms and updating weights in backpropagation training.
This document provides an overview of neural networks. It discusses how neural networks were inspired by biological neural systems and attempt to model their massive parallelism and distributed representations. It covers the perceptron algorithm for learning basic neural networks and the development of backpropagation for learning in multi-layer networks. The document discusses concepts like hidden units, representational power of neural networks, and successful applications of neural networks.
The field of artificial neural networks is often just called neural networks or multi-layer perceptrons after perhaps the most useful type of neural network. A perceptron is a single neuron model that was a precursor to larger neural networks.
It is a field that investigates how simple models of biological brains can be used to solve difficult computational tasks like the predictive modeling tasks we see in machine learning. The goal is not to create realistic models of the brain but instead to develop robust algorithms and data structures that we can use to model difficult problems.
The power of neural networks comes from their ability to learn the representation in your training data and how best to relate it to the output variable you want to predict. In this sense, neural networks learn mapping. Mathematically, they are capable of learning any mapping function and have been proven to be a universal approximation algorithm.
The predictive capability of neural networks comes from the hierarchical or multi-layered structure of the networks. The data structure can pick out (learn to represent) features at different scales or resolutions and combine them into higher-order features, for example, from lines to collections of lines to shapes.
Neural networks are computing systems inspired by the human brain that are composed of interconnected nodes similar to neurons. They can recognize complex patterns in raw data through learning algorithms. An artificial neural network consists of layers of nodes - an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer. Weights are assigned to connections between nodes and are adjusted during training to produce the desired output.
Machine learning by using python lesson 2 Neural Networks By Professor Lili S...Professor Lili Saghafi
This document provides an overview of lesson 2 of a machine learning course using Python. It discusses neural networks and their biological inspiration. It then explains how artificial neural networks work, including the basic neuron structure and how signals are received and transmitted. Finally, it introduces implementing simple neural networks in Python using NumPy for efficient data structures.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are computational models inspired by biological neural networks in the human brain. ANNs contain artificial neurons that are interconnected in layers and transmit signals to one another. The connections between neurons are associated with weights that are adjusted during training to produce the desired output. ANNs can learn complex patterns and relationships through a process of trial and error. They are widely used for tasks like pattern recognition, classification, prediction, and data clustering.
- The document discusses multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs), a type of artificial neural network. MLPs have multiple layers of nodes and can classify non-linearly separable data using backpropagation.
- It describes the basic components and working of perceptrons, the simplest type of neural network, and how they led to the development of MLPs. MLPs use backpropagation to calculate error gradients and update weights between layers.
- Various concepts are explained like activation functions, forward and backward propagation, biases, and error functions used for training MLPs. Applications mentioned include speech recognition, image recognition and machine translation.
Artificial neural networks mimic the human brain by using interconnected layers of neurons that fire electrical signals between each other. Activation functions are important for neural networks to learn complex patterns by introducing non-linearity. Without activation functions, neural networks would be limited to linear regression. Common activation functions include sigmoid, tanh, ReLU, and LeakyReLU, with ReLU and LeakyReLU helping to address issues like vanishing gradients that can occur with sigmoid and tanh functions.
The document discusses neural network architecture and components. It explains that a neural network consists of nodes that represent neurons, similar to the human brain. Data is fed through an input layer, processed through hidden layers, and output at the output layer. Key components include the neuron/node, weights, biases, and activation functions. Common activation functions are sigmoid, tanh, ReLU, and softmax, each suited for different types of problems. The document provides details on each of these components and how they enable neural networks to learn from data.
This document provides an overview of artificial neural networks. It describes how biological neurons work and how artificial neurons are modeled after them. An artificial neuron receives weighted inputs, sums them, and outputs the result through an activation function. A neural network consists of interconnected artificial neurons arranged in layers. The network is trained using a learning algorithm called backpropagation that adjusts the weights to minimize error between the network's output and target output. Neural networks can be used for applications like handwritten digit recognition.
