Management of wasteland
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This document discusses the reclamation of various types of wastelands. The major problems of reclaiming wastelands are issues around land ownership, lack of integrated site-specific technologies, high investment costs, and lack of institutional financing. Methods for reclaiming culturable wastelands aim to stop further degradation and develop degraded land. Specific techniques are outlined for different types of problematic lands, including salt-affected lands, sandy areas, ravinous/gullied areas, mining/industrial lands, steep sloping areas, degraded pastures, stony wastelands, shifting cultivation areas, saline soils, alkali soils, waterlogged lands, and degraded forest lands. Reclamation generally involves drainage, addition of
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Waste land management
This document discusses wastelands in India. It states that 24% of India's total land area is classified as wasteland. Wastelands are degraded lands that can be rehabilitated through reasonable efforts. They are caused by overuse of land through practices like overcultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, and improper irrigation. Degradation leads to issues like soil erosion. Wastelands are categorized based on difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable through practices like reducing salt content, reclaimable with some difficulty using agroforestry, and reclaimable with extreme difficulty through activities like forestry or ecosystem recreation. Various methods of reclamation are discussed, including afforestation, re
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Watershed management aims to conserve and utilize surface and ground water resources within a watershed. It addresses issues like poverty, food insecurity and land degradation in rainfed areas. Watershed management practices include soil and water conservation techniques, water harvesting, and integrated use of land and water resources. Studies show watershed development programs can help reduce runoff, sediment loss, and improve access to water and sanitation in tribal villages. The overall goal is sustainable development and management of natural resources within a watershed.
Watershed management Programs and Policies in India
The document discusses watershed management programmes and policies in India. It provides details of several key watershed development programmes implemented since the 1970s, including the Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP), National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), and the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). It also describes the Common Guidelines for Watershed Development (Neeranchal) and the role of the National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA). Current and future policies discussed include the Neeranchal Watershed Program and the Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojna. A case study on the Integrated Watershed Management
waterlogged soils
This document discusses waterlogged soils, their properties, distribution, impacts on agriculture, and management strategies. It defines waterlogged soils as soils that are saturated with water for long periods annually, resulting in distinct soil layers. Common types include riverine flood, oceanic flood, seasonal, perennial, and sub-soil waterlogging. Factors like rainfall, irrigation, drainage, topography, and groundwater levels can lead to waterlogging. The document then outlines the physical, chemical, and biological properties of waterlogged soils. It also discusses the global distribution of waterlogged soils and some major regions before detailing approaches to manage waterlogging issues in agriculture.
Mechanical practices of soil conservation
The mechanical soil conservation practices aim to reduce runoff velocity, retain water in soil, and prevent erosion. These include making basins to collect and retain rainwater, breaking hard clay pans to improve drainage, subsoiling to promote water absorption, contour terracing to retain water and check erosion, contour trenching with pits across slopes, terrace outlets to safely remove excess water, gully control, and stream bank protection. Terracing is an expensive but important method, especially on steep land, involving constructing leveled areas at right angles to slopes. Factors like slope length and steepness, soil type, and precipitation determine terracing feasibility.
Agroforestry system
This document discusses different systems of agroforestry classification. It defines key terms like system, subsystem, and practices. It then describes various agroforestry systems including:
1. Agrisilvicultural systems like improved fallow species, taungya systems, and multispecies tree gardens.
2. Silvopastoral systems including protein banks and live fences.
3. Factors for agroforestry system classification including spatial arrangements, roles of components, and social/economic features.
Land capability classification
The document discusses land capability classification (LCC), which classifies land based on its potentialities and limitations for agricultural use. LCC takes into account soil profile characteristics, external land features, and climate factors to assign lands to capability classes. There are two main groups - arable land classes suitable for cultivation, and non-arable land classes where cultivation is limited. The classification aims to properly match land use to its capabilities to prevent degradation. However, LCC has constraints as it does not consider special crops or economic factors, and assumes a moderate management level.
Dry land agriculture
This document discusses dryland agriculture, which refers to growing crops entirely through rainfall. It can be divided into dry farming (<750mm rainfall), dryland farming (750-1150mm rainfall), and rainfed farming (>1150mm rainfall). Dry farming occurs in arid regions and has frequent crop failures due to low and variable rainfall. Dryland farming occurs in semi-arid regions and has less frequent crop failures. Rainfed farming occurs in humid regions and has rare crop failures. The document also discusses various irrigation techniques like surface, localized, and subsurface irrigation that help supplement rainfall for crop growth.
