The grand scale of architecture under the Roman Empire and the different building typologies. Importance of public & civic infrastructure projects made by them.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECURE AND CULTURE 1_GREEK_Landscape and culture of Greece – Minoan and Mycenaean cultures – Hellenic and Hellenistic
cultures – Greek character – Greek polis and democracy – Greek city planning – architecture in the
archaic and classic periods – Domestic architecture; Public Buildings: Agora, stoas, theaters,
bouletrion and stadias – Greek temple: evolution and classification – Parthenon and Erection –
orders in architecture: Doric, lonic, Corinthian – optical illusions in architecture.
the presentation talks in details about the ancient greek historical period and their architectural elements, arts and design. it also tells story on the mycenae and minoan civilizations
A brief understanding into the ancient river valley civilisations and their modern day stories in understanding architecture, religion & design philosophy
The main number of geoglyphs in the Kostanay region of the Kazakhstan were opened in 2007. Objects are located in 370 km to the west of the capital of the Kazakhstan. Objects have different shapes and sizes. Kazakhstan geoglyphs are different from most of the world famous geoglyphs. Firstly, different an execution technique: hills groups in the Kazakhstan, trenches in the UK and the Peru, stone laying in the Russia; Secondly, themes of forms: World’s famous geoglyphs have zoomorphic and anthropomorphic forms, Kazakhstan’s geoglyphs have abstract geometric forms; Thirdly, about functionality: the world famous geoglyphs - they are signs, Kazakhstan geoglyphs - they are buildings; Fourthly, sizes: Kazakhstan geoglyphs are somewhat larger. Calculation of excavation shows the fundamental possibility of the implementation figures in one season. Currently there are (supposedly) oldest architectural monuments on the Kazakhstan’s territory. Data for the Album prepared by the researcher group of the Architectural Department of the Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering. This Album generated for information purposes of the Educational course "The Ancient architecture of the Kazakhstan" and a base for further researches.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECURE AND CULTURE 1_GREEK_Landscape and culture of Greece – Minoan and Mycenaean cultures – Hellenic and Hellenistic
cultures – Greek character – Greek polis and democracy – Greek city planning – architecture in the
archaic and classic periods – Domestic architecture; Public Buildings: Agora, stoas, theaters,
bouletrion and stadias – Greek temple: evolution and classification – Parthenon and Erection –
orders in architecture: Doric, lonic, Corinthian – optical illusions in architecture.
the presentation talks in details about the ancient greek historical period and their architectural elements, arts and design. it also tells story on the mycenae and minoan civilizations
A brief understanding into the ancient river valley civilisations and their modern day stories in understanding architecture, religion & design philosophy
The main number of geoglyphs in the Kostanay region of the Kazakhstan were opened in 2007. Objects are located in 370 km to the west of the capital of the Kazakhstan. Objects have different shapes and sizes. Kazakhstan geoglyphs are different from most of the world famous geoglyphs. Firstly, different an execution technique: hills groups in the Kazakhstan, trenches in the UK and the Peru, stone laying in the Russia; Secondly, themes of forms: World’s famous geoglyphs have zoomorphic and anthropomorphic forms, Kazakhstan’s geoglyphs have abstract geometric forms; Thirdly, about functionality: the world famous geoglyphs - they are signs, Kazakhstan geoglyphs - they are buildings; Fourthly, sizes: Kazakhstan geoglyphs are somewhat larger. Calculation of excavation shows the fundamental possibility of the implementation figures in one season. Currently there are (supposedly) oldest architectural monuments on the Kazakhstan’s territory. Data for the Album prepared by the researcher group of the Architectural Department of the Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering. This Album generated for information purposes of the Educational course "The Ancient architecture of the Kazakhstan" and a base for further researches.