The document discusses various activation functions used in neural networks including Tanh, ReLU, Leaky ReLU, Sigmoid, and Softmax. It explains that activation functions introduce non-linearity and allow neural networks to learn complex patterns. Tanh squashes outputs between -1 and 1 while ReLU sets negative values to zero, addressing the "dying ReLU" problem. Leaky ReLU allows a small negative slope. Sigmoid and Softmax transform outputs between 0-1 for classification problems. Activation functions determine if a neuron's output is important for prediction.
This document provides legal notices and disclaimers for an informational presentation by Intel. It states that the presentation is for informational purposes only and that Intel makes no warranties. It also notes that Intel technologies' features and benefits depend on system configuration. Finally, it specifies that the sample source code in the presentation is released under the Intel Sample Source Code License Agreement and that Intel and its logo are trademarks.
BACKPROPOGATION ALGO.pdfLECTURE NOTES WITH SOLVED EXAMPLE AND FEED FORWARD NE...DurgadeviParamasivam
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) operate by simulating the human brain. ANNs consist of interconnected artificial neurons that receive inputs, change their internal activation based on weights, and send outputs. Backpropagation is a learning algorithm used in ANNs where the error is calculated and distributed back through the network to adjust the weights, minimizing errors between predicted and actual outputs.
This PPT contains entire content in short. My book on ANN under the title "SOFT COMPUTING" with Watson Publication and my classmates can be referred together.
The document discusses the concepts of soft computing and artificial neural networks. It defines soft computing as an emerging approach to computing that parallels the human mind in dealing with uncertainty and imprecision. Soft computing consists of fuzzy logic, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. Neural networks are simplified models of biological neurons that can learn from examples to solve problems. They are composed of interconnected processing units, learn via training, and can perform tasks like pattern recognition. The document outlines the basic components and learning methods of artificial neural networks.
Understanding Deep Learning & Parameter Tuning with MXnet, H2o Package in RManish Saraswat
Simple guide which explains deep learning and neural network with hands on experience in R using MXnet and H2o package. It also explains gradient descent and backpropagation algorithm.
Complete tutorial: http://blog.hackerearth.com/understanding-deep-learning-parameter-tuning-with-mxnet-h2o-package-r
The document discusses expert systems, including their characteristics, components, and examples. It describes how expert systems use specialized knowledge to solve problems in a specific domain similar to a human expert. Classic expert systems like DENDRAL, MYCIN, and EMYCIN are discussed. Knowledge engineering and case-based reasoning are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of production systems. It defines the key components of a production system including production rules, working memory, and a recognize-act control cycle. Examples of forward and backward chaining are provided. Advantages such as the separation of knowledge and control and mapping to state space search are discussed. Conflict resolution strategies like refraction, recency and specificity are also summarized.
This document presents an overview of uncertainty in artificial intelligence, specifically focusing on fuzzy logic. It defines fuzzy logic as a way to deal with imprecise and vague information using degrees of truth rather than binary logic. The key concepts discussed include fuzzy sets and their operations, fuzzy rules and inferences, and applications of fuzzy logic systems. Examples are provided to illustrate fuzzy sets for describing tall men and an air conditioning system controlled by a fuzzy logic controller.
The document provides an overview of machine learning presented by Tekendra Nath Yogi. It defines machine learning and different types including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforced learning. Supervised learning algorithms like least mean square regression and gradient descent learning are explained. Unsupervised learning examples including clustering are provided. Reinforced learning emphasizes learning from feedback to maximize rewards. Backpropagation and artificial neural networks are also summarized. The document outlines key machine learning concepts in 15 slides.
This document outlines a presentation on knowledge representation. It begins with an introduction to propositional logic, including its syntax, semantics, and properties. Several inference methods for propositional logic are discussed, including truth tables, deductive systems, and resolution. Predicate logic and semantic networks are also mentioned as topics to be covered. The overall document provides an outline of the key concepts to be presented on knowledge representation using logic.
The document is a presentation by Tekendra Nath Yogi on Unit 10: Capacity Planning. It outlines calculating storage and CPU requirements and continues across 15 slides, discussing introduction, content, homework, and concluding with thanks.
This document outlines a presentation by Tekendra Nath Yogi on data warehousing for a college course. The presentation covers extracting, transforming, and loading data from operational sources into a data warehouse, the processes and managers involved in data warehousing, guidelines for designing and implementing a data warehouse. The outline includes sections on operational data sources, ETL processes, data warehouse functions, design, and implementation guidelines.