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Waste land management
This document discusses wastelands in India. It states that 24% of India's total land area is classified as wasteland. Wastelands are degraded lands that can be rehabilitated through reasonable efforts. They are caused by overuse of land through practices like overcultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, and improper irrigation. Degradation leads to issues like soil erosion. Wastelands are categorized based on difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable through practices like reducing salt content, reclaimable with some difficulty using agroforestry, and reclaimable with extreme difficulty through activities like forestry or ecosystem recreation. Various methods of reclamation are discussed, including afforestation, re
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Watershed management aims to conserve and utilize surface and ground water resources within a watershed. It addresses issues like poverty, food insecurity and land degradation in rainfed areas. Watershed management practices include soil and water conservation techniques, water harvesting, and integrated use of land and water resources. Studies show watershed development programs can help reduce runoff, sediment loss, and improve access to water and sanitation in tribal villages. The overall goal is sustainable development and management of natural resources within a watershed.
Watershed management Programs and Policies in India
The document discusses watershed management programmes and policies in India. It provides details of several key watershed development programmes implemented since the 1970s, including the Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP), National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), and the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP). It also describes the Common Guidelines for Watershed Development (Neeranchal) and the role of the National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA). Current and future policies discussed include the Neeranchal Watershed Program and the Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojna. A case study on the Integrated Watershed Management
waterlogged soils
This document discusses waterlogged soils, their properties, distribution, impacts on agriculture, and management strategies. It defines waterlogged soils as soils that are saturated with water for long periods annually, resulting in distinct soil layers. Common types include riverine flood, oceanic flood, seasonal, perennial, and sub-soil waterlogging. Factors like rainfall, irrigation, drainage, topography, and groundwater levels can lead to waterlogging. The document then outlines the physical, chemical, and biological properties of waterlogged soils. It also discusses the global distribution of waterlogged soils and some major regions before detailing approaches to manage waterlogging issues in agriculture.
Mechanical practices of soil conservation
The mechanical soil conservation practices aim to reduce runoff velocity, retain water in soil, and prevent erosion. These include making basins to collect and retain rainwater, breaking hard clay pans to improve drainage, subsoiling to promote water absorption, contour terracing to retain water and check erosion, contour trenching with pits across slopes, terrace outlets to safely remove excess water, gully control, and stream bank protection. Terracing is an expensive but important method, especially on steep land, involving constructing leveled areas at right angles to slopes. Factors like slope length and steepness, soil type, and precipitation determine terracing feasibility.
Agroforestry system
This document discusses different systems of agroforestry classification. It defines key terms like system, subsystem, and practices. It then describes various agroforestry systems including:
1. Agrisilvicultural systems like improved fallow species, taungya systems, and multispecies tree gardens.
2. Silvopastoral systems including protein banks and live fences.
3. Factors for agroforestry system classification including spatial arrangements, roles of components, and social/economic features.
Land capability classification
The document discusses land capability classification (LCC), which classifies land based on its potentialities and limitations for agricultural use. LCC takes into account soil profile characteristics, external land features, and climate factors to assign lands to capability classes. There are two main groups - arable land classes suitable for cultivation, and non-arable land classes where cultivation is limited. The classification aims to properly match land use to its capabilities to prevent degradation. However, LCC has constraints as it does not consider special crops or economic factors, and assumes a moderate management level.
Dry land agriculture
This document discusses dryland agriculture, which refers to growing crops entirely through rainfall. It can be divided into dry farming (<750mm rainfall), dryland farming (750-1150mm rainfall), and rainfed farming (>1150mm rainfall). Dry farming occurs in arid regions and has frequent crop failures due to low and variable rainfall. Dryland farming occurs in semi-arid regions and has less frequent crop failures. Rainfed farming occurs in humid regions and has rare crop failures. The document also discusses various irrigation techniques like surface, localized, and subsurface irrigation that help supplement rainfall for crop growth.
Rainfed Agriculture PPT
The document discusses rainfed agriculture, which many people worldwide rely on for food and livelihood. Communities in arid and semi-arid areas often face food deficits due to crop failure from lack of water. Water scarcity is the biggest threat to food self-sufficiency in these areas. In-situ rainwater harvesting techniques are crucial for semi-arid areas with short growing periods and high runoff. Alternate land use systems and horticultural crops can help conserve moisture, diversify farming, and increase income in rainfed areas vulnerable to degradation. Developing water-use efficiency and conservation technologies is needed to support rainfed agriculture.
Soil conservation
This document discusses soil conservation methods. It describes soil conservation as a combination of management practices that protect soil from depletion caused by nature or humans. It outlines agronomic and mechanical measures for soil conservation. Agronomic measures for slopes less than 2% include contour cultivation, conservation tillage, mulching, cropping systems, and strip cropping. Mechanical measures for slopes greater than 2% include bunding, bench terracing, trenching, wind breaks, and shelter belts. The document emphasizes the importance of grasses and pastures in soil conservation through improving soil structure and organic matter.
