Nephron (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Structural and Functional unit of kidney is called nephron.
There are about 1.3 million nephron in each kidney.
New nephrons can not be regenerated by kidneys.
Functioning nephrons decrease about 10 % every 10 years at the age of 40.
At the age of 80, there are 40 % of functioning nephrons as compared to 40 yrs.
It is formed by two parts.
1. GLOMERULUS
2. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
1- Glomerulus:
It consists of tuft of glomerular capillaries.
There is anastomosing & branching network of glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (nearly 60 mm Hg) as compared with other capillaries.
Glomerulus is surrounded by a membranous cover called Bowman’s capsule.
Each glomerulus is about 0.2 mm in diameter.
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together constitute renal corpuscle.
Each renal tubule is divided into various part as they have different functions.
i- Proximal convulated tubule.
It is continuation of Bowman’s capsule.
ii- Loop of Henle. It is continuation of prox. conv. tubule.
* Loop of Henle has three parts.
a- descending limb,
b- u turn or bend in medulla and
c- ascending limb.
Ascending limb has initial thin segment followed by thick segment.
At the end of thick ascending limb, there is short segment called macula densa, which plays important role in controlling functions of nephron.
Nephron (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Structural and Functional unit of kidney is called nephron.
There are about 1.3 million nephron in each kidney.
New nephrons can not be regenerated by kidneys.
Functioning nephrons decrease about 10 % every 10 years at the age of 40.
At the age of 80, there are 40 % of functioning nephrons as compared to 40 yrs.
It is formed by two parts.
1. GLOMERULUS
2. BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
1- Glomerulus:
It consists of tuft of glomerular capillaries.
There is anastomosing & branching network of glomerular capillaries.
Glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (nearly 60 mm Hg) as compared with other capillaries.
Glomerulus is surrounded by a membranous cover called Bowman’s capsule.
Each glomerulus is about 0.2 mm in diameter.
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together constitute renal corpuscle.
Each renal tubule is divided into various part as they have different functions.
i- Proximal convulated tubule.
It is continuation of Bowman’s capsule.
ii- Loop of Henle. It is continuation of prox. conv. tubule.
* Loop of Henle has three parts.
a- descending limb,
b- u turn or bend in medulla and
c- ascending limb.
Ascending limb has initial thin segment followed by thick segment.
At the end of thick ascending limb, there is short segment called macula densa, which plays important role in controlling functions of nephron.
Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny structures called nephrons. Each nephron has a glomerulus, the site of blood filtration. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure, the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid from capillaries into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells. This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate (the fluid that has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule further into the nephron.The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream. The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron called the renal tubule. As it moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation.The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine. The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products. Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid. Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted
We have discuss Definition of homeostasis which is state of balance .then The scope of human physiology in homeostasis means the feature and characteristics of homeostasis control system and feedback system. Negative and positive feedback when and where it place . Also components of homeostasis control system which include reflex arc, local homeostatic response . And intercellular chemical messengers .
Tubular reabsorption (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
It is the second step of urine formation.
It is defined as;
“ The process by which water and other substances are transported by renal tubules back to blood is called Tubular Reabsorption”.
Tubular reabsorption is highly selective.
Some substances like glucose and amino acids are completely absorbed from tubules. So, the urinary excretion is zero.
Ions such as Na+, Cl-, HCO3- are highly absorbed but rate of absorption and excretion varies, according to body needs.
Materials Not Reabsorbed
Nitrogenous waste products
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Excess water
Urinary system
a) Anatomy and physiology of urinary system
b) Formation of urine
c) Renin Angiotensin system – Juxtaglomerular apparatus - acid base Balance
d) Clearance tests and micturition
Guia muy completa donde explica conceptos basicos de entrenamiento, y añade tambien ejemplos graficos de ejercicios MUY RECOMENDABLE para entrenadores de futbol base.
