The document provides an overview of the Baroque period in Europe between the 17th-18th centuries. It discusses how Baroque culture emerged from religious conflicts and emphasized emotion and movement over Renaissance ideals. Notable Baroque artists included Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Rubens in painting, and Bernini in sculpture. Baroque architecture is exemplified by St. Peter's Square and Spanish buildings featured the Churrigueresque style. The document also examines the Golden Age of Spanish painting featuring artists like Velazquez, Zurbaran, and Murillo. Finally, it introduces key figures of the Scientific Revolution such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton who developed new scientific methods during this period.

1. Unit 11 - Baroque
2º Bil

2. 1- What was Baroque?
-It is a period which started in the 17th century in Italy, and lasted for
most of the 18th century, expanding to Europe.
-Baroque was influenced by the religious conflicts in the 16th century,
that had divided Europe into two religious blocs.
-Catholic countries: intense spirituality.
-Protestant countries: individualistic way of life.

3. Baroque culture
-All branches of culture stood out during this period.
-The source of inspiration continued to be the Antiquity, but in the
Baroque it was interpreted in a different way that that of the
Renaissance.
-Main characteristics in Baroque artists:
.Realism not idealised.
.Use of movement and constrast.
.Reflection of feelings.
.Use of chiaroscuro (lights and shades effects).
-Literature was in all its splendour. Shakespeare or Molière highlighted
in Europe, while in Spain it was considered our Golden Age, with
authors such as Cervantes, Calderón de la Barca or Lope de Vega.
-Music was at its peak as well, with the first operas composed.

4. Baroque science
-Two new methods of knowledge were used during this period:
.Empiricism -> the theory that all knowledge is based on
experience derived from the senses. Stimulated by the rise of
experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th
centuries. Its main representative was Bacon.
.Rationalism -> the practice or principle of basing opinions
and actions on reason and knowledge rather than on religious
belief or emotional response. Its main representative was
Descartes.
-The use of these new methods led to new discoveries whose
main scientists were Galileo, Kepler and Newton.
-Academies of sciences were created in some countries by
governments with the hope of improving their economies through
the new discoveries.

5. Galileo Galilei
He was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and
philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His
achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent
astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. He has been
called the "father of modern observational astronomy", the "father of
modern physics", the "father of science", and "the Father of Modern
Science".
Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition

6. Johannes Kepler
He was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. A key
figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his
eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers,
based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and
Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. These works also provided one of
the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.
Kepler's Platonic
solid model of the
Solar system from
Mysterium
Cosmographicum
(1600)

7. Isaac Newton
He was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely regarded as
one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in
the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first
published in 1687, laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics.
Newton also made seminal contributions to optics and shares credit
with Leibniz for the invention of the infinitesimal calculus.
A replica of
Newton's second
Reflecting telescope
that he presented to
the Royal Society in
1672

8. Activities
Exercises 1 and 2 on page 109.

9. 2- Baroque architecture
BERNINI, St Peter's Square

10. Bernini, Baldachin in St Peter's Basilica

11. Borromini, San Carlo
alle quattro fontane

12. Piazza Navona, Rome

13. Baroque in Spain
Churrigueresque style
Plaza Mayor Salamanca

14. Baroque in France
Versailles Palace

15. 3- Baroque Painting
Still life with fruit
Baco Borghese
CARAVAGGIO

16. Rembrandt
Nightwatch
Self-portrait

17. Frans Hals
Portraits

18. Vermeer

19. Rubens
SaturnoThree graces

20. Van Dyck
Portraits

21. Activities
Exercise 1 on page 111.

22. 4- The Golden Age of Spanish painting
-The Spanish Golden Age is a period of flourishing in arts and
literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise and decline of
the Spanish Habsburg dynasty.
-El Siglo de Oro does not imply precise dates, and is usually
considered to have lasted longer than an actual century. It begins
no earlier than 1492, with the end of the Reconquista, the sea
voyages of Columbus to the New World, and the publication of
Antonio de Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana (Grammar
of the Castilian Language).
-Politically, it ends no later than 1659, with the Treaty of the
Pyrenees, ratified between France and Habsburg Spain. The last
great writer of the period, Pedro Calderon de la Barca, died in
1681, and his death usually is considered the end of El Siglo de
Oro in the arts and literature.

23. Diego Velázquez
-He was a Spanish painter who
was the leading artist in the
court of King Philip IV. He was
an individualistic artist of the
contemporary Baroque period,
important as a portrait artist. In
addition to numerous
interpretations of scenes of
historical and cultural
significance, he painted scores
of portraits of the Spanish royal
family, other notable European
figures, and commoners,
culminating in the production of
his masterpiece Las Meninas.

24. The surrender of Breda, Velázquez

25. Jose Ribera Archimedes
Bearded woman

26. Francisco de Zurbarán
Still-life with Lemons, Oranges and Rose
Saint Francis in Meditation

27. B. E. Murillo
The Adoration of the Shepherds

28. Activities
Exercise 1 on page 112

29. 5- Baroque sculpture
-BERNINI, Fountain of the Four Rivers, Rome

30. Bernini
Apollo and Daphne

31. Bernini
Tomb of Pope Urban VIII

32. Bernini, the throne of Saint Peter

33. Spanish sculptures
Cristo atado a la columna,
de Gregorio Fernández

34. Alonso Cano

35. Martínez Montañés
San Jerónimo

36. Pedro de Mena
Magdalena Penitente

37. Activities
Exercises 1-2 pge 113.
Exercises 1-2 page 114-115