The document outlines a presentation on search engines given by Tekendra Nath Yogi. It discusses the characteristics of search engines, their functionality, and how they rank web pages. The presentation covers these topics over several slides and concludes by thanking the audience.
The document outlines a unit on advanced applications in data mining, presenting topics like web mining, including web content and usage mining, and time-series data mining. It was created by Tekendra Nath Yogi for students in the College of Applied Business and Technology. The presentation continues across multiple slides with an introduction and content sections.
This document summarizes a presentation on cluster analysis given by Tekendra Nath Yogi. It defines cluster analysis and describes several clustering methods and algorithms, including k-means clustering. It also discusses applications of cluster analysis in fields like business intelligence, image recognition, web search, and biology. Requirements for effective clustering algorithms are outlined.
This document outlines the process of association rule mining using the Apriori algorithm. It begins with definitions of key terms like frequent itemsets, support, and confidence. It then explains how the Apriori algorithm reduces the search space using the Apriori property to only consider potentially frequent itemsets. Finally, it provides examples applying the Apriori algorithm to transaction databases to generate strong association rules that meet minimum support and confidence thresholds.
classification algorithms, decision tree, naive bayes, back propagation, KNN,TU, BIM 8th semester Data mining and data warehousing Slide by Tekendra Nath Yogi
This document outlines a presentation on information privacy and data mining. It discusses basic principles for protecting information privacy, the uses and misuses of data mining, the primary aims of data mining, and pitfalls of data mining. The presentation was created by Tekendra Nath Yogi for a college course and contains an introduction and multiple continuation pages.
B. SC CSIT Computer Graphics Unit 5 By Tekendra Nath YogiTekendra Nath Yogi
Virtual reality and computer animation are introduced. Virtual reality uses head-mounted displays and sensors to generate realistic 3D environments that can provoke physical reactions from users. Computer animation is the technique of generating animated sequences through defining objects, keyframes, and generating in-between frames. Both virtual reality and computer animation have applications in entertainment, advertising, education, and scientific/engineering fields.
B. SC CSIT Computer Graphics Lab By Tekendra Nath YogiTekendra Nath Yogi
The document discusses computer graphics and summarizes various graphics programming concepts in C, including:
- Two standard output modes: text and graphics mode, which allows pixel manipulation.
- Graphics library functions defined in "graphics.h" header file for drawing shapes, text and manipulating pixels.
- Coordinate representation on screen with origin at upper left corner.
- Initialization of graphics mode using initgraph() and cleanup with closegraph().
- Functions for drawing lines, circles, rectangles, text and filling areas with patterns.
- Algorithms like DDA, Bresenham and midpoint circle/ellipse for drawing shapes.
B. SC CSIT Computer Graphics Unit 4 By Tekendra Nath YogiTekendra Nath Yogi
The document discusses various techniques for visible surface determination and surface rendering in 3D graphics. It covers algorithms like z-buffer, list priority, and scan line algorithms for visible surface detection. It also discusses illumination models, surface shading methods like Gouraud and Phong shading, and provides pseudocode examples for image space and object space visible surface determination methods. Specific algorithms covered in more detail include the back face detection, z-buffer, list priority, and scan line algorithms.
B. SC CSIT Computer Graphics Unit 3 By Tekendra Nath YogiTekendra Nath Yogi
This document discusses various methods for 3D object representation in computer graphics. It covers surface modeling techniques like polygon meshes, parametric cubic curves, and quadratic surfaces. It also discusses solid modeling representations such as sweep, boundary, and spatial partitioning. Additionally, it provides details on polygon mesh data structures, plane equations, quadric surfaces, and parametric cubic curves. Specifically, it explains how to define curves using parametric cubic functions and calculate coefficients for natural cubic splines.
B. SC CSIT Computer Graphics Unit 2 By Tekendra Nath YogiTekendra Nath Yogi
The document discusses various 2D and 3D geometric transformations including translation, rotation, scaling, and their implementations using matrix representations and homogeneous coordinates. It provides examples of translating, rotating, and scaling points and polygons. It also covers composite transformations, inverse transformations, and applications to 2D and 3D viewing. Homework examples are provided to practice applying the different transformation types.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
1. Unit 6 Application Of AI
Presented By : Tekendra Nath Yogi
Tekendranath@gmail.com
College Of Applied Business And Technology
2. Biological Neuron
• A nerve cell (neuron) is a special biological cell that processes
information.