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Salinity is a common stress factor in agricultural areas that causes osmotic stress and reduces plant growth and crop productivity. The document examines the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) salt concentrations on germination and morphological attributes of maize. Laboratory experiments showed that higher salt concentrations (150mM - 250mM) significantly decreased germination rates and attributes like root and shoot length, mass, and number of leaves compared to the control. Similar inhibitory effects were observed in pot culture experiments. The study concludes that the maize variety tested is sensitive to NaCl salinity.
Soil moisture conservation techniques
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques. It introduces the topic and explains that these techniques are recommended in addition to large-scale watershed management structures to increase moisture availability for crops. The techniques aim to increase infiltration and temporarily store water at the soil surface. The document then describes several specific techniques in detail, including deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad-based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. It explains the principles and benefits of each technique for conserving soil moisture.
Bench terracing
Bench terracing involves constructing level or sloped platforms across a hillside to reduce soil erosion and facilitate agriculture. It has been used for thousands of years around the world. Bench terracing is well-suited to steep slopes under 30% with stable soil. It can improve crop yields by slowing runoff, increasing infiltration, and allowing different crops on benches. However, bench terracing requires significant labor to construct and maintain properly to prevent failures. Examples of historic and current bench terracing can be seen around the world, from the Philippines to France, the Middle East, and Asia.
Lecture No. 3 Agroclimatic zones of india
1. India is divided into 15 broad agro-climatic zones based on factors like climate, soil type, cropping patterns and irrigation.
2. The zones vary from the cool and humid Western Himalayan region to the hot and dry Western Dry region in Rajasthan.
3. Major crops and agricultural strategies differ across zones depending on the climate and soil conditions. For example, the Transgangetic Plain in Punjab focuses on wheat, rice and cotton cultivation while the Western Coastal Plains grow spices and plantation crops.
Crop water requirement
Crop water requirement depends on transpiration, evaporation, plant water use, and other losses like conveyance and runoff. It varies based on crop type and growth stage, soil properties, climate factors like temperature and rainfall, and agronomic management practices. Irrigation requirement refers to the water needed beyond effective rainfall and soil moisture. Net irrigation requirement is the amount needed to bring the soil to field capacity, while gross requirement includes application and distribution losses. Irrigation frequency and period depend on the crop's water uptake rate and the soil's moisture supply capacity.
Erosion control measures
This document discusses various erosion control measures for soil and water conservation. It describes agronomic measures like contour cropping, strip cropping, and mulching which control erosion by reducing rain drop impact and increasing infiltration. Mechanical measures like bunding and terracing are also discussed. Bunds are embankments constructed across slopes to slow water flow, while terraces convert steep slopes into level platforms separated by retaining walls to control runoff. Different types of bunding, terracing and their applications are explained in detail.
Drought and drought management strategies
This document discusses drought and drought management strategies. It defines drought as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that results in severe water shortage. It classifies drought based on duration, users affected, time of occurrence, and descriptive terms. Agricultural drought is caused by inadequate rainfall, erratic distribution, long dry spells, and lack of soil and crop management. The effects of drought on crops include reduced water status, photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and development. Strategies to manage drought include adjusting plant populations, mid-season corrections like thinning and spraying, mulching, weed control, and water harvesting for life-saving irrigation during dry spells.
Water erosion control measures
Water erosion control measures aim to limit land damage from erosion. Mechanical measures include diversion drains, terracing, contour bunding, and waterways to redirect water flow. Agronomical measures include contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, crop rotation and mixed cropping, and mulching to stabilize soil and reduce runoff. Properly implementing these control techniques can help reduce soil loss and land degradation caused by water erosion.
Distribution of wasteland and problem soils
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
2 principles of wind erosion
Wind erosion occurs when wind detaches, transports, and deposits soil particles. It is a major cause of soil deterioration globally, including parts of India like Rajasthan. Factors like high winds, dry and loose soil, lack of vegetation make some regions more prone to wind erosion. Common management practices include maintaining crop residues on the soil surface, conservation tillage techniques, and mechanical barriers to disrupt wind flow over bare soils.
Soil management
This document summarizes key topics related to soil science and tree nutrition. It discusses the components and properties of soil, including texture, structure, pH, and moisture content. Soil provides nutrients, water, and gas exchange for plant growth. The document also covers urban soil challenges, irrigation methods, and water conservation. Maintaining proper soil conditions is important for tree health.
conservation tillge
This document discusses different tillage practices and their effects. Conventional tillage destroys soil structure and is more costly due to rising fuel prices, leading to recommendations to change to minimum tillage. Minimum tillage aims to reduce tillage to the minimum needed for seedbeds while improving soil conditions. Studies show minimum tillage increases yields compared to conventional tillage and improves soil properties like structure and infiltration. No-till and stubble mulch tillage practices, which leave crop residues on the soil surface, provide further benefits like increased nutrient availability and moisture conservation.
