Unit 5 - Roman art
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Roman architecture had several main characteristics. It was highly practical and functional, prioritizing use over aesthetics. Large buildings symbolized power. Common materials included stone, brick, wood and mortar. Arches, vaults and domes spanned large spaces. Columns and decorative paintings/mosaics were also used. Main typologies included religious temples, political curia, economic basilicas, and leisure structures like theaters, amphitheaters, circuses and baths. Commemorative columns and arches honored victories. Aqueducts and bridges comprised civil engineering works. Sculpture was highly realistic and ranged from portraits to historical reliefs. Mosaics and frescoes decorated interiors
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Chapter Six: Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
This chapter discusses early Christian and Byzantine religious architecture. It begins by explaining how early Christian churches were based on Roman basilica designs after Christianity gained legitimacy under Constantine. Large early Christian churches in Rome accommodated growing congregations. The Byzantine Empire incorporated domes and centralized plans in churches. When Christianity spread to Russia around 1000 CE, Byzantine architectural concepts were adapted into a distinctive Russian style.
Roman architecture
Roman architecture was influenced by earlier Italian, Etruscan, and Greek cultures. It was practical and utilitarian, emphasizing public works, monumentality, and technical advances to showcase Roman power. Some key characteristics included an emphasis on interior space, combining beauty with utility, and integrating buildings into the urban landscape. Common building materials included stone, concrete, and brick in various construction techniques. Roman towns were planned around cardo and decumanus streets, with forums and infrastructure like aqueducts and roads supporting communities across the empire. Architectural styles included temples, basilicas, baths, theaters, amphitheaters, and domestic structures ranging from insulae to villas.
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Ancient Greek architecture developed between 900 BC to 1st century AD and was influenced by earlier civilizations like Egypt. The Greeks used post-lintel construction and three classical orders - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Temples were the main buildings and were used for religious purposes to show power. Other structures included houses, theaters, and markets. Materials included bricks, stone, wood and marble. Architecture progressed through Geometric, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, with innovations like stone temples and complex theater designs in the Archaic and Classical eras.
Early Christian Architecture
In the 4th century, the Roman Empire was divided into a Western part ruled from Rome and an Eastern part ruled from Constantinople. Whereas Diocletian persecuted Christians, Constantine ended persecution in 313 with the Edict of Milan, paving the way for Christianity to become the official state religion by 380. The document then discusses early Christian architecture, including the basilica church design exemplified by St. Peter's Basilica built in 333, and alternative designs like the circular church of Santa Costanza. It also mentions the use of catacombs and sarcophagi in early Christian burial practices.
U4. arte griego (iii) arquitectura. el templo. época arcaica
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Greek architecture by ID Harshita mishra
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Lecture x gothic architecture
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October 2016
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Unit 4 - Gothic art
Gothic art developed in Europe between the 12th and 15th centuries, originating in France and spreading throughout the continent. It reflected the rise of urban centers and the growing power of the bourgeoisie and clergy. Gothic architecture is characterized by pointed arches, flying buttresses, and rib vaulting, which allowed buildings such as cathedrals and churches to achieve unprecedented heights. Sculpture emphasized emotionally expressive figures, while painting featured bright colors and increasing realism in portraits.
Unit 3 - Egyptian art and architecture
Egyptian architecture was made of stone and consisted of columns and flat roofs. The main types were tombs and temples. Temples were dedicated to gods such as those at Luxor and Karnak, while tombs evolved over time from mastabas to pyramids like those at Giza. Sculptures depicted pharaohs, gods and nobles in a rigid, frontal style with attached arms and expressionless faces. Paintings decorated temples and tombs with religious and hierarchical scenes in an idealized, frontal perspective.
Roman Art
The Roman Empire spanned over 1/9th of the Earth's surface and ruled over a quarter of humanity across three continents at the height of its power. Roman architecture and town planning had a lasting legacy. They developed advanced building techniques like concrete and the arch, which enabled massive structures like the Colosseum and aqueducts. Roman towns were planned with gridded streets and usually centered around a forum. Notable architectural achievements included amphitheaters, temples, bath complexes, and the iconic Pantheon dome. Roman dress varied by class, gender, and occasion, with tunics and togas for citizens and more elaborate versions for elites.
Art of the roman empire
This document provides an overview of Roman art from 27 BC to 476 AD, during the Roman Empire period. It lists important dates and examples of Roman architecture, sculpture, and other art forms from this era, including the Altar of Augustan Peace, Temple of Portunus, Pont du Gard aqueduct, plans of Pompeii, Villa of the Mysteries, House of the Silver Wedding in Pompeii, Colosseum, Pantheon, Arch of Titus, sculptures of Roman emperors, and the Arch of Constantine.