• According to an estimation, there are huge number of neurons,
approximately 1011 with numerous interconnections,
approximately 1015.
2Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
4. Biological Neuron
• Working of a Biological Neuron
– As shown in the above diagram, a typical neuron consists of the following
four parts with the help of which we can explain its working:
– Dendrites: They are tree-like branches, responsible for receiving the
information from other neurons it is connected to. In other sense, we can
say that they are like the ears of neuron.
– Soma: It is the cell body of the neuron and is responsible for processing of
information, they have received from dendrites.
– Axon: It is just like a cable through which neurons send the information.
– Synapses: It is the connection between the axon and other neuron dendrites.
4Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
5. Biological Neural Networks
• Neuron is a cell in brain whose principle function is the
collection, Processing, and dissemination of signals.
• Networks of such neurons is called neural network .
• Neural network is capable of information processing.
• It is also known as:
– Connectionism
– Parallel and distributed processing and
– neural computing.
5Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
6. What is a Artificial Neural Network?
• An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing
paradigm(model) that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems process
information.
• The key elements of this paradigm are:
– Nodes(units): Nodes represent a cell of neural network.
– Links: Links are directed arrows that show propagation of information from
one node to another node.
– Activation: Activations are inputs to or outputs from a unit.
– Weight: Each link has weight associated with it which determines strength of
the connection.
– Activation function: A function which is used to derive output activation
from the input activations to a given node is called activation function. 6Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
8. Why use neural networks?
• Ability to derive meaning from complicated or imprecise data.
• Other reasons for using the ANNs are as follows:
– Adaptive learning: An ability to learn how to do tasks based on the data given
for training or initial experience.
– Self-Organization: An ANN can create its own organization or representation
of the information it receives during learning time.
– Real Time Operation: ANN computations may be carried out in parallel
– Fault Tolerance via Redundant Information Coding: Partial destruction of a
network leads to the corresponding degradation of performance. However,
some network capabilities may be retained even with major network damage
8Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
9. Neural networks versus conventional computers
• Parallelism is NNs characteristics, because the computations of its components
are largely independent of each other. Neural networks and conventional
algorithmic computers are not in competition but complement each other.
• Different approach used to problem solving is the main difference between
neural networks and conventional computers.
• Conventional computers use an algorithmic approach, for instance, the
conventional computer follows a set of instructions in order to solve a problem.
• Thus, the specific steps must be well-defined so that the computer can follow to
solve the problem.
• This rule restricts the problem solving ability of conventional computers. That
means the computer must be given exactly how to solve a problem.
9Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
10. Neural networks versus conventional computers
• As for neural networks, information is processed in much a similar
way the human brain does.
• A NN consists of a large amounts of highly interconnected
processing elements--neurons which works in parallel to solve a
specific problem.
• Neural networks can learn by examples but they cannot be
programmed to perform a specific task like conventional computers.
• Moreover, the examples must be selected carefully otherwise it
might be functioning incorrectly or waste time.
• This problem arises because of no method found currently to testify
if the system is faulty or not.
10Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
11. Basic model of ANN
• Processing of ANN depends upon the following three building
blocks:
– Network Architecture(interconnections)
– Adjustments of Weights or Learning rules
– Activation Functions
11Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
Basic Models of ANN
Interconnections Learning rules Activation function
12. First artificial neurons: The McCulloch-Pitts model
• The McCulloch-Pitts model is an extremely simple artificial
neuron as shown in figure below:
12Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
13. Contd..
• In the figure, the variables w1, w2, w3….. Wm are called "weights". x1, x2, x3,…
Xm represent the inputs.
• Net input can be calculated as a weighted sum of its inputs (actual input):
Net Input = x1w1 + x2w2 + x3w3 + ...+xmwm=
• Then check if (Net input < Threshold) or not (i.e., apply the activation function to
the Net Input to derive the output).
– If it is, then the output is made zero.
