Soil conservation involves various management strategies to prevent soil erosion and maintain soil health. These include using cover crops, planting trees, terrace farming, no-till farming, contour plowing, crop rotation, intercropping, managing salinity, and promoting soil organisms. Governments have also implemented policies like the Conservation Reserve Program to encourage best practices. Proper soil conservation is important for sustaining nutrient cycles, water storage and filtration, and the overall basis of life on Earth.
Soil conservation problems and their managementChiter Mani
It discusses about how soil is degraded,what are the majors factors for soil degradation,problems occuring due to poor management of soil and soil management through different techniques.
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
Soil conservation problems and their managementChiter Mani
It discusses about how soil is degraded,what are the majors factors for soil degradation,problems occuring due to poor management of soil and soil management through different techniques.
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
IN this presentation cover Erosivity and erodibilty
Different methods to calculate soil loss.
Er. Gurpreet Singh
M.tech from PAU, Ludhiana
Assistant Prof.
Khalsa college.
The land area of India is classified into several classes of regions and sub-regions based on these three major parameters. Over a period of time, experts and geographers found that it is possible to delineate the zones of agriculture with reference to all these features. It is necessary to delineate the agro-climatic and agro-ecological zones of India, for planning and development of Agriculture. For this, a systematic appraisal of the Agro-ecological zones is needed. This module explains the major aspects of the agroecological zones of India.
factor responsible for nutrient in soil and their contribution to soil fertility. importance of soil fertility, processes involved in sustaining soil productivity
IN this presentation cover Erosivity and erodibilty
Different methods to calculate soil loss.
Er. Gurpreet Singh
M.tech from PAU, Ludhiana
Assistant Prof.
Khalsa college.
The land area of India is classified into several classes of regions and sub-regions based on these three major parameters. Over a period of time, experts and geographers found that it is possible to delineate the zones of agriculture with reference to all these features. It is necessary to delineate the agro-climatic and agro-ecological zones of India, for planning and development of Agriculture. For this, a systematic appraisal of the Agro-ecological zones is needed. This module explains the major aspects of the agroecological zones of India.
factor responsible for nutrient in soil and their contribution to soil fertility. importance of soil fertility, processes involved in sustaining soil productivity
This presentation includes the introduction of soil, soil conservation, importance of soil conservation, problems of soil erosion and different practices to improve soil management,
Soil erosion is the washing or blowing away (by wind or water) of the top layer of soil (dirt).Erosion also leaves large holes in the earth, which can weaken buildings and even cause them to collapse.
SALT is a diversified farming system which can be considered agroforestry since rows of permanent shrubs like coffee, cacao, citrus and other fruit trees are dispersed throughout the farm plot.
The strips not occupied by permanent crops, however, are planted alternately to cereals (corn, upland rice, sorghum, etc.) or other crops (sweet potato, melon, pineapple, castor bean, etc.) and legumes (soybean, mung bean, peanut, etc.).
One of the best and modern technique to stop soil erosion is to install a biodegradable erosion control mat. These mats are made from 100% natural straw and coconut that prevents soil from getting away on hill sides.
Climate Smart Agriculture in Ghana and Beyond Africabrioppong1
Conservation agriculture (CA) can be defined by a statement given by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as "Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a farming system that can prevent losses of arable land while regenerating degraded lands.It promotes minimum soil disturbance (i.e. no-till farming), maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of plant species. It enhances biodiversity and natural biological processes above and below the ground surface, which contribute to increased water and nutrient use efficiency and to improved and sustained crop production."[1]
Agriculture according to the New Standard Encyclopedia is "one of the most important sectors in the economies of most nations" (New Standard 1992). At the same time conservation is the use of resources in a manner that safely maintains a resource that can be used by humans. Conservation has become critical because the global population has increased over the years and more food needs to be produced every year (New Standard 1992). Sometimes referred to as "agricultural environmental management", conservation agriculture may be sanctioned and funded through conservation programs promulgated through agricultural legislation, such as the U.S. Farm Bill.
