This document provides an overview of the Age of Revolutions from 1789-1814. It discusses the key revolutions and events during this period, including the American Revolution and independence movement, the French Revolution and establishment of a republic, and the Napoleonic Era in which Napoleon rose to power in France and established a French Empire throughout Europe before his eventual defeat. It also summarizes the crisis of the Spanish monarchy during this time as it faced opposition from within and invasion by France.
American and French RevolutionsReadings Smith, et al..docxgalerussel59292
American and French Revolutions
Readings: Smith, et al., 771-776
D 18.7: “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen”
Enlightenment Ideas
The spread of revolutionary ideas across the Atlantic world in the second half of the eighteenth century followed the trail of Enlightenment ideas (in a way, the product of the new scientific method based on reason in action):
“All men are born free yet everywhere they are in chains” – Jean-Jacques Rousseau
“Challenge Authority” – Immanuel Kant
“Have the Courage to use your own reason”-Immanuel Kant
Absolute Monarchy bad, government is the result of a social contract between the ruler and the people—John Locke
The best government are those characterized by “separation of powers” and “checks and balances” –Michel de Montesquieu
Government should keep their hands out of markets – Adam Smith
People disagreed over the meaning of terms such as liberty, independence, freedom, and equality
We still do
2
Political Reorderings
As Enlightenment ideals spread, certain groups in the colonies began seeking a new relationship with their respective motherlands. More sought involvement in politics and claimed to serve the interests of the “people.” Ideas like independence, freedom, and equality had power and prompted political revolts in the Americas and Europe. Since then revolution has been a powerful force.
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
The transatlantic disruption between 1750 and 1850 had roots in the economic systems of the previous century
Every major power engaging in capitalist-like markets through monopolistic companies and colonial empires
Colonial elites want to become part of new economies—don’t like colonial and merchant monopolies from England, France, Spain, and Portugal
3
Revolutionary Transformations and New Languages of Freedom
Dissatisfied with their exclusion from power and wealth, politically aware people began organizing in hopes that a new or reformed system would provide freedom to trade and representation in government. Initially unwilling to revolt, these reformers found powerful resistance among the aristocracy. Arguing for popular sovereignty and free trade, they denounced trade monopolies and aristocratic domination of politics. New identities and concepts of “nation” arose. The question of how much freedom and to whom, however, generally meant for white males only.
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
As wealth increased, men and women demanded a relaxation of economic restrictions
Demanded greater freedom to trade
Demanded more influence in governing local institutions and making local economic decisions
4
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
Over time, these demands became more radical and revolutionary
Revolutionaries championed the concept of popular sovereignty, free people, free trade, free markets, and free labor as a more just and efficient foundation for society (in Ameri.
Top of FormLesson 1, Part 1 Foundations of American Gover.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Lesson 1, Part 1: Foundations of American Government
"Liberty, when it begins to take root, is a plant of rapid growth."
-George Washington
· The Declaration of Independence
· The U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights
· The Enlightenment and Political Philosophy
Expected Outcomes
To understand the philosophical principles behind the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, and how these principles influence the structure and process of government.
Overview
The United States, as a nation, was born of the American Revolution of 1776. This revolution cut the political ties between England and its American colonies. Many "Americans" living in the colonies had complained about harsh British rule. King George of England had ruled over the colonies with a heavy hand, increasing taxes with the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act, for example. These abuses began to divide the "patriots" in favor of independence and the "loyalists" in favor of the English Crown.
Tensions between the American colonials and British soldiers boiled over in the Boston Massacre, when a mob harassed British soldiers, who then fired their muskets into the crowd, killing three, mortally wounding two others, and injuring six.
Another famous incident which helped inspire the American Revolution was the Boston Tea Party of 1773, launched as a protest to the British Tea Act. This Act gave the British East India Company a tea monopoly, shutting out American traders. Bostonians disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians, then boarded the British ships and dumped all 342 containers of tea into the harbor.
Two years later, in 1775, there were more serious conflicts between colonials and British troops: the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the prelude for a full conflict. The American Revolutionary War was long, bloody and ended with the French-assisted victory of the American Continental Army in Yorktown in 1781.