Unit 3 - Romanesque art
Romanesque was the dominant artistic style in Western Europe between the 9th and 12th centuries. It spread through monastic orders, pilgrimages, and the Crusades. Romanesque architecture featured thick stone walls, columns with decorated capitals, buttresses, semi-circular arches, barrel vaults, and groin vaults. Religious art focused on biblical themes like the life of Christ, the Virgin Mary, saints, and the final judgement. Painting styles included wall paintings and miniatures, using plain colors without perspective. Sculpture included reliefs on church walls and in archways, as well as round sculptures of Christ on the cross and the Virgin Mary.
Unit 1 - The Fall of the Roman Empire and the Germanic Peoples
The Roman Empire lasted from 27 BCE to 476 AD in the West and until 1453 in the East. It was led by an Emperor and Senate and had a social hierarchy from citizens to slaves. The economy was based on agriculture, trade, and commerce facilitated by infrastructure like roads. Religion was originally polytheism but Christianity became dominant. In the 3rd-5th centuries, political instability, economic decline, and invasions by Germanic peoples led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD and its division among Germanic kingdoms.
Roman Art
The document outlines the history of Roman art from the Republican to Late Empire periods, noting their adoption and adaptation of Greek styles in sculpture, architecture, and other mediums. Major Roman innovations included concrete construction, which allowed for large structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon, as well as triumphal arches and aqueducts. As the empire declined, art took on new Christian influences and a return to archaic styles under Emperor Constantine.
Unit 2 - Islamic art
Very diverse Islamic architectural styles developed due to conquered peoples' influences, though with a unified decorative style. Structures used poor materials like brick and wood covered in tiles or plaster decorations. Common architectural elements included thin columns with decorated capitals, stilted semi-circular and horseshoe arches, domes, and muqarna vaults. Buildings included mosques, palaces with gardens and fountains, fortifications, and madrasas or religious schools. The Caliphal period saw grand buildings like the mosque at Córdoba and Medina Azahara palace. Later periods produced the Aljafería Palace and Alhambra's distinctive defensive and residential complexes organized around courtyards.
Roman art
The document provides information about Roman art from 200 BCE to 400 CE. It discusses that Roman art was heavily influenced by Greek art and was used to celebrate and showcase the power of the Roman Empire and its emperors. Specific art forms discussed include sculpture of Roman leaders that were realistic and placed in public spaces, coins with images of emperors, relief sculptures on architecture, and massive public buildings like the Colosseum and Pantheon that demonstrated the empire's might.
Unit 1 - Byzantine Art
This document discusses Byzantine architecture, mosaics, and icons. It describes the key characteristics of Byzantine architecture as being influenced by Greek and Roman styles and using semi-circular arches, domes, and basilica and Greek cross floor plans. It provides examples of important Byzantine buildings like Hagia Sophia and St. Mark's Basilica. Mosaics are described as using bright colors with religious themes on walls and ceilings. Icons are defined as religious paintings on wood with gold backgrounds and rigid, frontal poses with no expression.
Greek and roman art history
This document provides an overview of Greek and Roman art history from 800 BC to 300 AD. It describes several key aspects of ancient Greek architecture, sculpture, and painting, including the Parthenon, Acropolis, and three orders of columns. It also discusses the three periods of Greek sculpture and their changing focus. For ancient Rome, it outlines major architectural structures like basilicas, the Pantheon and Colosseum, as well as the aqueduct system. Roman art is described as following Greek classical forms with a focus on realism in portrait sculptures and mural paintings.
Unit 1- Carolingian art
The Palatine Chapel in Aachen, Germany has an octagonal central plan with a central dome decorated with mosaic and uses semi-circular arches. It has an irregular stone structure covered by marble.
Ancient rome
The document provides an overview of ancient Roman art and architecture from the Roman Republic period beginning in 509 BCE through the early 4th century CE. It describes the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire and autocratic rule. Key examples of art and architecture discussed include portraits, frescoes from Pompeii, and monumental structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and Arch of Constantine that demonstrated Rome's engineering abilities and served as symbols of imperial power.