The first key principle in CA is practicing minimum soil disturbance which is essential to maintaining minerals within the soil, stopping erosion, and preventing water loss from occurring within the soil. In the past agriculture has looked at soil tillage as a main process in the introduction of new crops to an area. It was believed that tilling the soil would increase fertility within the soil through mineralization that takes place in the soil. Also tilling of soil can cause severe erosion and crusting which leads to a decrease in soil fertility. Today tillage is seen as destroying organic matter that can be found within the soil cover. No-till farming has caught on as a process that can save soil organic levels for a longer period and still allow the soil to be productive for longer periods (FAO 2007). Additionally, the process of tilling can increase time and labor for producing that crop. Minimum soil disturbance also reduce destruction of soil micro and macro-organism habitats that is common in conventional ploughing practices.[2]
When no-till practices are followed, the producer sees a reduction in production cost for a certain crop. Tillage of the ground requires more money in order to fuel tractors or to provide feed for the animals pulling the plough. The producer sees a reduction in labor because he or she does not have to be in the fields as long as a conventional farmer.
Key principles of CA
The second key principle in CA is much like the first in dealing with protecting the soil. The principle of managing the top soil to create a permanent organic soil cover can allow for growth of organisms within the soil structure. This growth will break down the mulch that is left on the soil surface.
Author: Dr. T. M. Thiyagarajan, Dean Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
Title: Understanding the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for Sustainable Rice Production
Presented at: The International Conference on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture
Venue: Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
Date: December 13-16
This presentation explains the current status, needs and benefits of organic farming. It also includes the methods and types of organic material that can be provided to soil in different ways.
Exploring Factors Affecting the Success of TVET-Industry Partnership: A Case ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the success of TVET-industry
partnerships. A case study design of the qualitative research method was used to achieve this objective. For the
study, one polytechnic college of Oromia regional state, and two industries were purposively selected. From the
sample polytechnic college and industries, a total of 17 sample respondents were selected. Out of 17
respondents, 10 respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method, and the rest 7 respondents were
selected using the purposive sampling technique. The qualitative data were collected through an in-depth
interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic approaches. The findings revealed that
TVET-industry partnerships were found weak. Lack of key stakeholder‟s awareness shortage of improved
training equipment and machines in polytechnic colleges, absence of trainee health insurance policy, lack of
incentive mechanisms for private industries, lack of employer industries involvement in designing and
developing occupational standards, and preparation of curriculum were some of the impediments of TVETindustry partnership. Based on the findings it was recommended that the Oromia TVET bureau in collaboration
with other relevant concerned regional authorities and TVET colleges, set new strategies for creating strong
awareness for industries, companies, and other relevant stakeholders on the purpose and advantages of
implementing successful TVET-industry partnership. Finally, the Oromia regional government in collaboration
with the TVET bureau needs to create policy-supported incentive strategies such as giving occasional privileges
of duty-free import, tax reduction, and regional government recognition awards based on the level of partnership
contribution to TVET institutions in promoting TVET-industry partnership.
KEY WORDS: employability skills, industries, and partnership
The Challenges of Good Governance and Project Implementation in Nigeria: A Re...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study reveals that systemic corruption and other factors including poor leadership,
leadership recruitment processes, ethnic and regional politics, tribalism and mediocrity, poor planning, and
variation of project design have been the causative factors that undermine projects implementation in postindependence African states, particularly in Nigeria. The study, thus, argued that successive governments of
African states, using Nigeria as a case study, have been deeply engrossed in this obnoxious practice that has
undermined infrastructure sector development as well as enthroned impoverishment and mass poverty in these
African countries. This study, therefore, is posed to examine the similarities in causative factors, effects and
consequences of corruption and how it affects governance, projects implementation and national growth. To
achieve this, the study adopted historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. The
study among others suggests that the governments of developing countries should shun corruption and other
forms of obnoxious practices in order to operate effective and efficient systems that promote good governance
and ensure there is adequate projects implementation which are the attributes of a responsible government and
good leadership. Policy makers should also prioritize policy objectives and competence to ensure that policies
are fully implemented within stipulated time frame.
KEYWORDS: Developing Countries, Nigeria, Government, Project Implementation, Project Failure
Social media refers to online platforms and tools that enable users to create, share, and exchange information, ideas, and content in virtual communities and networks. These platforms have revolutionized the way people communicate, interact, and consume information. Here are some key aspects and descriptions of social media:
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How social media marketing helps businesses in 2024.pdfpramodkumar2310
Social media marketing refers to the process of utilizing social media platforms to promote products, services, or brands. It involves creating and sharing valuable content, engaging with followers, analyzing data, and running targeted advertising campaigns.