The Stylistic decision to art-works of the European garden-park architecture is traditionally based on two trends: the Classicism and the Baroque. The Classicism is typical for buildings located in open areas that provide panoramic views. This corresponds to the strict symmetry of the composition and the large molds and details. As Classicism options for sites without panoramic views is characteristic the Romanticism. This trend is mainly based on the "Aesthetics of ruins". Imitation dilapidated, overgrown trees and shrubs of antique buildings gives to the space a property of the "Historical depth". For buildings and structures located on the grounds among the densely growing trees, adequate stylistic solution is the Baroque. Lack of panoramic views allows the use of asymmetrical composition. Small Plastic of architectural and sculptural details is in harmony with foliage and tree branches. The interpretation of this style – neo-Baroque – used for an architectural-artistic design of the "Amure" Triumph Palace in the Almaty city. 63 images show the Build Complex and themes of architectural-spatial and artistic solutions.
Terms and definitions
THE INTRODUCTION
Part 1. HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF THE KAZAKHSTAN
AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE SPREAD OF ORNAMENTAL COMPOSITIONS
IN THE URBAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE XX CENTURY
1.1 Historiographical aspects of the Kazakh architectural ornament Evolution
1.2 An Ornament in the Medieval and the XIX century Architecture as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century the ornamentation
1.3 The Yurt ornamentation, an ornament for clothes, utensils and household items as a source of motifs and themes for the Urban architecture of the XX century ornamentation
Part 2. AN ORNAMENT IN THE LATE XIX – THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURIES
URBAN ARCHITECTURE
2.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1880’s-1920’s
2.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1930’s-1940’s
2.3 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1950’s
Part 3. AN ORNAMENT IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX – EARLY XXI CENTURIES
URBAN ARCHITECTURE
3.1 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1960’s
3.2 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1970’s-1980’s
3.3 An Ornament in the Urban Architecture of 1990’s-2010’s
CONCLUSIONS
The Main Reading
This series of albums generated for information purposes of the Educational course "The General History of Architecture": 2 credits / 30 hours of lectures.
Until the mid-19th century, examples are grouped by region. In this period, the phenomenon of a single world architectural process begins to manifest itself. Since the last third of the 19th century, examples have been grouped by decades.
Purpose of the 4th Lecture:
To study the basic features of the Mesopotamian Architecture in the Ancient period.
Tasks of the 4th Lecture:
- To consider characteristic examples of specifically organized spaces and buildings;
- To accentuate the features of construction depending on the availability of building materials;
- To emphasize the difference between cult and dwelling buildings.
This series of albums generated for information purposes of the Educational course "The General History of Architecture": 2 credits / 30 hours of lectures. Until the mid-19th century, examples are grouped by region. In this period, the phenomenon of a single world architectural process begins to manifest itself. Since the last third of the 19th century, examples have been grouped by decades.
Purpose of the 1st Lecture:To study the history of understanding the phenomenon of architecture.
Tasks of the 1st Lecture: Consider characteristic examples of studies of different periods;Consider the features of changing the evaluation of the development of architecture in different periods;To consider the specifics of the problems' accents in the studies of various authors.
Architectural history books totality of the late 19th - early 20th century. Architectural history books totality of the mid-20th century. Architectural history books totality of the late 20th - early 21st century.
1.2 town planning greek and roman cultureSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
Roman cities town planning uploaded by Pankaj dhakad
submitted by
Mustafa Hasan
Pankaj Dhakad
Savy Soni
Shivangi Shrivastva
Vedant Chawla
Yashasvi Agrawal
2137ad - Characters that live in Merindol and are at the center of main storiesluforfor
Kurgan is a russian expatriate that is secretly in love with Sonia Contado. Henry is a british soldier that took refuge in Merindol Colony in 2137ad. He is the lover of Sonia Contado.
2137ad Merindol Colony Interiors where refugee try to build a seemengly norm...luforfor
This are the interiors of the Merindol Colony in 2137ad after the Climate Change Collapse and the Apocalipse Wars. Merindol is a small Colony in the Italian Alps where there are around 4000 humans. The Colony values mainly around meritocracy and selection by effort.