Unit 2 - Prehistory - Art of the Neolithic and the Age of Metals
Early rock paintings found at sites like Çatalhöyük in Turkey depicted schematic symbols, people, and hunting scenes believed to have religious meaning. Pottery from this period was initially decorated with geometric designs and later painted scenes. Megalithic art from the same era, including structures like Stonehenge, was likely used to worship celestial events and commemorate solstices, featuring standing stones arranged individually, in lines as alignments, or circled as cromlechs to mark tombs and hold religious significance.
Main idea and supporting details
The document provides information on identifying the main idea in passages. It defines main idea as the most important overall point being communicated by the author. Supporting details in the text should all relate back to and provide evidence for the main idea. While some passages explicitly state the main idea in a topic sentence, others require the reader to infer the implied main idea based on the information given. Identifying the main idea is crucial for fully understanding what the passage is about.
Ancient rome
This document discusses various aspects of ancient Roman art and architecture, including paintings, portraits, sculptures like the Portonaccio sarcophagus depicting a battle scene, busts of Emperor Augustus, mosaics, architectural structures employing arches, domes, and the Colosseum arena, as well as examples of Roman influence in prominent US buildings like the Capitol, Jefferson Memorial, Monticello, and sports stadiums.
Ancient Rome Part 1
Roman art served as a demonstration of power from 753 BCE to 410 CE. Roman architecture was revolutionary due to their understanding of the arch, vault and concrete, which allowed them to build monumental structures like aqueducts, temples, arenas and basilicas. While greatly admiring Greek art, Roman art had no unique style but was diverse and incorporated influences from territories across the Roman Empire. Wealthy patrons and the government sponsored art that proclaimed their glory.
Medev ren art2
The document provides examples of artworks from the Medieval and Renaissance periods in Italy, including Enthroned Madonna and Child by an unknown Byzantine artist, Madonna and Child by Giotto from around 1305-1310, and Lamentation by Giotto from around 1302 to represent Medieval art. Key artworks listed for the Renaissance period include Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci from 1503-1506, David by Michelangelo from 1501-1504, Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael from 1504, and Michelangelo's frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel completed between 1508-1512.
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The document summarizes key aspects of Roman architecture from 300 BC to AD 365. It discusses their significant innovation of concrete and how it enabled strong walls and structures. It also describes important Roman architectural structures like aqueducts, bridges, theaters, arenas, baths, temples, basilicas, houses, villas and tombs. The forum is introduced as the central public space in Roman cities.
Roman-Architecture and It's context.pptx
Roman architecture developed concrete construction techniques like arches, vaults and domes. It was used for public, private and religious buildings, including amphitheaters, basilicas and the famous Colosseum. Materials included brick, stone and concrete. Roman architectural forms influenced later styles and its innovative designs, like stadiums, still impact modern construction. The Italian government works to preserve iconic Roman sites through restoration and new visitor programs.
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The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Roman architecture. It discusses how the Romans adopted and improved upon Greek architectural styles, most notably employing the arch. It also describes important Roman architectural structures like aqueducts and bridges built using arches and concrete. Additionally, it mentions significant Roman developments in housing, public hygiene through structures like baths, underfloor heating, and indoor plumbing.
Roman Art
The Romans adopted Greek architectural styles for their own purposes, creating new styles through a combination of influences. They absorbed ideas from the Greeks and Etruscans, applying architectural innovations like vaults and arches to build grand public structures like aqueducts, baths, and the Colosseum. Religious and political needs drove the design of buildings like the Pantheon, while practical innovations in housing and sanitation improved urban living standards. Roman architecture left a lasting legacy seen today in arches, domes and other neoclassical features.
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Under Pope Sixtus V in the late 16th century, architect Domenico Fontana prepared a plan to rebuild Rome by marking out key points in the city with obelisks. This established a framework of connections between sacred and secular sites using streets and visual accents. Fontana's plan placed obelisks strategically to guide development and provide a system of landmarks across the expanding city. Though only the obelisk placements were realized under Sixtus V, the plan set up a network to inform future growth and design in Rome.
Ancient roman
The Ancient Romans adopted aspects of Greek architecture and developed new styles using techniques like arches and improved concrete and brick-making. They built many aqueducts, bridges, and public buildings like baths and temples that showed the peak of Roman architectural achievements. Key Roman architectural developments included the use of the arch, concrete, domes, columns, and marble in large projects like aqueducts and baths that are still standing today and influenced later Western architecture.
Chapter Five: The Roman World
Roman buildings developed from Greek and Etruscan precedents and were found across the Roman Empire. Distinctive public building types included amphitheaters, baths, theaters, and basilicas which served urban culture. Houses ranged from apartments to palaces and villas. Roman engineering created dramatic interior spaces through arched vaults and domes, and used durable concrete. Cities followed an orthogonal grid plan with civic buildings like forums and temples.