Pueden encontrar mas ayuda en la web www.entrenadorfutbol.es
Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny structures called nephrons. Each nephron has a glomerulus, the site of blood filtration. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure, the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid from capillaries into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells. This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate (the fluid that has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule further into the nephron.The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream. The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron called the renal tubule. As it moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation.The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine. The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products. Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid. Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted
We have discuss Definition of homeostasis which is state of balance .then The scope of human physiology in homeostasis means the feature and characteristics of homeostasis control system and feedback system. Negative and positive feedback when and where it place . Also components of homeostasis control system which include reflex arc, local homeostatic response . And intercellular chemical messengers .
Tubular reabsorption (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
It is the second step of urine formation.
It is defined as;
“ The process by which water and other substances are transported by renal tubules back to blood is called Tubular Reabsorption”.
Tubular reabsorption is highly selective.
Some substances like glucose and amino acids are completely absorbed from tubules. So, the urinary excretion is zero.
Ions such as Na+, Cl-, HCO3- are highly absorbed but rate of absorption and excretion varies, according to body needs.
Materials Not Reabsorbed
Nitrogenous waste products
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Excess water
Urinary system
a) Anatomy and physiology of urinary system
b) Formation of urine
c) Renin Angiotensin system – Juxtaglomerular apparatus - acid base Balance
d) Clearance tests and micturition
Guia muy completa donde explica conceptos basicos de entrenamiento, y añade tambien ejemplos graficos de ejercicios MUY RECOMENDABLE para entrenadores de futbol base.
Pueden encontrar mas ayuda en la web www.entrenadorfutbol.es
La presente guía tiene como finalidad orientar a los responsables del tratamiento de datos personales en la elaboración, diseño y difusión del aviso de privacidad respecto de su contenido y alcance al que refiere la Ley Federal de Protección de Datos Personales en Posesión de los Particulares, en lo sucesivo la Ley.
La guía se divide en seis grandes secciones: la primera establece las características generales de todo aviso de privacidad; la segunda orienta a los responsables para la elaboración de avisos de privacidad que cumplan con lo dispuesto por la Ley; la tercera contiene recomendaciones para el contenido del aviso de privacidad; la cuarta refiere a las medidas compensatorias que contempla la Ley en su artículo dieciocho, la quinta presenta diez consejos prácticos para la elaboración de un aviso de privacidad y la sexta presenta modelos tipo de aviso de privacidad.
Excretory system and its brief discussionরেজা তানজিল
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and gaseous state. In humans and other amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating.
Only the organs specifically used for the excretion are considered a part of the excretory system. In the narrow sense, the term refer to the urinary system. However, as excretion involves several functions that are only superficially related, it is not usually used in more formal classifications of anatomy or function.
As most healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and other wastes, the entire organism depends on the function of the system. Breaking down of one of more of the systems is a serious health condition, for example kidney failure.
A powerpoint on the Human Excretory System, intended for the SA Grade 11 Life Sciences Syllabus. Includes information on kidneys, osmoregulation, nephrons, excretion, etc. Hope it helps :)
What is Excretion ?, organ used, types of regulation, modes of excretion, explanation of each, human excretory system & function, kidney and its parts, mechanism of urine formation, Dialysis
Excretory system and its parts with detailsরেজা তানজিল
this is a group presentation about the excretory system
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
4. Excretion
• Every metabolic process in the human
body uses energy and generates wastes.
• The process of getting rid of metabolic
wastes is called excretion.
• There are many organs and systems
responsible for excretion:
– the skin
– the lungs
– the liver
– the kidneys
6. Excretion and Homeostasis
• Cells produce water and carbon dioxide as
by-products of metabolic breakdown of
sugars, fats, and proteins.
• Chemical groups such as nitrogen, sulfur,
and phosphorous must be stripped, from
the large molecules to which they were
formerly attached, as part of preparing
them for energy conversion.
• Excretion aids homeostasis by removing
metabolic wastes and regulating the salt
and water balance.
7. Excretion and Homeostasis
• The blood picks up carbon dioxide,
excess salts, nitrogen compounds, and
any excess water that may be present in
the interstitial fluid and carries them to
the excretory organs, which channel the
wastes out of the body.
• Therefore, the excretory system
regulates volume of internal body fluids
as well as eliminates metabolic wastes
from the internal environment.