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Enhance your social media strategy with the best digital marketing agency in Kolkata. This PPT covers 7 essential tips for effective social media marketing, offering practical advice and actionable insights to help you boost engagement, reach your target audience, and grow your online presence.
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Multilingual SEO Services | Multilingual Keyword Research | Filosemadisonsmith478075
Multilingual SEO services are essential for businesses aiming to expand their global presence. They involve optimizing a website for search engines in multiple languages, enhancing visibility, and reaching diverse audiences. Filose offers comprehensive multilingual SEO services designed to help businesses optimize their websites for search engines in various languages, enhancing their global reach and market presence. These services ensure that your content is not only translated but also culturally and contextually adapted to resonate with local audiences.
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Non-Financial Information and Firm Risk Non-Financial Information and Firm RiskAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to examine how ESG disclosure and risk disclosure affect the total risk of
companies. Using cross section data from 355 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, data regarding
ESG disclosure and risk was collected. In this research, ESG and risk disclosures are measured based on content
analysis using GRI 4 guidelines for ESG disclosures and COSO ERM for risk disclosures. Using multiple
regression, it is concluded that only risk disclosure can reduce the company's total risk, while ESG disclosure
cannot affect the company's total risk. This shows that only risk disclosure is relevant in determining a
company's total risk.
KEYWORDS: ESG disclosure, risk disclosure, firm risk
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“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
3. Content
Soil conservation
Methods for soil
conservation
cover crop
plant tree
TERRACE FARMING
No till farming leaves
Contour plowing
Crop rotation
Shelterbelt
Salinity management
Soil organisms
Intercropping
soil up topsoil
Conservation Policies
Conclusion
4.
5. SOIL CONSERVATION
• Soil conservation is a set of management
strategies for prevention
of soil being eroded from the Earth’s surface
or becoming chemically altered by
overuse, acidification, Stalinization, soil
erosion or other chemical soil contamination
to retain the fertility of soil.
6.
7. Why is soil conservation
important?
• Provide nutrients
• Recycle/filter water
• Stores water
• Soil is the basis of life on Earth
• Plants get nutrients from soil and
provide glucose & oxygen.
8.
9.
10. Cover crops
• Cover crops are “close-growing crops that provide
soil protection, seeding protection, and soil
improvement between periods of normal crop
production
• Use of mixed cover crops, including grasses and
legumes, increases the biomass return to the soil,
enhances activity of soil organisms, and improves soil
productivity
11. Advantages
1. protecting soil against erosion,
2. improving soil properties,
3. enhancing soil fertility,
4. suppressing weeds,
5. fixing N,
6. increasing soil organic matter content,
7. increasing crop yields,
8. recycling nutrients,
9. preventing leaching of nutrients, and
10. improving water quality
13. Plant trees
• We all know that the roots of trees firmly hold on to
the soil. As trees grow tall, they also keep rooting
deeper into the soil. As the roots of the trees spread
deep into the layers of soil, they contribute to the
prevention of soil erosion.
• Soil that is under a vegetative cover has hardly any
chance of getting eroded as the vegetative cover acts
as a wind barrier as well.
15. TERRACE FARMING
Terraces: Terracing is one of the very good methods of soil
conservation.
• In terrace farming make or form (sloping land) into a
number of level flat areas resembling a series of steps.
• Explanation: decreasing the slope by making it resemble
“steps” which are commonly found on the side of a
mountain or hill
• Types of crops: rice, cotton,
sugar cane, wheat, potatoes
• Popular in Eastern Asia
16. Advantages:
• reduces erosion
• Contour farming effectively reduces rate of erosion in
soils with slopes of up to 10%
• Holds rainwater which allows for the cultivation of
water intensive crops as mentioned before.
• Farmers use this technique because it allows for the
cultivation of water intensive crops in these areas
because it helps trap and hold rainwater
18. No-Till Farming
• No till farming leaves old material(stalks, cobs, leaves,
etc.) behind when planting new crops. The old plants hold
soil in place until new plants grow.
• When soil is prepared for farming by ploughing it, the
process is known as tiling. No-till farming is a way of
growing crops without disturbing it through tillage. The
process of tilling is beneficial in mixing fertilizers in the soil,
shaping it into rows and preparing a surface for sowing.
• Most prevalent in America (Eastern)
21. Contour plowing
• This practice of farming across the slopes takes into account
the slope gradient and the elevation of soil across the slope.