Water use efficiency
The document discusses measures to increase water use efficiency in Indian agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 80-84% of water consumption in India but has low productivity and efficiency. Key challenges include limited technical capabilities, lack of capital, and inability to recover costs. Methods to improve efficiency include improving storage systems, conveyance infrastructure, and on-farm irrigation techniques. These involve reducing evaporation, seepage, waterlogging, and employing micro-irrigation, treated wastewater reuse, and growing less water-intensive crops. The document anticipates irrigation efficiency could increase to 50-60% for surface water and 72-75% for groundwater by 2025-2050 through these measures.
Silviculture iof (silviculture system)
Silvicultural systems are methods of harvesting, regenerating, and tending forests. The two main types are high forest systems and coppice systems. High forest systems regenerate from seedlings and have long rotations, while coppice systems regenerate from stumps and have short rotations. Some common high forest systems include clearfelling, seed tree, shelterwood, and selection systems. Clearfelling removes the entire mature crop at once, while shelterwood and seed tree methods remove trees gradually to allow for natural regeneration under shelter. Selection systems involve uneven-aged management with continuous regeneration throughout the forest area.
DRYLAND FARMING
Dryland farming refers to cultivation of crops in regions receiving less than 750mm of annual rainfall without artificial irrigation. The document discusses dryland farming in India, including that over 69.5% of cultivated area is rainfed. It describes challenges like uncertain rainfall, drought, and poor soil quality. It provides strategies for dryland farming such as moisture conservation tillage, appropriate crops and cultivars with deep roots and drought resistance, and contingency crop planning for unpredictable rainfall. The document emphasizes maximizing production through alternative cropping patterns and conserving soil moisture.
SOILS122 Exercise 5.docx
This document discusses various soil conservation management techniques used to minimize soil erosion. It describes vegetative barriers like contour hedgerows and natural vegetative strips that can reduce erosion and improve water quality. Mechanical barriers like contour furrows, contour rock walls, and bench terracing are discussed as highly effective methods for capturing water and preventing erosion. Conservation cropping systems like mulching, intercropping, multiple cropping, and multi-storey cropping are presented as ways to add nutrients, reduce erosion and fertilizer needs, and protect crops. The document provides examples of on-site soil erosion and recommends consulting experts to develop a tailored plan including erosion control practices, retaining walls, and avoiding overgrazing and deforestation
Management of water erosion (1)
This document outlines several land management practices to control water erosion:
1. Plant cover protects the soil from erosion and holds soil particles together.
2. Land use should match the slope, for example pasture on steep slopes.
3. Maintaining organic matter through crop rotations and residue improves soil structure and water retention.
4. Crop residue and reduced tillage protect the soil surface and prevent loosening of soil particles.
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The document discusses rainfed agriculture, which many people worldwide rely on for food and livelihood. Communities in arid and semi-arid areas often face food deficits due to crop failure from lack of water. Water scarcity is the biggest threat to food self-sufficiency in these areas. In-situ rainwater harvesting techniques are crucial for semi-arid areas with short growing periods and high runoff. Alternate land use systems and horticultural crops can help conserve moisture, diversify farming, and increase income in rainfed areas vulnerable to degradation. Developing water-use efficiency and conservation technologies is needed to support rainfed agriculture.
Soil conservation
This document discusses soil conservation methods. It describes soil conservation as a combination of management practices that protect soil from depletion caused by nature or humans. It outlines agronomic and mechanical measures for soil conservation. Agronomic measures for slopes less than 2% include contour cultivation, conservation tillage, mulching, cropping systems, and strip cropping. Mechanical measures for slopes greater than 2% include bunding, bench terracing, trenching, wind breaks, and shelter belts. The document emphasizes the importance of grasses and pastures in soil conservation through improving soil structure and organic matter.
Flooded soils – formation, characteristics and management
Flooded soils, also known as hydric soils, form when soils are saturated with water for a sufficiently long time each year, resulting in gley horizons from oxidation-reduction processes. Flooded soils have three zones - an upper partially oxidized organic matter-rich zone, a mottled middle zone where oxidation and reduction occur, and a lower permanently reduced bluish-green zone. Physical, chemical, and biological changes occur in flooded soils, including soil compaction, puddling, accumulation of gases like carbon dioxide, and changes in redox potential and pH. Management of flooded soils involves drainage installation, controlled irrigation, crop selection, and planting of trees with high transpiration rates to remove excess water.
Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Remote sensing and GIS techniques allow large-scale analysis of changes in land use and monitoring of soil characteristics. Conventional soil sampling cannot provide the temporal and spatial data needed. Remote sensing provides continuous monitoring of soil moisture, roughness, texture, and temperature. GIS integrates spatial data and allows analysis of complex spatial problems in agriculture, including soil mapping and assessing land for suitable crop planting. The combined use of remote sensing and GIS allows management of problematic soils like salinity, erosion, and assessing drought and flood risks.
Watershed management
Watershed management aims to enable sustainable production and minimize hazards to natural resources like soil and water. A watershed is a geographical area that drains to a common water body. Key components of watershed management programs include soil and water conservation measures, water harvesting, and crop management and alternate land use systems suited to land capability. The overall objectives are improved livelihoods through increased incomes while protecting watershed resources.
Salanity
Salinity is a common stress factor in agricultural areas that causes osmotic stress and reduces plant growth and crop productivity. The document examines the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) salt concentrations on germination and morphological attributes of maize. Laboratory experiments showed that higher salt concentrations (150mM - 250mM) significantly decreased germination rates and attributes like root and shoot length, mass, and number of leaves compared to the control. Similar inhibitory effects were observed in pot culture experiments. The study concludes that the maize variety tested is sensitive to NaCl salinity.
Soil moisture conservation techniques
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques. It introduces the topic and explains that these techniques are recommended in addition to large-scale watershed management structures to increase moisture availability for crops. The techniques aim to increase infiltration and temporarily store water at the soil surface. The document then describes several specific techniques in detail, including deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad-based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. It explains the principles and benefits of each technique for conserving soil moisture.
Bench terracing
Bench terracing involves constructing level or sloped platforms across a hillside to reduce soil erosion and facilitate agriculture. It has been used for thousands of years around the world. Bench terracing is well-suited to steep slopes under 30% with stable soil. It can improve crop yields by slowing runoff, increasing infiltration, and allowing different crops on benches. However, bench terracing requires significant labor to construct and maintain properly to prevent failures. Examples of historic and current bench terracing can be seen around the world, from the Philippines to France, the Middle East, and Asia.
Lecture No. 3 Agroclimatic zones of india
1. India is divided into 15 broad agro-climatic zones based on factors like climate, soil type, cropping patterns and irrigation.
2. The zones vary from the cool and humid Western Himalayan region to the hot and dry Western Dry region in Rajasthan.
3. Major crops and agricultural strategies differ across zones depending on the climate and soil conditions. For example, the Transgangetic Plain in Punjab focuses on wheat, rice and cotton cultivation while the Western Coastal Plains grow spices and plantation crops.
Crop water requirement
Crop water requirement depends on transpiration, evaporation, plant water use, and other losses like conveyance and runoff. It varies based on crop type and growth stage, soil properties, climate factors like temperature and rainfall, and agronomic management practices. Irrigation requirement refers to the water needed beyond effective rainfall and soil moisture. Net irrigation requirement is the amount needed to bring the soil to field capacity, while gross requirement includes application and distribution losses. Irrigation frequency and period depend on the crop's water uptake rate and the soil's moisture supply capacity.
Erosion control measures
This document discusses various erosion control measures for soil and water conservation. It describes agronomic measures like contour cropping, strip cropping, and mulching which control erosion by reducing rain drop impact and increasing infiltration. Mechanical measures like bunding and terracing are also discussed. Bunds are embankments constructed across slopes to slow water flow, while terraces convert steep slopes into level platforms separated by retaining walls to control runoff. Different types of bunding, terracing and their applications are explained in detail.
Drought and drought management strategies
This document discusses drought and drought management strategies. It defines drought as a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that results in severe water shortage. It classifies drought based on duration, users affected, time of occurrence, and descriptive terms. Agricultural drought is caused by inadequate rainfall, erratic distribution, long dry spells, and lack of soil and crop management. The effects of drought on crops include reduced water status, photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and development. Strategies to manage drought include adjusting plant populations, mid-season corrections like thinning and spraying, mulching, weed control, and water harvesting for life-saving irrigation during dry spells.
Water erosion control measures
Water erosion control measures aim to limit land damage from erosion. Mechanical measures include diversion drains, terracing, contour bunding, and waterways to redirect water flow. Agronomical measures include contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, crop rotation and mixed cropping, and mulching to stabilize soil and reduce runoff. Properly implementing these control techniques can help reduce soil loss and land degradation caused by water erosion.