8. Excretion and Homeostasis
• Several organs take part in human
excretion. The skin, lungs, liver, and the
kidneys.
• The metabolic wastes produced and
the organs that excrete them are
summarized in the chart on the next
slide.
9. Organ of
Wastes Formed From
Excretion
1. Carbon Cellular Respiration lungs
Dioxide
2. Water Cellular Respiration & kidneys,
Dehydration Synthesis skin, lungs
3. Nitrogenous Metabolism of Proteins (Amino kidneys,
Wastes Acids) liver, skin
a) Ammonia deamination of amino acids by liver
(extremely toxic) the liver
b) Urea ammonia combined with carbon kidneys,
dioxide skin
product of the breakdown of
c) Uric Acid liver
nucleic acids, such as DNA
4. Mineral Salts Metabolism of Various Food kidneys,
(NaCl, KSO4) Substances skin
10. Skin and Homeostasis
• The skin has many functions in the body
with excretion being one of them.
• Your skin has approximately 2 million
sweat glands.
11. Skin and Homeostasis
• These glands secrete sweat continuously, even
when you are not exercising.
• Sweat consists primarily of water, along with
salts, and some urea (nitrogen-based waste).
These materials pass from the blood vessels in
the skin into the sweat glands. The wastes
travel up the tubules and onto the surface of
the skin through tiny openings called pores.
• The wastes form perspiration on the skin,
which eventually evaporates. The solid wastes
in the perspiration remain on the surface of
the skin or on clothing.
13. Excretion in the Lungs
• Carbon dioxide and water are produced by
all cells during cellular respiration.
• The blood carries these to the lungs.
• Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli
and is removed from the body when we
exhale.
• Some water also leaves the lungs as water
vapour.
15. The Role of the Liver in
Excretion
• Some proteins and other nitrogenous
compounds are broken down in the liver by a
process called deamination.
• The extraction of energy from proteins
produces ammonia (NH3), a highly toxic
substance. The liver converts ammonia to a
non-toxic substance called urea by combining
it with carbon dioxide.
• The blood then delivers urea to the kidneys,
where it is excreted.
16. The Role of the Liver in Excretion
• The liver also breaks down red blood cells.
• The liver is also responsible for removing
potentially hazardous chemicals from the
blood. It "detoxifies" the blood.
• The liver breaks down harmful and
foreign substances, such as many
ingested poisons and drugs after they are
absorbed by the digestive system and
before they reach the rest of the body.
19. The Urinary System
• The human urinary system consists of
two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary
bladder, and the urethra. Normally,
there are two of kidneys, one on either
side of the spine under the lower ribs.
The ureters lead from the kidneys to
the urinary bladder, which lies low in
the abdominal cavity. The urethra
extends from the bladder to the
exterior of the body, carrying urine
through the urogenital organs, either
the penis or vagina.
20.
21. Importance of Kidneys
Your kidneys are important because
they do these essential things.
1. Regulate water
2. Remove wastes
3. Produce hormones
23. Structure of Kidneys
• Kidneys are reddish brown in colour and
shaped like kidney beans. Each kidney is
about the size of your clenched fist. If you
were to cut a kidney in half, you would see
the following parts:
– renal capsule - a thin, outer membrane
that helps protect the kidney
– cortex - a lightly colored outer region
– medulla - a darker, reddish-brown,
inner region
– renal pelvis - a flat, funnel shaped
cavity that collects the urine into the
ureters
26. The Nephron
• The working units of the kidney are
microscopic structures called nephrons. Each
kidney contains about one million nephrons.
• A nephron contains a network of capillaries
called the glomerulus, which filters blood into
a cup-shaped structure known as the
Bowman's capsule. The filtrate then passes
into a series of tubules. Water and waste
products are separated from the blood by the
filtering process and the flow into and out of
the tubules. Much of the water is reabsorbed
by the tubules and the wastes are
concentrated into urine.
28. The Nephron
The nephron is a tube; closed at one end,
open at the other. It consists of a:
– Glomerulus - coiled capillaries inside the
Bowman's capsule.
