Land and soil resources are important natural resources in India. Land supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, and economic activities. Approximately 43% of India's land area consists of plains, 30% is mountains, and 27% is plateaus. Soil is essential for plant growth and supports living organisms. Many factors influence soil formation, including relief features, parent rock, climate, vegetation, and time. Some major soil types in India include alluvial, black, red and yellow, laterite, and arid soils. Land degradation affects 130 million hectares in India due to causes such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and quarrying. Conservation measures include afforestation, controlling grazing and mining activities

1. LAND AND SOIL RESOURCES
.

2. Land and Soil Resources
 Land is an important
natural resource.
 It supports Natural
vegetation, wild life,
human life,economic
activities, transport and
communication
systems.

3. Landform Distribution in India
 Plains – 43%
 Mountains- 30%
 Plateaues- 27%

4. Land Utilisation in India
1.Forests-18.11%
2.Land not available for cultivation-
a) Barren and wasteland-12.01%
b) Area under non-agricultural use-1.50
3. Other uncultivated land excluding fallow land- i)Permanent
pastures and grazing land; ii)land under miscellaneous tree
crops, grooves (iii)cultivable wasteland.
4.Fallow land-left uncultivated-22.57%
5. Net-Sown area-Area sown more than once in an agricultural
year plus net sown area is known as Gross cropped area-
43.45%

5. Types of Land
 Barren and Wasteland
 Agricultural Land
 Fallow Land

6. Land Degradation
 A total of 130m hectaresof
land is degraded of which 28% is forests,
56% of water eroded area and rest is saline
and alkaline deposits.
Causes:- 1.Deforestation
2.Overgrazing
3.Mining
4.Quarrying

7. Conservation Measures
1.Afforestation
2.Proper Management of
grazing.
3.Plantation of shelter belts
4.Control Overgrazing.
5.Proper Management of
Wasteland.
6.Control of Mining activities.
7.Proper discharge of
effluents.

8. Soil as a Resource
 Soil is the most
important renewable
resource.
 It is essential for plant
growth and support
different types of living
organisms on the earth.

9. Soil Profile
 Soil Profile
 Soil Forming Processes

10. Factors Affecting Soil Formation
 Relief features.
 Nature of parent Rock.
 Climate.
 Vegetation.
 Time

11. Types of Soil-Alluvial Soils
 Alluvial Soils:-are
spread in the river
basins of Indus,
Ganga,and
Brahmaputra and the
basins and deltas of
Peninsular rivers.
 The are very fertile and
useful in agriculture.

12. Black Soil
 The soils are black in
coloour and are of
volcanic origin.
 Also known as regur is
suitable for cotton
growth.
 It is typical of Deccan
trap region of Mah,
Saurastra, Malwa. MP
and Chatisgarh.

13. Red and Yellow Soil
 Develops in crystalline
igneous rocks in areas
of low rainfall in Eastern
and Southern parts of
Deccan plateau.
 Yellow soils are found
in parts of Orissa,
Ch.garh, Southern
parts of middle
Gangetic plain.

14. Laterite Soil
 Is derived from the
Latin word later word or
brick.
 Developed in areas of
high temp and heavy
rainfall as a result of
intense leaching.
 Mainly found in
Karnataka, Kerala and
TN.

15. Arid Soils
 They range from brown to red in colour.
 They are sandy in texture and salty in nature.
 They are found in Rajasthan.

16. Soil Map of India

17. Soil Erosion and Conservation
 The processes of soil formation and erosion
go simultaneously.
 Causes of Soil Erosion:-1.Deforestation.
2.Overgrazing.3.Construction.4.Mining.
5.Defective methods of farming.
Conservation Measures:-1.Contouor
ploughing.2.Terraced Farming.3.Strip
Cropping. 4.Growing Shelter belts.

18. Conservation Methods
 Contour Ploughing
 Terraced Farming
 Strip cropping
 Growing shelter belts

19. ASSIGNMENT.
 Write the characteristic features of laterite
soil and alluvium soil.
 What steps can be taken to control soil
erosion in the hilly areas?

20. THANK YOU