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Animal behavior and social relationships
- 1. Animal Behavior And Social relationships
- 2. Kinds of Behavior • How do animals know when a situation is dangerous? How do they know where to find food? • Sometimes, animals instinctively know how to behave, but sometimes they
- 3. Innate Behavior • Innatebehavior: behavior that doesn’t depend on learning or experience • Inherited through genes • Examples: puppies inherit the tendency to chew, bees inherit the tendency to fly – Other innate behaviors develop months or years after birth walking is innate humans, but we don’t do it for at least a year after birth
- 4. • The malebowerbird inherits the tendency to collect colorful objects for its nest. These colorful additions attract the female bowerbird to be his mate!
- 5. Learned Behavior • Innatebehaviors can be modified • Animals can use learning to change a behavior • Learned behavior: behavior that has been learned from experience or from observing other animals • Humans inherit the tendency to speak, but the language we use is not inherited • All animals can learn
- 6. Survival Behavior •Finding Food Many animals hunt for their food, This chimpanzee uses tools to get like this owl hunting mice to the insect for food
- 7. – Animals thateat other animals are known as predators – The animal being eaten is the prey – Example A frog eats insects, so the frog is a predator. But a frog may be eaten by a snake. In this case, the frog is the prey.
- 8. • Marking Territory – Members of the same species must compete for food and mates – Some animals claim territories to save energy by avoiding this competition – Territory an area that is occupied by one animal or a group of animals that do not allow other members of the same species to enter – Animals use their territories for mating, raising young, and finding food
- 9. • Defensive Action – Defensive behavior allows animals to protect resources, including territories, from other animals – Animals defend food, mates, and offspring – Also helps animals protect themselves from predators, such as making themselves hard to see • Example: This rabbit “freezes” so that its color blends into the background
- 10. Pet dogs When a predator is near, sometimes growl a mother killdeer may when a person pretend to have a approaches while broken wing and move its eating away from her young as a distraction
- 11. • Courtship – Animals need to find mates to reproduce – Animals have special behaviors that help them find a mate; these behaviors are referred to as “courtship” – Example: two cranes perform a courtship display dance
- 12. • Parenting – Some animals, like caterpillars, start life being able to take care of themselves – Many young depend on their parents for survival – Some adult birds bring food to their young because they cannot feed themselves – Other animals, like the killer whale, spend years teaching their young how to hunt for food
- 13. Seasonal Behavior • Migration – Many animals avoid cold weather by traveling to warmer places – For short trips, animals use landmarks to find their way (landmarks are fixed, like mountain ranges, rivers, and coast lines)
- 14. Each winter, monarch butterflies migrate from North America to central Mexico. There can be as many as 4 million butterflies per acre!
- 15. • Slowing Down – Some animals deal with food and water shortages by hibernating – Hibernation: period of inactivity and decreased body temperature that some animals experience in winter – Winter is not the only time for hibernation many desert squirrels and mice experience a similar internal slowdown in the hottest parts of summer, when food and water are scarce. • This is called “estivation”
- 16. • A BiologicalClock – Animals need to keep track of time so that they know when to store food and when to migrate – The internal control of an animal’s natural cycles is called a biological clock – Animals use clues such as the length of the day and the temperature – Circadian rhythms: daily cycles, such as an animal waking up and getting sleepy at about the same time each day and night
- 17. Social Relationships • Socialbehavior: the interaction among animals of the same species; animals depend on communication for their social interactions
- 18. – Animals alsocommunicate to find food, to warn others of danger, to identify family members, to frighten predators, and to find mates
- 19. • Ways toCommunicate – Sound • Sound is a signal that can reach many animals over a large area • Elephants use low frequency rumbles to communicate with other elephants that are kilometers away
- 20. – Touch • Chimpanzees often groom each other • This activity is an important way for primates to communicate, calm and comfort each other, and communicate friendship or support
- 21. – Chemicals • Pheromones: chemicals that animals use to communicate • Ants and other insects secrete a variety of pheromones alarm chemicals warn other ants of danger and recognition chemicals announce which colony an ant is from to both friends and enemies • Many animals use pheromones to find a mate
- 22. – Sight • When we smile at a friend, we are sending a visual message with body language • Bees use body language to spread news about food (the “waggle dance”) • An animal that wants to scare another animal may ruffle feathers or show its teeth
- 23. Living Together • TheBenefits of Living in Groups – Safer than living alone – One animal can warn many others of danger – Helps animals find food – Predators that hunt in groups can kill larger prey The ground squirrel whistles a loud alarm if there’s danger
- 24. • The Downsideof Living in Groups – Must compete with each other for food and mates – An area that has enough food for one animal may not have enough food for a group of animals – In these cases, groups must move around in search of food – Animals in groups attract predators – Living as a group can also help diseases spread