– Bowman's (Glomerular) capsule -
closed end at the beginning of the
nephron. It is located in the cortex.
– Proximal convoluted tubule - first
twisted region after the Bowman's
capsule. It is also in the cortex.
29. • Loop of Henle - long, loop after the
proximal tubule. It extends from the
cortex down into the medulla and
back.
• Distal convoluted tubule - second
twisted portion of the nephron after
the loop of Henle. It is also in the
cortex.
• Collecting duct - long straight
portion after the distal tubule that is
the open end of the nephron. It
extends from the cortex down
through the medulla.
30.
31. The nephron also has a unique and rich blood
supply compared to other organs. They are
listed below.
– Renal artery - supplies blood to the kidney
from the circulatory system
– Renal vein - returns blood from the kidney
to the circulatory system
– Afferent arteriole - connects the renal
artery with the glomerular capillaries.
– Efferent arteriole - connects the
glomerular capillaries with the peritubular
capillaries.
– Peritubular capillaries - located after the
glomerular capillaries and surrounding the
proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal
tubule.
32. Kidney Function
• Many of the substances in the blood and
body fluids must be kept at the correct level
for the body to function properly. Regulating
the composition of these fluids involves the
following:
– Keeping the concentrations of various
ions and other important substances
constant.
– Keeping the volume of water in your body
constant.
– Removing wastes from your body.
– Keeping the acid/base concentration of
your blood constant.
33. Kidney Function
The kidney performs these functions by a
combination of:
• Filtration - the passage of substances
through the capillaries of the
glomerulus into Bowman's capsule.
• Reabsorption - the transfer of essential
solutes and water from the nephron
back into the blood
• Secretion - the movement of materials
from the blood back into the nephron.
36. Formation of Urine
• The nephron makes urine by:
– filtering the blood of its small
molecules and ions and then
– reclaiming the needed
amounts of useful materials.
– Surplus or waste molecules
and ions are left to flow out as
urine.
37. Formation of Urine
The steps include:
• Blood enters the glomerulus under pressure.
• This causes water, small molecules (but not
macromolecules like proteins) and ions to filter
through the capillary walls into the Bowman's
capsule. This fluid is called the filtrate.
• The filtrate collects within the Bowman's capsule and
then flows into the proximal tubule.
• Here large amounts of glucose, amino acids, and salts
are reabsorbed by active transport.
• As these solutes are removed from the filtrate, a
large volume of the water follows them by osmosis.
38. Formation of Urine
The steps include:
• As the fluid flows into the loop of Henle, it is
approximately isotonic to the blood. Here
more sodium ions are pumped out, but water
does not follow them. So, the interstitial fluid
becomes very hypertonic and the fluid within
the loop of Henle becomes hypotonic.
• In the distal tubules, more sodium is reclaimed
by active transport. The amount is closely
regulated, chiefly by the action of the
hormone aldosterone. Water may follow by
osmosis.
39. Formation of Urine
The steps include:
• The final adjustment of the water content of
the body occurs in the collecting ducts.
• The permeability of this tubule can vary
depending upon the bodies need.
40. Formation of Urine
Reabsportion of Water:
– Hormonal control of collecting duct
permeability
• Blood too concentrated in solutes
–Posterior pituitary releases ADH
(antidiuretic hormone)
»Increases permeability of
collecting duct to water
»More water is reabsorbed
from filtrate (urine)
»Small volume of hypertonic
urine produced
41. Formation of Urine
Reabsorption of Water:
– Blood too diluted
–ADH shut off
–Collecting duct decreases
permeability to water
–More water lost in urine
–High volume of dilute urine
produced
42. Formation of Urine
• Diuretics
– Increase flow of urine
– Alcohol
• Shuts off ADH
• Dehydration causes hangover
– Caffeine
• Increases glomerular filtration rate
• Decreases tubular reabsorption of
sodium
43.
44. Kidney Failure
• In the event of kidney failure due to infection
or disease, the kidney can no longer remove
metabolic waste products from the body.