– Otherwise, it is made a one.
Note: The inputs can be either a zero or a one. And the output is a zero or a one.
13Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
14. Activation functions
• It is also known as the transfer function.
• Activation function typically falls into one of three main categories:
– Linear activation function
• Piecewise , and
• Ramp
– Threshold activation function
• Step, and
• sign
– Sigmoid activation function
• Binary, and
• Bipolar
14Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
15. Linear Activation
• Also known as identity activation function. For linear activation functions, the
output activity is proportional to the total weighted sum(Net Input).
– Output (Y)= mx + c, where m and c are constant
• Neurons with the linear function are often used for linear approximation.
15Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
16. Contd..
• Linear activation functions are of two types:
– Piecewise, And
– Ramp
• Ramp Linear activation function:
– Also known as Rectifier, or Max.
– Output(Y) = Max(0, Net input)
Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 16
17. Contd…
• Piecewise Linear Activation:
– Choose some xmin and xmax which is our "range".
– Everything less than this range will be 0, and everything greater than this
range will be 1.
– Anything else is linearly-interpolated between.
– Here x is net input, and
– f(x) is output
Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 17
18. • Also known as hard limit functions. For threshold activation functions, the
output are set at one of two levels, depending on whether the Net_input is
greater than or less than some threshold value.
• Threshold activation functions are of two types:
– Step activation function ,and
– sign activation function.
• hard limit functions, are often used in decision-making neurons for
classification and pattern recognition tasks.
18Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
Threshold(Unit ) activation Function
21. • For sigmoid activation functions, the output varies
continuously but not linearly as the input changes.
21Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
Sigmoid Activation Function
22. Sigmoid Activation Function
• It is of two type as follows:
Binary sigmoid function:
This activation function performs input editing between 0 and 1. It is
positive in nature. It is always bounded, which means its output
cannot be less than 0 and more than 1. It is also strictly increasing in
nature, which means more the input higher would be the output. It can
be defined as:
output (Y)
22Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
23. Sigmoid Activation Function
• Bipolar sigmoid function:
– This activation function performs input editing between -1 and 1. It can be
positive or negative in nature. It is always bounded, which means its output
cannot be less than -1 and more than 1. It is also strictly increasing in nature
like sigmoid function. It can be defined as
Output(Y)
23Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
24. First artificial neurons: The McCulloch-Pitts model
• The McCulloch-Pitts model is an extremely simple artificial
neuron as shown in figure below:
24Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
25. Contd..
• In the figure, the variables w1, w2, w3….. Wm are called "weights". x1, x2, x3,…
Xm represent the inputs.
• Net input is calculated as a weighted sum of its inputs:
Net Input = x1w1 + x2w2 + x3w3 + ...+XmWm=
• Then check if (Net input < Threshold) or not (i.e., apply the activation
function to the Net Input to derive the output).
– If it is, then the output is made zero.
– Otherwise, it is made a one.
Note: The inputs can be either a zero or a one. And the output is a zero or a
one.
25Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
26. Logic Gates with MP Neurons
• We can use McCulloch-Pitts neurons to implement the basic logic
gates.
• All we need to do is find the appropriate connection weights and
neuron thresholds to produce the right outputs for each set of
inputs.
27. Realization of AND gate
• Looking at the logic table for the A^B, we can see that we
only want the neuron to output a 1 when both inputs are
activated.
27Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
28. Contd..
• To do this, we want the sum of both inputs to be greater than the threshold,
but each input alone must be lower than the threshold.
• Let's use a threshold of 1 (simple and convenient!). So, now we need to
choose the weights according to the constraints :
– E.g., 0.6 and 0.6
• With these weights, individual activation of either input A or B will not
exceed the threshold, while the sum of the two will be 1.2, which exceeds
the threshold and causes the neuron to fire. Here is a diagram:
28Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
29. Contd…
• Here, letter theta denote the threshold.
• A and B are the two inputs. They will each be set to 1 or 0
depending upon the truth of their proposition.
• The red neuron is our decision neuron. If the sum of the
weighted inputs is greater than the threshold, this will
output a 1, otherwise it will output 0 .