THEORY: Roman Architecture
Theory of Architecture 2 class
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Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
Romans2
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Architecture
The document provides details about several famous architectural structures from around the world, including the Colosseum in Rome, the Empire State Building in New York, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, and the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It also lists some notable Filipino architects and their works. Furthermore, it outlines the key characteristics of seven architectural styles - Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance - describing their common structural elements and decorative features.
Gothic art
Gothic art and architecture originated in northern France in the 12th-15th centuries. Key characteristics include tall buildings made of stone, pointed arches, stained glass windows, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. Gothic cathedrals featured Latin cross plans with multiple naves, side chapels, and three levels including arcades, triforium, and clerestory. Sculptures became more realistic and paintings were created on wooden altarpieces rather than walls. The Gothic style emphasized light, height, and volume through innovations that allowed for larger windows.
Roman empire
The Roman Empire spanned from 27 BC to 476 AD and had many important towns with a similar rectangular plan surrounded by walls and crossed by two central roads and a central square. Roman architecture used stone, brick and concrete to build practical structures like temples, tombs, theaters, administrative buildings, triumphal arches, and structures decorated with sculptures and mosaics copying Greek styles but adding realistic portraits and historical reliefs.
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The document discusses the rise and spread of Gothic architecture between the 12th and 15th centuries. It began in France at St. Denis and was characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and larger windows to admit more light. Gothic cathedrals grew dramatically in scale and were a symbol of civic pride and rivalry between towns. Styles evolved from early Gothic to Rayonnant/High Gothic and Flamboyant Gothic. Gothic sculpture and painting also became more realistic and expressive during this period.
Roman Architecture
The document discusses innovations in architecture from Ancient Rome that still influence modern society. It describes various building types such as forums, basilicas, temples, aqueducts, amphitheaters, and theaters that demonstrate Roman advancements in civic planning and construction techniques. Specific structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon are highlighted as iconic examples that established architectural styles still used today.
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The document discusses key aspects of Roman architecture such as concrete, vaults, arches, columns, temples, basilicas, aqueducts, and roads. It emphasizes how the Romans advanced the use of concrete and vaults/arches to create larger and stronger structures like the Colosseum, Circus Maximus, and Pantheon. The Pantheon in particular showcased the Roman mastery of the concrete dome, which remains one of the largest masonry domes ever constructed. Other structures discussed include aqueducts, which transported water into Rome via a system of channels and castella, and roads that connected the far reaches of the Roman Empire.
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The document discusses key aspects of Roman architecture such as concrete, vaults, arches, columns, temples, basilicas, aqueducts, and roads. It emphasizes how the Romans advanced the use of concrete and vaults/arches to create larger and stronger structures like the Colosseum, Circus Maximus, and Pantheon. The Pantheon in particular showcased the Roman mastery of the concrete dome, which remains one of the largest masonry domes ever constructed. Other structures discussed include temples, basilicas, aqueducts, and the advanced road network that expanded the Roman Empire.
Romanesque and Gothic
Romanesque and Gothic architecture, sculpture, and painting developed between the early and late Middle Ages in Europe. Romanesque styles from the 11th-12th centuries featured thick stone walls, round arches, barrel vaults, and small windows to convey a solid and protective atmosphere. Gothic styles from the 13th-14th centuries saw taller buildings supported by pointed arches, rib vaults, and flying buttresses, allowing for larger stained glass windows. Both styles featured religious artwork to educate worshippers, though Gothic works depicted more realistic figures and landscapes. Major cathedrals were built across Europe in these eras to accommodate growing Christian populations.
Roman Buildings
The document summarizes common buildings and structures found in ancient Roman cities, including forums, basilicas, temples, senate houses, theaters, amphitheaters, triumphal arches and columns, imperial baths, aqueducts, housing, and the Roman forum. Basilicas originally served civic and legal functions but later adopted religious purposes with the Christianization of the Roman Empire. Amphitheaters hosted gladiatorial contests and other sporting events. Aqueducts and sewers were essential infrastructure, while the wealthy lived in single-family homes (domus) and the lower classes resided in multi-story apartment complexes (insulae).
