Two broad categories of behaviors are Proximate and Ultimate behaviour. The presentation gives a brief introduction on Proximate and Ultimate causes of behaviour
This slide includes information about caring behavior of animals over other animals.It help to increase your knowledge about that how an animals sacrifice his or her need to protect and care other animals.This content also include eamples of Altruism in our daily life .
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Two broad categories of behaviors are Proximate and Ultimate behaviour. The presentation gives a brief introduction on Proximate and Ultimate causes of behaviour
This slide includes information about caring behavior of animals over other animals.It help to increase your knowledge about that how an animals sacrifice his or her need to protect and care other animals.This content also include eamples of Altruism in our daily life .
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species.
Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. Behavior can also be defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or combo of cues. ... Behavior is shaped by natural selection.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. Behavior can also be defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or combo of cues. ... Behavior is shaped by natural selection.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. AP Biology
Why study behavior?
Evolutionary perspective…
part of phenotype
acted upon by natural selection
lead to greater fitness?
lead to greater survival?
lead to greater reproductive success?
3. AP Biology
What questions can we ask?
Proximate causes
immediate stimulus & mechanism
“how” & “what” questions
Ultimate causes
evolutionary significance
how does behavior
contribute to survival
& reproduction
adaptive value
“why” questions
male songbird
→ what triggers singing?
→ how does he sing?
→ why does he sing?
male songbird
→ what triggers singing?
→ how does he sing?
→ why does he sing?
→ how does daylength influence breeding?
→ why do cranes breed in spring?
→ how does daylength influence breeding?
→ why do cranes breed in spring?
Courtship behavior in cranes
→ what…how… & why questions
Courtship behavior in cranes
→ what…how… & why questions
4. AP Biology
The heart of Ethology…….
1. What is the basis of the behavior,
including chemical, anatomical and
physiological mechanisms?
2. How does development of the animal,
from zygote to mature individual, influence
the behavior?
3. What is the evolutionary history of the
behavior?
4. How does the behavior contribute to
survival and reproduction?
Developed by Tinbergen in 1963
5. AP Biology
What is behavior?
Behavior
everything an animal does & how it does it
response to stimuli in its environment
innate behaviors
automatic, fixed, “built-in”, no “learning curve”
despite different environments,
all individuals exhibit the behavior
ex. early survival, reproduction, kinesis, taxis
learned behaviors
modified by experience
variable, changeable
flexible with changing environment
6. AP Biology
attack on red belly stimulus
court on swollen belly stimulus
Innate behaviors
Fixed action patterns (FAP)
Sequence of unlearned acts
that are triggered by a
sign stimulus.
Usually carried out to
completion
male sticklebacks exhibit
aggressive territoriality
7. AP Biology
Complex Innate behaviors
Use of environmental cues to carry out behavior
Migration, Hibernation, Estivation, Courtship
“migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred & raised in captivity
navigate by sun, stars, Earth magnetic fields
Monarch
migration
Sandpiper
ancient
fly-ways
Bobolink Golden plover
8. AP Biology
Innate: Directed movements
Taxis
Response movement toward (positive taxis) or
away from (negative taxis) a stimulus
phototaxis
chemotaxis
Kinesis
Random movement in
response to a stimulus
ex: stopping, starting, or
turning.
ex: sowbug activity
increases when conditions
are dry.
9. AP Biology
Learning: Imprinting
Young animals go through a “critical
period” whereafter they follow the
organisms present during the period.
Konrad Lorenz
10. AP Biology
Learning: Associative
learning to associate
a stimulus with a
consequence
operant conditioning
trial & error learning
associate behavior with
reward or punishment
ex: learning what to eat
classical conditioning
Pavlovian conditioning
associate a “neutral
stimulus” with a
“significant stimulus”
11. AP Biology
Operant conditioning
Skinner box
mouse learns to associate behavior
(pressing lever) with reward (food pellet)
Basic animal
training with
rewards for
behaviors.
12. AP Biology
Learning: Habituation
Loss of response to
stimulus
“cry-wolf” effect
decrease in response to
repeated occurrences of
stimulus
enables animals to
disregard unimportant
stimuli
ex: falling leaves not
triggering fear response in
baby birds; animals
standing next to hwy
13. AP Biology
Learning: Spatial
Establishment of
memories that reflect the
physical structure of the
environment.
Squirrels using physical
markers to find buried
food.
Wasps using physical
markers to find their
nest.
14. AP Biologysea otter
Learning: Problem-solving/Cognition
Involves reasoning,
awareness, recollection and
judgment
tool use
crow
Insight learning
15. AP Biology
Social behaviors
Interactions between individuals that develop
into evolutionary adaptations
communication / language
agonistic behaviors
dominance hierarchy
cooperation
altruistic behavior
17. AP Biology
Communication by song
Bird song
species identification & mating ritual
mixed learned & innate
critical learning period
Insect song
mating ritual & song
innate, genetically
controlled
Red-winged blackbird
18. AP Biology
Social behaviors
Agonistic behaviors
threatening & submissive rituals
symbolic, usually no harm done
ex: territoriality, competitor aggression
20. AP Biology
Social behaviors
Pack of African dogs
hunting wildebeest
cooperatively
White pelicans “herding”
school of fish
Cooperation
working together in coordination
21. AP Biology
Social interaction requires communication
Pheromones
chemical signal that stimulates a
response from other individuals
alarm pheromones
sex pheromones
22. AP Biology
Pheromones
Spider using moth sex
pheromones, as allomones,
to lure its prey
The female lion lures male by spreading sex
pheromones, but also by posture & movements
Female mosquito use CO2
concentrations to locate victims
marking territory
23. AP Biology
Behaviors should increase fitness!