An understanding of American government and politics should consider two documents related to this war and its aftermath. The first is the Declaration of Independence, which launched the American Revolutionary War; and the second is the U.S. Constitution, which replaced the post-war Articles of Confederation and which remains the highest law of the land.
This lesson analyzes these documents, noting how they were part of a trans-Atlantic Enlightenment movement with emphasis on reason, freethinking, natural law, popular sovereignty, and human equality. Many of these ideas are visible in the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson. These ideas provided the ideological and philosophical framework for the American Revolution.
After the expulsion of the English monarchy, the Articles of Confederation - in effect from 1776 to 1787 - turned the former colonies into largely autonomous states with a weak federal government. However, many people thought that this decentralized system did not solve the problem of providing for a common defense or for ...
American and French RevolutionsReadings Smith, et al..docxgalerussel59292
American and French Revolutions
Readings: Smith, et al., 771-776
D 18.7: “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen”
Enlightenment Ideas
The spread of revolutionary ideas across the Atlantic world in the second half of the eighteenth century followed the trail of Enlightenment ideas (in a way, the product of the new scientific method based on reason in action):
“All men are born free yet everywhere they are in chains” – Jean-Jacques Rousseau
“Challenge Authority” – Immanuel Kant
“Have the Courage to use your own reason”-Immanuel Kant
Absolute Monarchy bad, government is the result of a social contract between the ruler and the people—John Locke
The best government are those characterized by “separation of powers” and “checks and balances” –Michel de Montesquieu
Government should keep their hands out of markets – Adam Smith
People disagreed over the meaning of terms such as liberty, independence, freedom, and equality
We still do
2
Political Reorderings
As Enlightenment ideals spread, certain groups in the colonies began seeking a new relationship with their respective motherlands. More sought involvement in politics and claimed to serve the interests of the “people.” Ideas like independence, freedom, and equality had power and prompted political revolts in the Americas and Europe. Since then revolution has been a powerful force.
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
The transatlantic disruption between 1750 and 1850 had roots in the economic systems of the previous century
Every major power engaging in capitalist-like markets through monopolistic companies and colonial empires
Colonial elites want to become part of new economies—don’t like colonial and merchant monopolies from England, France, Spain, and Portugal
3
Revolutionary Transformations and New Languages of Freedom
Dissatisfied with their exclusion from power and wealth, politically aware people began organizing in hopes that a new or reformed system would provide freedom to trade and representation in government. Initially unwilling to revolt, these reformers found powerful resistance among the aristocracy. Arguing for popular sovereignty and free trade, they denounced trade monopolies and aristocratic domination of politics. New identities and concepts of “nation” arose. The question of how much freedom and to whom, however, generally meant for white males only.
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
As wealth increased, men and women demanded a relaxation of economic restrictions
Demanded greater freedom to trade
Demanded more influence in governing local institutions and making local economic decisions
4
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
Over time, these demands became more radical and revolutionary
Revolutionaries championed the concept of popular sovereignty, free people, free trade, free markets, and free labor as a more just and efficient foundation for society (in Ameri.
Top of FormLesson 1, Part 1 Foundations of American Gover.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Lesson 1, Part 1: Foundations of American Government
"Liberty, when it begins to take root, is a plant of rapid growth."
-George Washington
· The Declaration of Independence
· The U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights
· The Enlightenment and Political Philosophy
Expected Outcomes
To understand the philosophical principles behind the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, and how these principles influence the structure and process of government.
Overview
The United States, as a nation, was born of the American Revolution of 1776. This revolution cut the political ties between England and its American colonies. Many "Americans" living in the colonies had complained about harsh British rule. King George of England had ruled over the colonies with a heavy hand, increasing taxes with the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act, for example. These abuses began to divide the "patriots" in favor of independence and the "loyalists" in favor of the English Crown.
Tensions between the American colonials and British soldiers boiled over in the Boston Massacre, when a mob harassed British soldiers, who then fired their muskets into the crowd, killing three, mortally wounding two others, and injuring six.
Another famous incident which helped inspire the American Revolution was the Boston Tea Party of 1773, launched as a protest to the British Tea Act. This Act gave the British East India Company a tea monopoly, shutting out American traders. Bostonians disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians, then boarded the British ships and dumped all 342 containers of tea into the harbor.