Excretion of metabolic waste is a vital function
and their accumulation will result in eventual
death.
• There are a number of known causes of kidney
failure but in quite a few people, the cause is
never found. The most common causes are
diabetes, high blood pressure and a painless
inflammation of the kidneys called
glomerulonephritis. There is a progressive loss
of the filtering units (nephrons) in the kidney.
45. Kidney Failure
• If the kidneys are damaged, they may carry on
producing urine but become less efficient at
removing waste products from the blood.
Instead, the waste products continue to circulate
and build up in the bloodstream.
• At the same time, without the hormones that a
healthy kidney would produce, the bone marrow
becomes less efficient at producing red cells, so
anaemia develops.
46. Kidney Failure
• For some patients, this may be a very gradual
process. Over time, however, it can cause quite
a wide range of symptoms. Not everyone will
experience all the symptoms. Also, because it
can be such a gradual process, some people
don’t even realize the effect the symptoms are
having until - with treatment - they begin to feel
better.
• There are two solutions to the problem of
kidney malfunction or failure:
– Kidney transplant (the best solution)
– Kidney dialysis
47. Dialysis
• Dialysis is a way to clean the blood by removing
wastes and excess water. There are two types:
hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
• Hemodialysis
– During hemodialysis, the blood is passed
through an artificial kidney. The artificial
kidney cleans the blood in almost the same
way that healthy kidneys do. The treatment is
performed usually three times a week. It can
take between three and five hours each time
and is called a run.
48. Dialysis – Hemodialysis continued
• Hemodialysis
– Hemodialysis can be done in a hospital dialysis unit, in a self-
care centre (with some assistance from the staff), or at home
with the aid of a partner. Special training is required for self-
care or home dialysis.
49. Dialysis
• Peritoneal Dialysis
– Peritoneal dialysis works on the same
principle as hemodialysis, but the blood
is cleaned inside the body rather than
through an artificial kidney. Your
abdomen or "belly" has a peritoneal
cavity lined by a thin membrane called
the peritoneum that surrounds the
intestines and other internal organs.
50. Dialysis – Peritoneal Dialysis continued
• Peritoneal Dialysis
– In peritoneal dialysis, your peritoneal cavity is
filled with a special dialysis fluid. Excess water
and wastes pass through the peritoneum into
the dialysis fluid. This fluid is then drained from
the body and discarded. The process is
repeated between four to five times a day or a
machine called an automatic cycler can
perform exchanges while you sleep. In most
cases, this treatment can be performed
without assistance, at home or at work.
Peritoneal dialysis is sometimes done in a
hospital, but more often, you are trained to do
this independently at home.
51. Kidney Transplant
• A kidney transplant is a surgical
procedure in which a healthy donated
kidney is transplanted into another
body. A successful kidney transplant
will allow the person to return to a
more normal lifestyle and will free
them from dialysis treatments.
• There are two types of kidney
transplants: a living donor transplant
and a cadaveric transplant.
52. Kidney Transplant
• A Living Donor Transplant
– In a living donor transplant, a kidney from a
donor, usually a blood relative is transplanted.
The most suitable donors are usually members
of the immediate family.
– The donor's blood group and tissue type must
be compatible, and extensive medical tests will
be done to determine the health of the donor.
People who donate a kidney can live a normal
life with one kidney and there are few risks to
healthy donors.
– Living donor transplants have a 90 to 95%
success rate. That means that after one year,
90 to 95 of every 100 transplanted kidneys are
still working.
53. Kidney Transplant
• A Cadaveric Transplant
– A transplant from a non-living donor is
called a cadaveric transplant. In this type
of transplant, a healthy kidney from
someone who has died suddenly is
transplanted. Before a cadaveric donor's
organs can be transplanted, a series of
medical tests is done to determine if they
are healthy. In addition, the family of the
donor must consent to organ donation.
– After a series of tests, the person will be put
on a transplant waiting list until a kidney is
found that is compatible.
– Cadaveric transplants have an 80 to 85%
success rate.