• It is the method of tilling sloped land in order to conserve
rainwater, and with the help of furrows, crop rows, and wheel
tracks across the slopes.
• This method helps in slowing the water runoff and prevents
the soil from being washed away along the slope.
• Crops: corn, beans, or wheat
• Most prevalent in the United States (Great Plains Region)
22. Advantages
• it reduces erosion & run off
• Helps preserve top soil and the minerals/fertilizers
used for growing the crops
• Farmers use it because it protects crops from violent
storms or heavy rains and preserves top soil
24. Crop Rotation
• Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar
types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons.
• Continuous cultivation of the same crop also leads to an
imbalance in the fertility demands of the soil. To prevent
these adverse effects from taking place, crop rotation is
practiced.
• It is a method of growing a series of dissimilar crops in an area
sequentially.
• Planting three or more different crops before returning to the
original crop constitutes long-term rotations
25. Advantages
1.reduce soil erosion,
2. improve soil properties,
3. increase organic matter content,
4. improve soil fertility,
5. increase crop yields,
6. reduce build-up of pests,
7. increase net profits,
8. improve wildlife habitat,
9. reduce use of chemicals, and
10. reduce water pollution.
26.
27. Intercropping
• Intercropping is a multiple cropping system where two or
more crops are grown simultaneously on the same field
• Intercropping takes into account all beneficial interactions
between and among crops while creating possible negative
interactions caused by the neighborly effects.
• For example, plant species such as garlic and onion repel
certain insects and protect adjacent vegetables (e.g., tomato,
lettuce, carrot) from pest attacks provided that the
competition for light and water is negligible.
• Intercropping with legumes or deep-rooted plant species
absorbs nutrients from deeper soil horizons and reduces N
deficiencies among neighboring and succeeding non-legume
crops.
28. Advantages
• Reduces erosion and vulnerability.
• Increases plant biodiversity to help disguise plants from
insect species.
• Improves the overall health of crops and decreases
chance of disease.
• it minimizes pest problems and improves soil fertility
30. Salinity management
• The salinity of soil that is caused by the excessive
accumulation of salts, has a negative effect on the
metabolism of the crops in soil.
• Salinity of soil is detrimental to the vegetative life in the
soil. The death of vegetation is bound to cause soil
erosion.
• Hence, salinity management is one of the indirect ways
to conserve soil.
• In this method Flushing soil & leaching salt away
32. windbreak
• A windbreak (shelterbelt) is a plantation usually made
up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such
a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to
protect soil from erosion.
• They are commonly planted around the edges of fields
on farms.
• If designed properly, windbreaks around a home can
reduce the cost of heating and cooling and save energy.
34. Soil organisms
• Organisms like earthworms and others benefiting the
soil should be promoted.
• Earthworms, through aeration of soil, enhance the
availability of macronutrients in soil. They also
enhance the porosity of soil.
• The helpful organisms of soil promote its fertility and
form an element in the conservation of soil.
36. Soil pH
• The contamination of soil by addition of acidic or basic
pollutants and acid rains has an adverse effect on the pH
of soil.
• Soil pH is one of the determinants of the availability of
nutrients in soil.
• The uptake of nutrients in plants is also governed to a
certain extent, by the soil pH.
• The maintenance of the most suitable value of pH, is
thus, essential for the conservation of soil.
37. Soil Conservation Policies
• In response to the Dust Bowl of the 1930’s, the
US government increased support for soil
conservation and best practices for agriculture.
• Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
– Established in 1935 to work with farmers to develop
conservation plans for their farms.
• Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS)
– SCS was renamed the NRCS in 1994 – and water quality
protection was added to its responsibilities.
• Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
– Part of the 1985 Farm Bill, it pays farmers to stop
cultivating lands that erode easily and plant them
instead with trees and deep-rooted grasses.
38. Conclusion
• Well-designed cropping systems enhance soil fertility, reduce
soil erosion,and improve soil properties
• Management of cropping systems involves management of
tillage, crop residues, nutrients, pests, and erosion control
practices.
• Cropping systems include fallow systems, monoculture, strip
cropping, multiple cropping, contour strip cropping, crop
rotations, cover crops, mixed and relay cropping, and organic
farming.
• Appropriate choice of cropping systems is a strategy to
minimize environmental pollution.