Explore the multifaceted world of Muntadher Saleh, an Iraqi polymath renowned for his expertise in visual art, writing, design, and pharmacy. This SlideShare delves into his innovative contributions across various disciplines, showcasing his unique ability to blend traditional themes with modern aesthetics. Learn about his impactful artworks, thought-provoking literary pieces, and his vision as a Neo-Pop artist dedicated to raising awareness about Iraq's cultural heritage. Discover why Muntadher Saleh is celebrated as "The Last Polymath" and how his multidisciplinary talents continue to inspire and influence.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
1. A.R 2.6 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - 1
1.Ancient Civilisations (Egypt, Mesopotamia & Indus) - pre summer break
2.Classical Greeks - pre summer break
3.The Roman Empire - 17 & 24 June 2016
4.The Rise of European & Arabic Worlds - 22 July 2016
5. Clash of Ideologies Science vs Religion vs Faith - 28 July 2016
6.Pre Industrial Revolution - 5 August 2016
7. Activity - Field Trip?!
LECTURE DATES
15 July 2016
2. A.R 2.6 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - 1
1. Roman Architecture - grand scale of architecture, new materials &
building technology, Public Infrastructure, different typology of buildings
COURSE CONTENT: POST SUMMER BREAK
• Roman Architecture has a rich typology that includes:
• Religious building: temple
• Civil buildings:
–Public: basilicas, baths
–Spectacles: theatre, amphitheatre, circus
–Commemorative: Triumph arch, column
–Domestic: house, village, palace
–Funerary: tombs
• Engineering works:
–Bridges
–Aqueducts
3. Date: 15 July 2016
Abhinand Gopal
THE MAJESTIC ROMANS - II
4. THINGS TO LEARN ABOUT
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE - II
▸ Vitruvius Concepts
▸ Concepts of Arches & Vaults - construction techniques
▸ Pantheon - plan, elevation, section, importance
▸ Column Orders: Composite & Tuscan
▸ Town Planning
▸ Public Infrastructure: Aqueducts, Baths, Roads
▸ Communications & Defences
▸ Theatres & Entertainment
5. HOMINID SPECIES
TIMELINE OF HUMAN CIVILISATION
▸ Palaeolithic age ‘old stone age’ (4.5 million years to 10000 BC)
▸ Mesolithic Age ‘middle stone age’ (10,000 BC - 6800 BC)
▸ Neolithic Age ‘new stone age’ (6800 BC - 3000 BC)
▸ Bronze Age (3000 BC - 1200 BC)
▸ Iron Age (1200 BC - 1 AD)
▸ Middle Ages (1 AD - 1453 AD)
▸ Renaissance (1453 - 1700 AD)
▸ Industrial Revolution (1700 - 1914 AD)
▸ Modern (from 20th century - 1990s)
▸ Digital Age (1990s to present)
17. NATURAL FACTORS
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
▸ Mediterranean climate.
▸ Unique geography with
multiple variations
▸ Apennines running all
along the peninsula
▸ Hot-Dry summers & Rainy-
cool winters
▸ Mainly consists of the
peninsula & the seas
▸ best climate in the world
18. Italy: a country in the E. Mediterranean Sea made of small islands and having a long indented coastline
20. Iron Age (1250 - 1 AD)
characterised by 1. gender & social bias 2. building marvels & technology 3. economic divide, military
regimes & colonisation
22. FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN SOCIETY & ARCHITECTURE
▸ natural factors - geography, geology, climate
▸ civilisation factors - religion, social structure, technology &
history of the group, economy
geography: availability
of water, fertile soil &
natural barriers
geology: building
materials &
construction
climate: building design &
orientation, presence of
fenestrations (doors,
windows)
23. Jupiter: God of Sky; Juno: wide of Jupiter, councillor of Rome; Neptune: god of the Sea & horses;
Minerva: daughter of Zeus & Hera; Apollon: Sun God; Diana: goddess of Hunting; Mars: God of War, Venus:
Goddess of Love
ROMANS WORSHIPPED A PANTHEON OF 12 GODS
27. FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN SOCIETY & ARCHITECTURE
▸ natural factors - geography, geology, climate
▸ civilisation factors - history of the group, social
structure,religion, building typologies & construction
techniques
29. acquired major territories from Macedonian Wars (against Greek states) & Punic Wars
(against Carthage)
Roman Republic (500 BC - 27 BC): establishment of Rome to rule of Augustus Caesar (known as
Octavius Caesar), nephew of Julius Caesar
Roman Empire (27 BC - 311AD): ruled in the name of Emperor till the split of Roman Empire into
west & east empires. East headed by ‘Constantinople’
TIMELINE OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION
37. NEW BUILDING
MATERIALS
“AUGUSTUS CHANGED
ROME FROM A CITY OF
STONE TO MARBLE”
‣ The first use of concrete in Rome is
credited to the discovery of
Pozzolona sand near Naples
‣ It acts a cement for it’s binding
properties
38. Vitruvius explaining to Emperor Augustus about building public infrastructure using his own concepts
Vitruvius, was a Roman author, architect, civil engineer and military engineer during
the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled De architectura.