55. You are a doctor
Imagine you are a new doctor who has received
test results for a patient showing signs of renal
failure. Your task is to prepare an explanation
for the patient on what the problem is, within the
context of what normal kidney function looks
like, and what the treatment options are
(dialysis and transplant). You must describe the
options in detail, including pros and cons. Your
preparation will take the form of a written report,
which will be shared with fellow doctors to
confirm your
information. This patient is in dire need of help,
therefore you must have this report completed
ASAP.
56. You are a doctor
Assessment:
Students must prepare a written submission, which
will be evaluated by the teacher. Criteria for the
written piece includes:
• Explanation of kidney function is clear and complete
• Appropriate terminology is used
• Diagrams are included
• Accurate explanation of the consequences or renal
failure are included
• Description of treatment option is clear, concise,
accurate, understandable by patient and includes
pros and cons
58. Testing for Healthy
Kidney Function
• Healthy kidneys remove wastes and
excess fluid from the blood.
• Blood tests show whether the kidneys are
failing to remove wastes.
• Urine tests (urinalysis) can show how
quickly body wastes are being removed
and whether the kidneys are leaking
abnormal amounts of protein.
59. Making the Strange
Sound Familiar
• Make the following comparison:
– The excretory system is like an automobile
because . . .
– The excretory system is not like an automobile
because . . .
– The excretory system is like an house
because . . .
– The excretory system is not like an house
because . . .
60. Print Master
• Your Text here
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sed diam no n u mmy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet do
lore magna aliquam er at v olut pat. Ut wisi enim ad mi ni
m venia m, quis nostrud exerci tatio n ulla mco rper susc ip
it lobor tis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo cons equat.
• Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate
velit esse mo les tie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat
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Editor's Notes
Your kidneys are important because they do these essential things. Regulate water For your body to work properly, it must contain just the right amount of water. One of the important jobs of the kidneys is to remove excess water from the body or to retain water when the body needs more. Remove wastes Many of the substances in the blood and body fluid must be kept at the correct level for the body to function properly. For example, sodium and potassium are minerals which come from food. These minerals are needed by the body for good health, but they must be kept at specific levels. When the kidneys are working properly, excess minerals, such as sodium and potassium, are excreted from the body in the urine. The kidneys also help to regulate the levels of other minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, which are important for the formation of bone. Wastes, such as urea and creatinine, must also be removed from the body. Urea and other wastes are made when the body breaks down protein, such as meat. Creatinine is a waste product of the muscles. As kidney function decreases, the levels of urea and creatinine in the blood increase. Many waste products are toxic (poisonous) if they are not removed from the body fluids. For example, when certain drugs are taken, chemical wastes are produced which must be removed from the body by the kidneys. Produce hormones Normal kidneys also make important chemical messengers called hormones. These hormones circulate in the bloodstream and regulate some body functions such as blood pressure, the making of red blood cells, and the uptake of calcium from the intestine. These hormones will be discussed later in the lesson and in Module 8
Your kidneys are important because they do these essential things. Regulate water For your body to work properly, it must contain just the right amount of water. One of the important jobs of the kidneys is to remove excess water from the body or to retain water when the body needs more. Remove wastes Many of the substances in the blood and body fluid must be kept at the correct level for the body to function properly. For example, sodium and potassium are minerals which come from food. These minerals are needed by the body for good health, but they must be kept at specific levels. When the kidneys are working properly, excess minerals, such as sodium and potassium, are excreted from the body in the urine. The kidneys also help to regulate the levels of other minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, which are important for the formation of bone. Wastes, such as urea and creatinine, must also be removed from the body. Urea and other wastes are made when the body breaks down protein, such as meat. Creatinine is a waste product of the muscles. As kidney function decreases, the levels of urea and creatinine in the blood increase. Many waste products are toxic (poisonous) if they are not removed from the body fluids. For example, when certain drugs are taken, chemical wastes are produced which must be removed from the body by the kidneys. Produce hormones Normal kidneys also make important chemical messengers called hormones. These hormones circulate in the bloodstream and regulate some body functions such as blood pressure, the making of red blood cells, and the uptake of calcium from the intestine. These hormones will be discussed later in the lesson and in Module 8