Two years later, in 1775, there were more serious conflicts between colonials and British troops: the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the prelude for a full conflict. The American Revolutionary War was long, bloody and ended with the French-assisted victory of the American Continental Army in Yorktown in 1781.
An understanding of American government and politics should consider two documents related to this war and its aftermath. The first is the Declaration of Independence, which launched the American Revolutionary War; and the second is the U.S. Constitution, which replaced the post-war Articles of Confederation and which remains the highest law of the land.
This lesson analyzes these documents, noting how they were part of a trans-Atlantic Enlightenment movement with emphasis on reason, freethinking, natural law, popular sovereignty, and human equality. Many of these ideas are visible in the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson. These ideas provided the ideological and philosophical framework for the American Revolution.
After the expulsion of the English monarchy, the Articles of Confederation - in effect from 1776 to 1787 - turned the former colonies into largely autonomous states with a weak federal government. However, many people thought that this decentralized system did not solve the problem of providing for a common defense or for ...
Influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that emerged during the eighteenth century in Europe, that advocated the use of reason against the old regime and advocated greater economic and political freedom, the people began to rebel and to fight for the equality of everybody before the law. They fought, among other things, the monarchical absolutism and the privileges of the nobility and clergy. Meanwhile, the French economy experienced an unprecedented crisis. The King Louis XVI tried to react, but the people remained united, taking over the streets. The slogan of the revolutionaries was "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity". On 14 July 1789 the people stormed and took the Bastille (prison) representing the absolute powers of the king, as it was there that were imprisoned political its enemies. This episode became known as "The fall of the Bastille".
Today the French Revolution is commemorated, which was a dividing mark in the history of humanity, starting the contemporary age. It was such an important event that its ideals influenced many movements around the world.
This presentation is about the French revolution which took place in the recent past and had been successful in shaping the country through such grave conditions.
Learn about the French Revolution. Instigators, Major Events during this time period and the effects/ ending are covered here.
Not mine. My Professor made this.
Influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that emerged during the eighteenth century in Europe, that advocated the use of reason against the old regime and advocated greater economic and political freedom, the people began to rebel and to fight for the equality of everybody before the law. They fought, among other things, the monarchical absolutism and the privileges of the nobility and clergy. Meanwhile, the French economy experienced an unprecedented crisis. The King Louis XVI tried to react, but the people remained united, taking over the streets. The slogan of the revolutionaries was "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity". On 14 July 1789 the people stormed and took the Bastille (prison) representing the absolute powers of the king, as it was there that were imprisoned political its enemies. This episode became known as "The fall of the Bastille".
Today the French Revolution is commemorated, which was a dividing mark in the history of humanity, starting the contemporary age. It was such an important event that its ideals influenced many movements around the world.
This presentation is about the French revolution which took place in the recent past and had been successful in shaping the country through such grave conditions.
Learn about the French Revolution. Instigators, Major Events during this time period and the effects/ ending are covered here.
Not mine. My Professor made this.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. 1. The Revolution and Independence of the United States of America
2. The French Revolution
3. The Napoleonic Era (1799-1814)
4. The Crisis of the Ancien Régime in Spain
5. Art: Francisco de Goya (1746-1828)
3. 1. The 13 British colonies and the causes of the Revolution
1. THE REVOLUTION AND INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Population of British origin.
Paid taxes
Britain – Parliamentary monarchy
No representation of colonies in the
Parliament
Revolt War
NO TAXATION WITHOUT
REPRESENTATION
5. CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION:
• Cultural: Enlightenment and Liberalism.
• Social: less hierarchical society. Egalitarian
ideas.
• Economic: refused the commercial
monopoly imposed by British companies.
• Political: representation in the Parliament.
Rejection of certain taxes and laws.
6. 2. The War of Independence (1775-1783)
1775-1783 War of Independence
(Britain Vs Colonies + France, Spain, Dutch Republic).