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The document discusses how Roman architecture influenced the design of the White House in Washington D.C. Specifically, it notes that Ionic columns, a common element of Roman architecture, were used in the main entrances of the White House, similar to how they were used in Roman buildings. It also describes other structures like the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in Paris and the Jefferson Memorial in Washington D.C. that were inspired by Roman architectural styles like triumphal arches, domes, and columns. The document provides examples of how Roman architectural elements like columns have continued to influence designs even after the fall of the Roman Empire.
008 1000 CE.pptx
This document summarizes architectural styles from 1000 CE to 1200 CE. It covers Romanesque architecture from 1000 CE to the early 13th century, characterized by semicircular arches, robust structures, small windows, and groin vaults. It then discusses Gothic architecture from the 12th to 15th centuries, featuring pointed arches, flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, and large stained glass windows, allowing for higher, lighter structures filled with light. Key elements of both styles like arches, vaults, columns, and plans are described. Notre Dame Cathedral is provided as an example of Gothic architecture.
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Unit 5 - Roman art
- 2. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Great builders Architecture and engineering Objective Practical and functional structures. - More important the function than the aesthetics. - Large buildings Symbol of power.
- 3. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Materials: stone, bricks, wood, mortar, concrete, etc.
- 4. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Elements: Semi-circular arches Barrel vaults Domes for covering large spaces.
- 5. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Elements: Composite columns (Ionic + Corinthian orders) Decoration: paintings and mosaics
- 6. TYPOLOGIES Religious: temples (rectangular or circular, with Greek influence) * Temple of Caesar (Rome) * Temple of Concord (Rome)
- 7. * Templo romano de Vic (Barcelona, Spain) * Temple of Bacchus (Baalbek, Lebanon)
- 8. * Maison Carrée (Nimes, France) On a podium.
- 9. *Pantheon (Rome) 2nd century AD. Temple for all the gods. Large dome, and front as a Greek temple.
- 14. TYPOLOGIES Political: Curia (meeting-house of the Roman senate) * Curia Julia (Rome)
- 15. TYPOLOGIES Economic: Basilicas for meetings, trials and commercial activities. * Basilica of Maxentius (Rome)
- 17. TYPOLOGIES Leisure activities: Theatres Based on Greek theatres, but not on slopes
- 18. * Theatre of Palmyra (Syria)
- 19. * Teatro romano de Mérida (Mérida, Spain)
- 20. TYPOLOGIES Leisure activities: Amphitheatres Like two theatres together. For gladiators, animal fights and naval combats. * Flavian Amphitheatre / Colosseo (Rome)
- 24. * Amphitheatre of Pompeii (Pompeii, Italy) * Amphitheatre of Pula (Pula, Croatia)
- 25. TYPOLOGIES Leisure activities: Circus For chariot racing. Based on the Greek stadia. Rectangular shape, with a curved end. * Circus Maximus (Rome)
- 27. TYPOLOGIES Leisure activities: Thermal baths Public baths with different rooms (caldarium, frigidarium and tepidarium). Very important for social life. * Roman baths (Bath, United Kingdom)
- 29. * Baths of Diocletian (Rome) Frigidarium
- 30. TYPOLOGIES Commemorative: columns and triumphal arches. For remembering and honouring important events such as military victories. * Trajan Forum (Rome)
- 31. * Trajan’s Column (Rome, 2nd c. AD)
- 32. * Arch of Constantine (Rome, 4th c. AD)
- 33. TYPOLOGIES Public works: for making life easier and more comfortable. Roads * Via Appia (Rome)
- 34. TYPOLOGIES Public works: for making life easier and more comfortable. Aqueducts For transporting water. * Acueducto de Segovia (Segovia, Spain)
- 36. * Acueducto de los Milagros (Mérida, Spain)
- 37. TYPOLOGIES Public works: for making life easier and more comfortable. Bridges. * Pont du Gard (France)
- 38. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS - Great Greek influence. - Very realistic. Types: * Portraits: whole body, equestrian or bust. * Historical relieves
- 39. REPUBLIC Realistic HIGH EMPIRE Idealised LOW EMPIRE Rigidity, less idealisation PORTRAITS
- 40. * Augustus of Prima Porta * Augustus Pontifex Maximus
- 42. HISTORICAL RELIEVES Relevant episodes of Roman history. On commemorative monuments * Ara Pacis
- 47. * Trajan’s Colum
- 49. Decoration of buildings, on the walls. Polychrome. Daily scenes, mythology, imaginary landscapes, portraits, architectural features (blocks of marble, columns, windows, etc.)
- 50. Small tesserae together forming an image. Also for decoration, but on the floors. Geometric designs for mythological, floral and daily scenes.