Distribution of wasteland and problem soils
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
2 principles of wind erosion
Wind erosion occurs when wind detaches, transports, and deposits soil particles. It is a major cause of soil deterioration globally, including parts of India like Rajasthan. Factors like high winds, dry and loose soil, lack of vegetation make some regions more prone to wind erosion. Common management practices include maintaining crop residues on the soil surface, conservation tillage techniques, and mechanical barriers to disrupt wind flow over bare soils.
Soil management
This document summarizes key topics related to soil science and tree nutrition. It discusses the components and properties of soil, including texture, structure, pH, and moisture content. Soil provides nutrients, water, and gas exchange for plant growth. The document also covers urban soil challenges, irrigation methods, and water conservation. Maintaining proper soil conditions is important for tree health.
conservation tillge
This document discusses different tillage practices and their effects. Conventional tillage destroys soil structure and is more costly due to rising fuel prices, leading to recommendations to change to minimum tillage. Minimum tillage aims to reduce tillage to the minimum needed for seedbeds while improving soil conditions. Studies show minimum tillage increases yields compared to conventional tillage and improves soil properties like structure and infiltration. No-till and stubble mulch tillage practices, which leave crop residues on the soil surface, provide further benefits like increased nutrient availability and moisture conservation.
Water use efficiency
The document discusses measures to increase water use efficiency in Indian agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 80-84% of water consumption in India but has low productivity and efficiency. Key challenges include limited technical capabilities, lack of capital, and inability to recover costs. Methods to improve efficiency include improving storage systems, conveyance infrastructure, and on-farm irrigation techniques. These involve reducing evaporation, seepage, waterlogging, and employing micro-irrigation, treated wastewater reuse, and growing less water-intensive crops. The document anticipates irrigation efficiency could increase to 50-60% for surface water and 72-75% for groundwater by 2025-2050 through these measures.
Silviculture iof (silviculture system)
Silvicultural systems are methods of harvesting, regenerating, and tending forests. The two main types are high forest systems and coppice systems. High forest systems regenerate from seedlings and have long rotations, while coppice systems regenerate from stumps and have short rotations. Some common high forest systems include clearfelling, seed tree, shelterwood, and selection systems. Clearfelling removes the entire mature crop at once, while shelterwood and seed tree methods remove trees gradually to allow for natural regeneration under shelter. Selection systems involve uneven-aged management with continuous regeneration throughout the forest area.
DRYLAND FARMING
Dryland farming refers to cultivation of crops in regions receiving less than 750mm of annual rainfall without artificial irrigation. The document discusses dryland farming in India, including that over 69.5% of cultivated area is rainfed. It describes challenges like uncertain rainfall, drought, and poor soil quality. It provides strategies for dryland farming such as moisture conservation tillage, appropriate crops and cultivars with deep roots and drought resistance, and contingency crop planning for unpredictable rainfall. The document emphasizes maximizing production through alternative cropping patterns and conserving soil moisture.
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This document discusses various soil conservation management techniques used to minimize soil erosion. It describes vegetative barriers like contour hedgerows and natural vegetative strips that can reduce erosion and improve water quality. Mechanical barriers like contour furrows, contour rock walls, and bench terracing are discussed as highly effective methods for capturing water and preventing erosion. Conservation cropping systems like mulching, intercropping, multiple cropping, and multi-storey cropping are presented as ways to add nutrients, reduce erosion and fertilizer needs, and protect crops. The document provides examples of on-site soil erosion and recommends consulting experts to develop a tailored plan including erosion control practices, retaining walls, and avoiding overgrazing and deforestation
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This PPT aims to provide the information about management of natural resources in dryland agriculture and the importance of water management in crop production.
Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form.
Any part of our natural materials that can be utilized to promote welfare, may be regarded as natural resources.
The management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations.
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL RESOURCES:
1. Field survey will enable us to know the kind and amount of available natural resources. For this purpose, GIS, GPS and remote sensing could be used.
2. The available resources should be conserved and utilized efficiently.
3. Technologies used to conserve and utilize natural resources should be eco-friendly, environmentally sound and economically viable.
4. Rainwater harvesting for replenishing groundwater and renovating the traditional sources of rainwater storage.
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN DRYLAND:
1. sustainable water management: In-situ moisture conservation, Rainwater harvesting.
2. Sustainable soil management: Erosion control, desertification control, soil health maintenance, alternate use of different land.
3. Watershed management
4. Sustainable crop management: Cropping system, nutrient management, irrigation management, weed management.
5. Livestock management
6. Sustainable use of dryland biodiversity: Grassland improvement and management, Dryland trees and management, plants of medicinal and industrial values.
soil moisture conservation techniques
Soil conservation is the preventing of soil loss from erosion or reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination.