1774-1781 Continental Congress as government
7. BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773)
Increasing tensions Vs British
Formation of Provincial Congresses
in each colony, assuming power from
colonial governments
Severe repression
Revolt Vs Tea Act
9. 4 July 1776 (Philadelphia)
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Written by Thomas Jefferson
10. IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America,
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands
which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and
equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions
of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That
to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of
the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles
and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
Thomas Jefferson, and amended by the Congress, Declaration of Independence of the United States of
America (1776)
11. Development of the war
British → Superior. Faced problems:
• Controlling supplies of colonies.
• Provisions of army.
• Confronting guerrilla-type armies.
• Foreign support (France, 1778, Spain,
1779, etc.) to the rebels.
12. TREATY OF PARIS (1783)
End of the war
• Recognition of independence of the new nation.
• Peace treaty also with allied nations (FR, SP, DUT)
• SP: Menorca and Florida recovered.
13. 3. The Constitutional Process
Declaration of Independence of the
United States of America (July’76)
“[…] all men are created equal, that they
are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these are
L i fe , L i b e r t y a n d t h e p u rs u i t o f
Happiness.--That to secure these rights,
Governments are instituted among Men,
deriving their just powers from the
consent of the governed”.
Virginia Declaration of Rights (June’76):
“That all men are by nature equally free
and independent and have certain
inherent rights, of which, when they
enter into a state of society, they cannot,
by any compact, deprive or divest their
posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life
and liberty, with the means of acquiring
and possessing property, and pursuing
and obtaining happiness and safety”.
14. 1787 Constitution of the United States of America.
• Presidential federal republic.
• Popular sovereignty; limited suffrage every four years;
legal equality for all white citizens.
• Common law (consistent principles applied to similar facts
yield similar outcomes).
• Division of powers and bicameral Congress: Senate and
House of Representatives.
• Influence: Magna Carta, Enlightenment, Liberalism, etc.
1789 Bill of Rights Amendments to the Constitution
1789 Came into force.
3. The Constitutional Process
17. 1. Causes of the Revolution
2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
18th century France Crisis:
• Economic: poor harvests Price raise Popular protests.
• Social: hierarchical society based on the manorial system.
• Majority of peasants.
• Bourgeoisie → more political influence.
• Political: impoverished absolutist monarchy.
• Cultural: influence of the enlightened ideas.
18. 2. Estates General and the beginning of the Revolution
Tax reform Privileged classes refused in the Assembly of Notables Estates General summoned.
General assembly representing the
estates of the realm
Advisory body for the king
Composition
1st estate
100.000 members, 303 representatives
2nd estate
400.000 members, 282 representatives
3rd estate
25 million people, 578 representatives
VOTE
BY
ESTATE
19. Third estate They demand vote by representative, not by estate. Denied.
17 June, 1789 Third estate National Assembly
• Assembly of the people, not estates.
• Invitation to clergy and nobility to join.
Popular support
20 June, 1789
TENNIS COURT OATH
Wanted a constitution
9th July
NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
Troops to Paris
Riots
20. “The National Assembly, considering that it has been summoned to establish
the constitution of the kingdom, to effect the regeneration of public order, and
to maintain the true principles of monarchy; that nothing can prevent it from
continuing its deliberations in whatever place it may be forced to establish itself;
and, finally, that wheresoever its members are assembled, there is the National
Assembly… It decrees that all members of this Assembly shall immediately take
a solemn oath not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances
require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated
upon firm foundations; and that, the said oath taken, all members and each one
individually shall ratify this steadfast resolution by signature.”
TENNIS COURT OATH
21. • 14 July Storming of the Bastille.
Symbol of royal power and storage of arms and ammunition.
Revolution spread throughout the country.
• 17 July Louis XVI accepts the tricolore
cockade (but conspiring at the same time).
Tricolore Union people + monarchy.
• Rebellion against the aristocracy (Great Fear) Émigrés.
22. PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Constitutional
monarchy (1789-
1792)
Democratic
republic (1792-
1794)
Bourgeois republic
(1794-1799)
23.
24. NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789-91)
Abolition of feudalism (4 August), abolition of the tithe,
nationalization of properties of the Church and of the émigrés.
Separation of State and Church.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 August):
guaranteed the rights to freedom, property and equality under the
law.
Centralised state of 83 departments.
25. Article I - Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on
the common good.
Article II - The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible
rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression.
Article III - The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation. No body, no individual can
exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it.