39. D’ ARCHITECTURA
BEAUTY - STRUCTURE- FUNCTION
‣ first discusses the classical orders
of the Greek civilisation
‣ the need for system of proportions
‣ "triad" of characteristics
associated with architecture:
utilitas, firmitas and venustas
(commodity, firmness and delight)
‣ beauty (section): to understand
aesthetics of the time
‣ structure (elevation): building
materials used & construction
technique
‣ function (plan): to understand the
spaces better
42. • Cities were the centre of
Roman life
– Need for infrastructures
• Water and sewer system
• Transport and defence
• Public spaces and markets
– Psychological effect: power
and control
• There was a need of linking
them throug paved roads
• The rest of the space was
divided into squares in
which insulae or blocks of
flats were built
45. • The most
important part of
the city was the
forum, where
political,
economic,
administrative,
social and
religious activity
were centred.
• Main buildings
were in this
forum
• In big cities there
were theatres,
circuses,
stadiums, odeons.
46. • Forums were cultural centres in
cities.
• They were often placed at the
crossroads of important urban
ways: cardo maximus and
decumanus.
• A great porticated square was
the centre of a group of buildings
around it.
• They were communicated
through it.
• Temples for Imperial worship,
schools, basilicae, markets or
even termae had a direct access
through forum.
• In many cases even buildings for
spectacles -circus, theatres and
amphitheatres- were
communicated so.
• Forums were a way in for
important persons to tribunals.
47.
48. Houses: Insulae
• There are urban houses
• In order to take advantage
from the room in cities,
buildings up to four floors
were constructed.
• The ground floor was for
shops -tabernae- and the
others for apartments of
different sizes.
• Every room was
communicated through a
central communitarian patio
decorated with flowers or
gardens.
51. Houses: Domus
• It was the usual housing for important people in each city.
• It was endowed with a structure based on distribution through
porticated patios:
– the entry -fauces- gives access to
– a small corridor -vestibulum-.
– It leads to a porticated patio -atrium-.
– Its center, the impluvium, is a bank for the water falling from the
compluvium.
– At both sides -alae- there are many chambers used as rooms for service
slaves, kitchens and latrines.
– At the bottom, the tablinum or living-room can be found, and close to
it, the triclinium or dining-room.
– This atrium gave also light enough to next rooms.
– At both sides of the tablinum, little corridors led to the noble part of
the domus.
– Second porticated patio peristylium, was bigger and endowed with a
central garden.
– It was surrounded by rooms -cubiculum- and marked by an exedra
used as a chamber for banquets or social meetings.
52.
53.
54. Religious: Temple
• It copied the Greek model
• It has only one portico and
a main façade
• It tends to be
pseudoperiptero
• The cella is totally closed
• It is built on a podium
• Instead of having stairs all
around, it only has them in
the main façade
55. Religious: Temple
• There were other kind of
temples:
• Circular: similar to the
Greek tholos
• Pantheon: combined
squared and circular
structures and was in
honour of all gods.
57. Civil Buildings: Baths
• There were spaces for
public life
• They consisted of different
rooms:
• Changing rooms
– Different temperature rooms:
• Frigidarium (cold)
• Tepidarium (warm)
• Caldarium (hot)
– Swimming pool
– Gymnasium
– Library
65. waterducts
• Roman engineers were true
masters building them, since
constructions were essential
elements for reaching places
and cities often situated at the
bank of rivers.