Future prospects and problems in dryland agriculture
This document discusses dryland agriculture and provides solutions to problems in dryland farming. It begins with defining dryland farming as agriculture dependent on rainfall and outlines some key challenges like low and uncertain yields. The document then discusses 3 categories of dryland farming based on rainfall amounts and lists techniques to conserve soil moisture and reduce evaporation. It also summarizes major problems in dryland agriculture like soil issues, uneven rainfall distribution, dry spells, and lists some solutions like improved varieties, intercropping, and water harvesting. Overall, the document provides an overview of dryland agriculture and strategies to address problems and improve productivity.
Unit 6 ch 15 s2 crops & soil
This document discusses soil and agriculture. It describes traditional farming methods which relied on animal plowing and organic fertilizers versus modern methods using large machinery, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. It also explains the layers of soil and composition, including organic material, minerals, air, and water. Further, it discusses threats like erosion, desertification, and salinization as well as conservation practices like terracing and crop rotation that help maintain healthy soil.
Soil Erosion by Sustainable Phytoremediation Process Using Solar Irrigation
ABSTRACT: Soil and land degradation is considered for slope land such as riverbank or stream bank and lands of high forced water runoff and rainfall causes severe soil erosion is the concern of this work. The major cause of runaway unprotected soil particles due to the natural reasons, thus making uneven soil plain surface scan be remedied by tree plantation or vegetation. A precision mirror-amplifier is designed for primarily sensing soil moisture and pH level to provide eventual environmental conditions needed for irrigation and fertilization for plants to grow healthy, which in turn reduces the soil erosion. Another special sensor designed and employed here that can monitor the degradation due to erosion and the system can determine the soil’s critical limits. To design the system in an IC form, VLSI design MAGIC CAD tool is used to complete. Results from PSPICE has confirmed the proper performance of the IC and proved to be very applicable in the environment controlling systems. In this paper, design methods and results are presented for a sustainable cultivation technology to prevent soil erosion at slope land
Henry Neufeldt - Agricultural technologies for climate change adaptation
The webinar explained ongoing and expected impacts of climate change on agriculture and the need to adapt for agriculture to adapt to weather extremes and slow-onset climatic changes. The presenter outlined the concept of climate-smart agriculture and links between adaptation to food security and mitigation using case studies.
Henry Neufeldt (presenter) is Head of the Climate Change Unit at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi, Kenya. He holds degrees in environmental sciences and soil science from Bayreuth University (Germany) and has worked for many years in natural resource management, soil and water salinization, agricultural development and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Agricultural pollution
This document discusses agricultural pollution, including its types, causes, effects, challenges in India, and ways to reduce it. The main types are leaching and groundwater poisoning from chemicals in soil running into groundwater; water runoff with fertilizers and chemicals mixing into nearby watercourses; and eutrophication from excess nutrients promoting algal blooms and reducing oxygen in water. The primary causes are chemical fertilizers, pesticides, heavy metals, soil erosion, sedimentation, and improper animal management. Effects include water and air pollution harming human and environmental health. Challenges to addressing it in India include population pressures, lack of policy and awareness, and climate/soil issues. Ways to reduce it include following best
Sustainable soil fertility management
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Soil conservation & technics by shridhar malkache
This document discusses the importance of soil conservation and various methods for achieving it. Soil conservation aims to prevent soil erosion and maintain fertility. Key methods discussed include contour plowing, terracing, multiple cropping, and planting trees. The document also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of different valuation approaches to assess the economic benefits of soil conservation, such as market-based, cost-based, and production function methods. Overall, no single method is sufficient due to the complex, multidimensional role of soil conservation.
Landscape conservation
This document discusses landscape conservation and ecology. It defines landscaping and conservation landscaping. Conservation landscaping aims to protect air and water quality, support wildlife, and provide a healthy environment for humans. It incorporates native plants, low impact development, and integrated pest management. The document also outlines threats to landscapes from climate change and lists eight elements of effective conservation landscapes. It discusses techniques for conserving soils and water, including terracing, crop rotation, mulching, and watershed management. Finally, it provides a case study on conservation principles applied in an ocean-friendly garden in Manhattan Beach.
Development of cropping system for watershed areas
This document provides information on developing cropping systems for watershed areas. It discusses key characteristics of watersheds including shape, physiography, slopes, climate, vegetation, geology and soils, hydrology, and socio-economics. The principles of cropping systems in watershed areas focus on conserving resources while generating and utilizing resources. Common types of cropping systems include monocropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, and mixed cropping. Criteria for selecting crops and developing proper cropping systems in watershed areas take into account soil type, market demand, labor requirements, and growing periods.