Article IV - Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the
natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the
enjoyment of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law.
Article V - The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society. Anything which is not
forbidden by the law cannot be impeded, and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order.
Article VI - The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing
personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it
protects, or that it punishes.
National Constituent Assembly, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
26. 1791 → Constitution CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
• Separation of powers.
• National sovereignty (limited male suffrage).
• Equality before the law
• King Veto power
27. 20 June, 1791 Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI attempts to escape
from France
Personal safety
Trying to organise a
counter-revolution
Austria
Royalist army
+
Holy Roman Empire
(absolutist)
King captured and sent back to Paris Damaged reputation Idea of Republic
28. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1791-2) Legislative body. Most representative groups:
FEUILLANTS: nobility and
conservative bourgeoisie.
More conservative.
GIRONDINS: high bourgeoisie.
Moderate discourse.
JACOBINS: middle and
lower bourgeoisie. More
progressive: abolition of
monarchy, expansion of
suffrage, protection
against abusive taxes,
etc. Supported by the
sans-culottes (Parisian
workers).
29. After FLIGHT TO
VARENNES
(June’71)
Declaration
of Pillnitz
(August’71)
Absolutist
coalition
supporting
Louis XVI
Holy Roman Empire
Prussia
Émigrés
April 1792 War declared against absolutist monarchies
30. 10 August, 1792
Attack to the Tuileries
Palace
Jacobins, Paris Commune,
popular militias
Royal family prisoner
31. 20 September, 1792 NATIONAL CONVENTION
Constituent assembly
• Principles: Liberté, egalité, fraternité.
• Universal male suffrage.
• Controlled by the Girondins.
• 21 September Abolition of monarchy FIRST REPUBLIC
• 22 September News of victory at Battle of Valmy Vs absolutist
forces (happened two days before) reach Paris.
32. 21 January 1793
Execution of Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette, accused of treason.
March 1793 Revolt in the Vendée region Pro-royalist and Catholic. Internal conflicts.
33. THE JACOBIN CONVENTION (1793-94)
March 1793 Jacobins (radical) took power
“Reign of Terror” Purges against enemies of the
revolution and political rivals (including Girondins)
Revolutionary dictatorship
Maximilien Robespierre
34. June 1793 New
Constitution (never
effective):
• Social democracy
• Universal male
suffrage
• Social and economic
laws Prices and
salaries (Law of the
Maximum).
• Secularisation of
society.
37. After Jacobin terror Girondin government
September 1795 New constitution
DIRECTORY Five-member board as executive power.
Back to limited suffrage based on property.
Double opposition: between social democracy (left) and absolutism (right).
Not real trust on democracy Repression, censorship, banishing rivals, etc.
EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE
Five members
Conseil des Cinq-Cents
Conseil des
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38. 1799 Coup of 18 Brumaire
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
First Consul
Absolute power
Directory replaced by a Consulate
(three consuls)
39. 1. The consolidation of power: the Consulate
3. THE NAPOLEONIC ERA (1799-1814)
Consulate – Triumvirate (1799-1802)
Consulate – Dictatorship (1802-1804)
Emperor (1804-1814)
Hundred Days (1815)
40. 1799 Coup of 18 Brumaire CONSULATE
1799-1802 Triumvirate
• Internal pacification.
• New constitution: power to the
executive, universal male suffrage, no
Declaration of Rights.
• Repression of Jacobins and democrats.
• Centralisation.
• Civil Code.
• Economic liberalism.
1802: Napoleon Bonaparte Single and lifetime consul
Concentration of power.
41. 2. First French Empire: The Napoleonic Empire (1804-1815)
1804
NAPOLEON IS
SELF-PROCLAIMED
FRENCH EMPEROR
42. • 1804-11 Great empire Conquests and allegiances.
• Implementation of policies of the Revolution and the
Enlightenment throughout Europe:
• Economic liberalism
• Moderate political liberalism
• Removal of Ancien Régime
• Separation of powers
• Popular sovereignty
• Absolute monarchies overthrown some monarchs
substituted by members of his own family (José Bonaparte).
The Napoleonic Empire marked the future of Europe in all senses,
from foreign and internal policies, legal systems, culture, etc.
43.