• This location was due to
defensive and infrastructural
reasons -supply and drainage.
• They are characterised by:
– Not pointed arches.
– Constructions of ashlars
masonry often with pad
shape.
– Route of more than 5 m.
wide.
– Route of horizontal or
slightly combed surface
"few curved".
– Rectangular pillars from
their basis with lateral
triangular or circular
cutwaters that end before
the railings.
68. • Aqueducts were built in
order to avoid geographic
irregularities between
fountains or rivers and
towns.
• Not only valleys were
crossed by superposed
cannels, but also
mountains were excavated
by long tunnels, pits and
levels of maintenance.
• They were used to bring
water to cities.
70. CIVILISATION FACTORS
REPUBLIC & MILITARY
▸ believed in polytheism
▸ primary worship of triad Gods
▸ managed the affairs of the Republic
through represented officials
▸ change from military primitive army
strategies which were successful on
plains to the formation of legions, to
fight in hilly regions.
▸ every citizen were given basic rights
to raise up hierarchy if showed talent
78. PEOPLE BEYOND THE WALL
HADRIAN’S WALL
▸ First wall to create a
long barrier
▸ Like Great Wall of
China made by the
Ming dynasty
majorly.
79. • Material combinations in walls:
• Walls were made in one of these ways:
Ashlar Masonry Brick
80. • Defence of cities has been
one of the capital problems
that civilizations had to
solve in order to project the
future of their citizens,
goods, culture and ways of
life.
• Romans were the first in
the technique of improving
different kinds of defence,
using walls.
83. • Roman ships and those for commercial
trade should travel from port to port
with the speed and security adequate to
the life of a great Empire.
• In these ports every necessity for the
execution of the usual works in a port
ensemble should be found:
– gateways with stores and bureaux,
– shipyards for stationing ships,
– roads for taking ships to earthly
ground,
– drinkable water fountains and
– machinery for loading and
downloading merchandises.
• Indeed, a system of indication was
necessary in order to mark the right
access and exit to the port.
84.
85. • Paved roads were needed to
reach to any point of the empire
• They facilitated both
communication and political
control
86. • The roads were not completely flat
• They consisted of several parts
– The central and highest was the most important, it was
convex to conduct the water to the
– Ditches that were built in the sides
Paved Roads
• The roads were made with strong foundations
• Different materials were put into different layers
• To meassure the distance they created the Milliarium
or stones located in the sides
Section of a Roman paved road
92. Spectacles: Theatre
• It is similar to the Greek but it
is not located in a mountain
but it is completely built
• It has a semicircular scenery
• The doors to facilitate peoples’
movement are called vomitoria
• It does not have the orchestra
because in Roman plays was
not a chorus
• The rest of the parts are similar
to those of the Greek theatre
94. Spectacles: Amphitheatre
• It comes from the fusion
of two theatres
• It was the place for
spectacles with animals
and fights (gladiators)
• There could be filled
with water for naval
battles.
97. Spectacles: Circus
• It was a building for horse races and cuadriga
competitions.
• It has the cavea, the area and a central element to turn
around, the spina.
102. Sketches Required for UNIT 3 Roman Architecture:
Buildings of Roman Civilisation:
1. Map of Italy & major important cities/regions
2. Etruscan Temple: plan, elevation & section
3. Tuscan Order with details and compare analysis with Greek Column
4. Find out about Composite Order and draw the column with necessary details
5. Study briefly about the ten books of Architecture written by Vitruvius
6. Explain Roman Roads & Aqueducts through sketches.
7. Draw architectural sketches of any 4 building typologies
Mode of Submission: A3 sketch books
Submission Date: 22 July 2016
Movies recommended for better visual understanding of Roman Civilisation: Gladiator, Rome (tv series),
Spartacus, Ben Hur, Julius Caesar (Novel), Cleopatra, Asterix & Obelisk, Passion of the Christ etc.