Soil Erosion and Conservation
Soil Erosion
Soil Conservation
Geological erosion
Deforestation
Accelerated erosion
Over grazing
Splash erosion
Sheet erosion
Rill erosion
Gully erosion
Coastal erosion
Effects of soil erosion
Agronomic practices
Dry farming
Agrostological methods
Strip farming
Contour farming
Terrace cropping
Pan breaking
mulching
Water requirement of crops
This document discusses irrigation and crop water requirements. It outlines several advantages of irrigation including preventing disease and weeds, enabling cash crops, improving groundwater storage, and increasing crop yields. Some disadvantages are excessive water leakage causing marshes, waterlogging from high water tables, lower temperatures, and land/water pollution. Crop water requirement depends on factors like crop type, growth stage, soil properties, climate, and agronomic practices. It is the total water needed from sowing to harvest and includes transpiration, evaporation, and water for plant metabolism. The factors affecting consumptive water use by crops are also summarized.
Soil and moisture conservation techniques
This document discusses various soil and moisture conservation techniques, which are divided into agronomic and engineering measures. Agronomic measures include conservation tillage, deep tillage, contour farming, strip cropping, mulching, and growing cover crops. These are used where land slopes are less than 2%. Engineering measures include bunding, terracing, trenching, and subsoiling, which are constructed barriers used on slopes greater than 2% to retain runoff. Broad bed furrows are also discussed as a technique using beds and furrows to store moisture and drain excess water.
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Management of wasteland
- 1. Management of wastelands K. Maheshwaran,Asst. Prof. (SS&AC) Sethu Bhaskara Agricultural College & Research Foundation SAC 202 Problematic soil and their management (2+0) 1
- 2. Major problems of reclaiming wastelands Community ownership of land, making maintenance of assets Lack of integrated site specific technology and infrastructure High investment and long gestation period Non-availability of institutional finance due to low credit worthiness of farmers having waste lands 2 Reclamation of culturable wastelands
- 3. Methods used for its development will consist of two major objectives 1. Stop further degradation 2. Development or reclamation of the degraded land 3 Reclamation of culturable wastelands
- 4. Salt-affected lands Flushed by making water stagnant for one or two days Salts can be scrapped by a spade Plants which need more water and given frequent irrigations for leaching of salts from surface to sub-soil or even below Varieties are tolerant to salt may be used Land drainage and use of soil amendments 4 Reclamation of wastelands
- 5. Bench terracing Check dams Levelling of lands Water harvesting technology Planting of wind breaks or barriers Choice of crops to be either xerophytic or low water needing crops Mulching Shelter belts Social afforestation with deep rooted trees Providing a vegetative cover 5 Reclamation of wastelands Sandy areas
- 6. Ravinous and Gullied Areas All the gullies to be filled by rocks followed by soil Providing diversion channels for water drainage and then terracing Check dams to reduce the flow of water have to be made and along with silt trapping clay dams may also constructed Grow the crops which grow fast and cover the soil 6 Reclamation of wastelands
- 7. Areas can be planted with multipurpose trees for fodder, fuel, timber, fruits etc. In addition to this, steps should be taken to arrest further degradation by erecting physical structures to plug the gullies and to store the water Combination of trees and perennial grasses , provides a complete protection. 7 Reclamation of wastelands
- 8. Mining / Industrial Wastelands Monitoring and regulations of activities Steep sloping areas Agroforestry for sloping lands called Sloping Agricultural Land technology (SALT) 1. Control soil erosion 2. Help restore soil structure and fertility 3. Produce food efficiently 8 Reclamation of wastelands
- 9. Degraded pastures/grazing lands Fencing of pasture lands Moisture conservation Reseeding Fertilizer use in pattern grasses Introduction of high yielding perennial grasses and their strains Silvipasture 9 Reclamation of wastelands
- 10. Stony wastelands Growing fruit trees viz., mango (Mangefera indica) tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and Jamun (Syzygium jambolanum) Shifting cultivation area Reclaimed easily by addition of organic manures and fertilizers that are lacking in the soil, followed by suitable crop rotation (legume crop for fixing the atmospheric N) 10 Reclamation of wastelands
- 11. Reclamation of saline soils Leaching / removal of salts and application of green manures Formation of proper drainage system viz. deep drains and open drains Afforestation of saline soils Formation of raised seed beds Recommend saline resistant crops 11 Reclamation of wastelands
- 12. Alkali soils Application of gypsum Application of green manure Recommend resistant crops Afforestation Rehabilitation of water logged lands is: Drainage either surface or sub-surface 12 Reclamation of wastelands
- 13. Degraded forest lands The degraded forest could be rehabilitated by protecting theses lands from increasing biotic activities like cutting of trees, mining, and control of degrading factors like sheet, rill and gully erosion by contour furrows, contour bunding and trenching etc. 13 Reclamation of wastelands
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