44. French invasions Opposition Nationalist movements Revolts
1808 Revolt in Spain
1812 Napoleon starts a military campaign in
Russia Retreat Defeat of the Grande Armée
45.
46. 1813 New coalition against Napoleon (Prussia,
Austria, Spain, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain and
Portugal)
1814 Napoleon deposed as Emperor of France
Forced to exile in Elba.
47. 1815 THE HUNDRED DAYS
Napoleon escaped, went back
to France, and rose to power
again.
48. June 1815 Battle of Waterloo
France Vs Great Britain, Prussia, Austria and Russia
50. 1. The Reign of Charles IV (1788-1808)
4. THE CRISIS OF THE ANCIEN RÉGIME IN SPAIN
Against the French Revolution and liberal ideas.
Power in the hands of Manuel Godoy (Prime Minister)
Joined the absolutist forces against the French Republic (Coalition Wars)
Defeated.
1796 Alliance with France (Vs Great Britain).
51. 1800 Allied of Napoleon
1805 Battle of Trafalgar (1805)
1807 → Treaty of Fontainebleau, for invading Portugal.
1808 → The French invaded Spain
Motín de Aranjuez Vs Godoy and Charles IV
Abdicated to Fernando VII
52. Abdication of Bayonne:
Carlos IV and Fernando VII
imprisoned and forced to abdicate
in Napoleon’s favour
Napoleon transferred the title
to his brother
JOSÉ I BONAPARTE.
53. 2. The Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814)
JOSÉ I BONAPARTE (1808-1813)
Supported by the ‘afrancesados’ (some nobles, clerics, intellectuals
and public servants)
Popular opposition.
Sought to introduce liberal ideas and reforms.
Revolt in Madrid (2nd May, 1808) + anti-French uprisings WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE
54. o Spanish resistance (1808)
o Formation of local and provincial Juntas
(provincial defence committees). Not recognition
of José I.
Supreme Central Junta Coordinated the
resistance.
o Guerrilla warfare Vs Napoleonic army (defeated at
the battle of Bailén).
o French offensive (1808-1812) Occupation of most
of Spain.
o Aglo-Spanish victories (1812-1814) division of
Napoleonic forces (Russia) Spanish guerrillas +
British army (Wellington) Defeated the French.
1813 Treaty of Valençay: CROWN TO FERNANDO VII.
55. POLITICAL REVOLUTION:
1810 The Junta Suprema Central retired to Cádiz (not under French
control) Constitutional Cortes (absolutist and liberal representatives
elected by male popular vote) 1812 CONSTITUTION (La Pepa).
Constitutional monarchy with limited authority.
Liberal characteristics:
- National sovereignty
- Separation of powers
- Universal male suffrage
- Declaration of rights
- End of Ancien Régime, etc.
1814 Fernando VII back in Spain
Abolition of the Constitution
Back to absolutism.
56. 5. ART: FRANCISCO DE GOYA
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828)
•Very original style, impossible to identify with a style.
•Life marked by:
- Court painter
- Liberal political views (afrancesado)
- Complexity of the times (especially the War of
Independence)
- Illnesses (he turned deaf, for instance, which made him
retire from society).
“Un modelo romántico para los románticos; un impresionista
para los impresionistas, Goya más tarde se convirtió en un
expresionista para los expresionistas y un precursor del
surrealismo para los surrealistas”.
Nigel Glendinning
57. 1. First years and arrival to the Court (1771-1808):
- Cartoons for tapestries, frescoes, etchings (aguafuertes, a type of engraving) and portraits.
- Pastel colours, popular figures and scenes, psychological characteristics and moods in his portraits
and began to introduce a critic spirit.
El quitasol (1777)
La maja vestida (1802-5)
61. 2. The Spanish War and the return
of Fernando VII (1808-1820):
Promoted the courage of the
Spanish population, criticized
the war and the Ancien Régime
and began to experience some
health problems.
El dos de mayo de 1808 en
Madrid (1814)
63. 3. Retirement and exile to France (1820-1828):
Goya’s health got worse
Sad and depressed by the political climate of Spain.
His work reflected his mood and took darker colours.
He also reflected themes as the death, the madness and fantasy.
El aquelarre (1823)