• So, to test it by hand, we can try setting A and B to the
different values in the truth table and seeing if the decision
neuron's output matches the A^B column:
29Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
30. Contd..
• If A=0 & B=0 --> 0*0.6 + 0*0.6 = 0. This is not greater
than the threshold of 1, so the output = 0. Good!
• If A=0 & B=1 --> 0*0.6 + 1*0.6 = 0.6. This is not greater
than the threshold, so the output = 0. Good.
• If A=1 & B=0 --> exactly the same as above. Good.
• If A=1 & B=1 --> 1*0.6 + 1*0.6 = 1.2. This exceeds the
threshold, so the output = 1. Good.
30Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
31. Realization of OR Gate
• Logic table for the OR GATE is as shown in below:
• In this case, we want the output to be 1 when either or both of
the inputs, A and B, are active, but 0 when both of the inputs
are 0.
31Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
32. Contd..
• This is simple enough. If we make each synapse greater than the threshold,
then it'll fire whenever there is any activity in either or both of A and B.
This is shown in figure below. Synaptic values of 1.1 are sufficient to
surpass the threshold of 1 whenever their respective input is active.
32Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
33. Realization of NOT Gate
• Logic table for the NOT gate is as shown in table below:
• The NOT operator simply negates the input, When A is true
(value 1), ¬A is false (value 0) and vice-versa.
33Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
A ¬ A
0 1
1 0
34. Contd...
• This is a little tricky. We have to change a 1 to a 0 - this is easy, just
make sure that the input doesn't exceed the threshold.
• However, we also have to change a 0 to a 1 - how can we do this?
• The answer is to think of our decision neuron as a tonic neuron - one
whose natural state is active.
• To make this, all we do is set the threshold lower than 0, so even
when it receives no input, it still exceeds the threshold.
• In fact, we have to set the synapse to a negative number (here use
-1) and the threshold to some number between that and 0 ( use -
0.5).
34Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
35. Contd..
• The decision neuron shown below, with threshold -0.5 and
synapse weight -1, will reverse the input:
A = 1 --> output = 0
A = 0 --> output = 1
35Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
36. Realization of XOR Gate
• XOR (exclusive OR) operator actually put a spanner in the
works of neural network research for a long time because it is
not possible to create an XOR gate with a single neuron, or
even a single layer of neurons - we need to have two layers.
• The truth table for the XOR gate is as shown below:
36Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
37. Contd..
• Exclusive OR means that we want a truth value of 1 either when A is 1, or
when B is 1(i.e. A and B have different truth value), but not when both A
and B are 1 or 0(i.e., both have same truth value).
• The truth table on the above shows this.
• To use a real world example, in the question "would you like tea or
coffee?", the "or" is actually and exclusive or, because the person is
offering you one or the other, but not both. Contrast this with "would you
like milk or sugar?". In this case you can have milk, or sugar, or both.
37Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
38. Contd..
• The only way to solve this problem is to have a bunch of neurons working
together. start by breaking down the XOR operation into a number of
simpler logical functions:
• A xor B = (AvB) ^ ¬(A^B)
• This line of logic contains three important operations: an OR operator in
the brackets on the left, an AND operator in the brackets on the right, and
another AND operator in the middle.
• We can create a neuron for each of these operations, and stick them
together like this:
38Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
39. Contd..
• The upper of the two red neurons in the first layer has two inputs with synaptic
weights of 0.6 each and a threshold of 1, exactly the same as the AND gate we made
earlier. This is the AND function in the brackets on the right of the formula wrote
earlier.
• Notice that it is connected to the output neuron with a negative synaptic weight (-
2). This accounts for the NOT operator that precedes the brackets on the right hand
side.
• The lower of the two red neurons in the first layer has two synaptic weights of 1.1
and a threshold of 1, just like the OR gate we made earlier. This neuron is doing the
job of the OR operator in the brackets on the left of the formula.
• The output neuron is performing another AND operation - the one in the middle of
the formula. Practically, this output neuron is active whenever one of the inputs, A
or B is on, but it is overpowered by the inhibition of the upper neuron in cases when
both A and B are on. 39Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
40. Learning in Neural Networks:
• Learning:
– Learning in neural networks is carried out by adjusting the connection weights
among neurons.