Foraging behavior – cost and benefits
Mating systems – monogamy vs.
polygamy
Certainty of paternity
Agonistic behavior
Game theory – California lizard species
Orange outcompetes blue
Blue outcompetes yellow
Yellow outcompetes orange
24. AP Biology
Social behaviors
Altruistic behavior
reduces individual fitness but
increases fitness of recipient
kin selection
increasing survival of close relatives passes
these genes on to the next generation
How can this be of adaptive value? Belding ground squirrel
25. AP Biology
“Picture a hot dog that's been left in a microwave a little
too long…add some buck teeth at one end, and you've got a
fairly good idea of what a Naked Mole Rat looks like.”
Colonial mammals are altruistic!
Naked mole rats
underground colony, tunnels
queen, breeding males, non-breeding workers
hairless, blind
26. AP Biology
Make sure you can…
Provide proximate and ultimate
explanations for behaviors
Compare innate and learned behaviors
and provide examples of each
Describe how a particular behavior can
evolve
Explain how particular behaviors
contribute to an organism’s fitness
Explain how altruistic behaviors can
evolve in a population
Proximate cause questions
Male songbirds sing during the breeding season as a response to a high level of testosterone which binds to hormone receptors in the brain & triggers the production of song.
Ultimate cause questions
The male sings to defend territory from other males & to attract a female with which to reproduce. This is the evolutionary explanation for the male’s vocalization.
Proximate cause questions
The red–crowned cranes, like many animals, breed in spring and early summer. A proximate question about the timing of breeding by this species might be, “How does day length influence breeding by red–crowned cranes”? A reasonable hypothesis for the proximate cause of this behavior is that breeding is triggered by the effect of increased day length on an animal’s production of and responses to particular hormones. Indeed, experiments with various animals demonstrate that lengthening daily exposure to light produces neural and hormonal changes that induce behavior associated with reproduction, such as singing and nest building in birds.
Ultimate cause questions
In contrast to proximate questions, ultimate questions address the evolutionary significance of a behavior. Ultimate questions take such forms as, Why did natural selection favor this behavior and not a different one? Hypotheses addressing “why” questions propose that the behavior increases fitness in some particular way. A reasonable hypothesis for why the red–crowned crane reproduces in spring and early summer is that breeding is most productive at that time of year. For instance, at that time, parent birds can find ample food for rapidly growing offspring, providing an advantage in reproductive success compared to birds that breed in other seasons.
Bird migration, a behavior that is largely under genetic control. Each spring, migrating western sandpipers (Calidris mauri), such as those shown here, migrate from their wintering grounds, which may be as far south as Peru, to their breeding grounds in Alaska. In the autumn, they return to the wintering grounds.
The sow bugs become more active in dry areas and less active in humid areas. Though sow bugs do not move toward or away from specific conditions, their increased movement under dry conditions increases the chance that they will leave a dry area and encounter a moist area. And since they slow down in a moist area, they tend to stay there once they encounter it.
In contrast to a kinesis, a taxis is a more or less automatic, oriented movement toward (a positive taxis) or away from (a negative taxis) some stimulus. For example, many stream fish, such as trout, exhibit positive rheotaxis (from the Greek rheos, current); they automatically swim or orient themselves in an upstream direction (toward the current). This taxis keeps the fish from being swept away and keeps them facing the direction from which food will come.
But how do the young know on whom—or what—to imprint? How do young geese know that they should follow the mother goose? The tendency to respond is innate in the birds; the outside world provides the imprinting stimulus, something to which the response will be directed. Experiments with many species of waterfowl indicate that they have no innate recognition of “mother.” They respond to and identify with the first object they encounter that has certain key characteristics. In classic experiments done in the 1930s, Konrad Lorenz showed that the most important imprinting stimulus in graylag geese is movement of an object away from the young. When incubator–hatched goslings spent their first few hours with Lorenz rather than with a goose, they imprinted on him, and from then on, they steadfastly followed him and showed no recognition of their biological mother or other adults of their own species. Again, there are both proximate and ultimate explanations
View Waggle Dance AVI file: waggledance180x135.avi
View Lifewire territoriality video: “lizards cost of defending-lifewire.swf”
Review setting up a behavior experiment:
The luring function of sex pheromones is a perfect way for predators to get heir prey without having to work too hard. The spider Mastophora hutchinsoni spreads sex pheromones of moths, using them as allomones. This way he can lure about enough moths to sustain. When the moths fly in, convinced they are about to mate, the spider shoots a sticky ball on wire towards them. As they stick to the ball, he drags them in and eats them.