– There is no algorithm that determines how the weights should be assigned in
order to solve specific problems. Hence, the weights are determined by a
learning process
• Learning may be classified into two categories:
– Supervised Learning
– Unsupervised Learning
40Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
41. 1) Supervised Learning:
– In supervised learning, the network is presented with inputs together with the target
(teacher signal) outputs.
– Then, the neural network tries to produce an output as close as possible to the target
output by adjusting the values of internal weights.
– The most common supervised learning method is the “error correction method”.
• Neural networks are trained with this method in order to reduce the error (difference between the
network's output and the desired output) to zero.
41Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
Learning in Neural Networks:
42. 2) Unsupervised Learning:
– In unsupervised learning, there is no teacher (target signal/output) from
outside and the network adjusts its weights in response to only the input
patterns
– A typical example of unsupervised learning is Hebbian learning.
42Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
Learning in Neural Networks:
43. Network Architecture
1) Feed-forward networks:
– Feed-forward ANNs allow signals to travel one way only; from input to
output.
– There is no feedback (loops) i.e. the output of any layer does not affect
that same layer.
– Feed-forward ANNs tend to be straight forward networks that associate
inputs with outputs.
43Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
44. Types of Feed Forward Neural Network:
a) Single-layer neural networks
A neural network in which all the inputs connected directly to
the outputs is called a single-layer neural network.
44Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
45. Types of Feed Forward Neural Network:
a) Single-layer Feed Forward neural networks :
Two types:
– Perceptron, and
– ADLINE
45Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
46. Perceptron
• Developed by Frank Rosenblatt by using McCulloch and Pitts
model, perceptron is the basic operational unit of artificial neural
networks.
• It employs supervised learning rule and is able to classify the data
into two classes.
• Operational characteristics of the perceptron:
– It consists of a single neuron with an arbitrary number of inputs along with
adjustable weights, but the output of the neuron is 1 or -1 depending upon
the input. It also consists of a bias whose weight is always 1.
• Following figure gives a schematic representation of the perceptron.
46Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
47. Perceptron
• Following figure gives a schematic representation of the perceptron:
47Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
48. Perceptron
• Perceptron thus has the following three basic elements:
– Links: It would have a set of connection links, which carries a weight
including a bias always having weight 1.
– Adder: It adds the input after they are multiplied with their respective
weights. It also add up the bias.
– Activation function: It limits the output of neuron. The most basic
activation function is a sign function that has two possible outputs. This
function returns 1, if the input is positive, and -1 for any negative input.
48Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
49. Adaptive Linear Neuron (ADALINE)
• ADALINE which stands for Adaptive Linear Neuron, is a
network having a single linear unit.
• It was developed by Widrow and Hoff in 1960. Some important
points about ADALINE are as follows:
– It uses bipolar activation function.
– It uses delta rule for training to minimize the Mean-Squared Error (MSE)
between the actual output and the desired/target output.
– The weights and the bias are adjustable.
49Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
50. Adaptive Linear Neuron (ADALINE)
• Architecture :
– The basic structure of ADALINE is similar to perceptron having an extra
feedback loop with the help of which the calculated output is compared
with the desired/target output.
– After comparison on the basis of training algorithm, the weights and bias
will be updated.
50Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
51. b) Multilayer neural networks
The neural network which contains input layers, output layers and some
hidden layers also is called multilayer neural network.
51Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
Types of Feed Forward Neural Network:
52. Network Architectures
2) Feedback networks (Recurrent networks:)
• Feedback networks can have signals traveling in both directions by
introducing loops in the network.
– very powerful
– extremely complicated.
– dynamic: Their 'state' is changing continuously until they reach an equilibrium
point.
• also known as interactive or recurrent.
52Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
53. Applications of Neural Network
• Speech recognition
• Optical character recognition
• Face Recognition
• Pronunciation (NETtalk)
• Stock-market prediction
• Navigation of a car
• Signal processing/Communication
• Imaging/Vision
• ….
53Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
54. Natural Language processing
• What is Natural language:
– Natural language refers to the way we, humans,
communicate with each other.
– English, Spanish, French, and Nepali are all examples of a
natural language.
– Natural communication takes place in the form of speech
and text.
54Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
55. What is Natural Language processing
• Natural language processing is a technology which involves converting
spoken or written human language into a form which can be processed by
computers, and vice versa.
• The goal of NLP is to make interactions between computers and humans
feel exactly like interactions between humans and humans.
55Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
56. Components of NLP
– Because computers operate on artificial languages, they are unable to
understand natural language. This is the problem that NLP solves.
– With NLP, a computer is able to listen to a natural language being
spoken by a person, understand the meaning of it, and then if needed,
respond to it by generating natural language to communicate back to
the person.
• There are two components of NLP as given
– Natural Language Understanding (NLU)
– Natural Language Generation (NLG)
56Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
58. Natural language Understanding(NLU):
• The most difficult part of NLP is understanding, or providing meaning to the
natural language that the computer received.
• To understand a language a system should have understanding about:
– structures of the language including what the words are and how they
combine into phrases and sentences.
– the meanings of the words and how they contribute to the meanings of the
sentence and
– context within which they are being used
58Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
59. Natural language Understanding:
• But, Developing programs that understand a natural language is a
difficult and challenging task in the AI due to the following reasons:
– Natural languages are large: They contain infinity of different
sentences. No matter how many sentences a person has heard or
seen, new ones can always be produced.
– much ambiguity in a natural language:
• Many words have several meanings such as can, bear, bank
etc, and
• sentences have different meanings in different contexts.
– Example :- a can of juice. I can do it.
59Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
60. Natural Language Generation(NLG)
• NLG is much simpler to accomplish. NLG translates a
computer’s artificial language into text, and can also go a step
further by translating that text into audible speech with text-to-
speech.
60Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
61. NLG v/s NLU
• NLG may be viewed as the opposite NLU.
• The difference can be :
– in natural language understanding the system needs to
disambiguate the input sentence to produce the machine
representation language,.
– in NLG the system needs to make decisions about how to put
a concept into words.
– The NLU is harder than NLG.
62. Steps in Natural Language processing
• There are general five steps as shown in figure below:
62Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
63. Contd..
• Lexical Analysis:
– It involves identifying and analyzing the structure of words.
– Lexicon of a language means the collection of words and phrases in a
language.
– Lexical analysis is dividing the whole chunk of text into paragraphs,
sentences, and words.
63Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
64. Contd..
• Syntactic Analysis (Parsing):
– It involves analysis of words in the sentence for grammar and
arranging words in a manner that shows the relationship among the
words.
– The sentence such as “The school goes to boy” is rejected by English
syntactic analyzer.
64Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
65. Contd…
• Semantic Analysis:
– It draws the exact meaning or the dictionary meaning from the text.
– The text is checked for meaningfulness.
– It is done by mapping syntactic structures and objects in the task
domain.
– The semantic analyzer disregards sentence such as “hot ice-cream”.
65Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
66. Contd…
• Discourse Integration:
– The meaning of any sentence depends upon the meaning of the
sentence just before it.
– In addition, it also brings about the meaning of immediately
succeeding sentence.
66Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
67. Contd..
• Pragmatic Analysis:
– During this, what was said is re-interpreted on what it actually meant.
– It involves deriving those aspects of language which require real world
knowledge.
67Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
68. Applications of NLP
• Text-to-Speech & Speech recognition
• Information Retrieval
• Information Extraction
• Document Classification
• Automatic Summarization
• Machine Translation
• Story understanding systems
• Question answering
• Spelling correction
• Caption Generation
68Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi
69. Assignment
• Differentiate between connectionist and Symbolic AI.
• What is the difference between human intelligence and machine intelligence ?
• Explain McCulloch-Pitts model of neuron.
• Compare the performance of a computer and that of a biological neural network in terms of speed of
processing, size and complexity, storage, fault tolerance and control mechanism.
• How does an artificial neural network model the brain? Describe two major classes of learning paradigms:
supervised learning and unsupervised (self-organised) learning. What are the features that distinguish these
two paradigms from each other?
• Construct a multilayer perceptron with an input layer of six neurons, a hidden layer of four neuron and an
output layer of two neurons.
• Demonstrate perceptron learning of the binary logic function OR.
• Why natural language processing is required in AI System? Differentiate between NLU and NLG.
Presented By: Tekendra Nath Yogi 69