1. Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath during the Renaissance who perfected techniques like sfumato, aerial perspective, and linear perspective. However, he often did not finish projects and few of his works remain. 2. The Scientific Revolution began in the 16th century led by figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton. They used careful observation and experimentation rather than relying on ancient authorities, challenging ideas like the geocentric model of the universe. 3. Enlightenment philosophers like Descartes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau advanced ideas about rational thought and limiting governmental power, influencing concepts like separation of powers and social contracts between rulers and citizens.

2. Giotto di Bondone
1267-1337
Italian painter and
architect from Florence,
generally considered the
first in a line of great
artists who contributed to
the Renaissance.
Introduced humanism
Volume, mass and
landscape
Worked in fresco
Judas Kisses Jesus

3. Leonardo de Vinci
1452 - 1519
•Perfected aerial perspective
•Linear perspective and
sfumato
•Always trying new
techniques so often pictures
didn’t last.
•Would get bored and go on
to something else, so few
pieces left.
•Artist musician, inventor
•Often didn’t finish what he
started -few works left
•Perfected several painting
techniques that scientifically
produce realism
Vitruvian Man

4. Linear Perspective
The Last Supper by Leonardo Di Vinci
A mathematical system for creating the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface. Artists must
imagine the picture surface as an open window. Involves three ideas.
1 The horizon line runs across the canvas at the eye level of the viewer.
2 The horizon line is where the sky appears to meet the ground.
3 The vanishing point should be located near the horizon line. The vanishing point is where all parallel
lines that run toward the horizon line come together like train tracks in the distance.

5. Aerial perspective
Distant landscapes look bluer
and more blurred. Nearest
objects are painted their true
color. Objects in the
background are
proportionately bluer and
blurred.
Madonna Of The
Yarnwinder

6. Sfumato
Means dark smoke in
Italian. The blurring or
softening of sharp
outlines in painting by
subtle and gradual
blending of one tone
into another. Used to
create atmospheric
perspective, depth,
volume and form.
Mona Lisa

7. Bas-relief
Shallow relief sculpture
that, in Donatello's case,
incorporated significant
developments in
perspective.
baptistry font

8. Michelangelo
1475-1564
Painter , sculptor, architect
•Leading artist of the high
Renaissance
•Studied Giotto and
Donatello
•Scientific studies of human
body
•Classical influence
•Concerned with what lies
beneath the surface of the
body and the mind
•Emotional and passionate
•Technically perfect
Pieta

9. Sistine Chapel
There are 300 figures in
fresco
The ceiling, completed in
1512 and the
The Last Judgment 1541
are widely believed to be
Michelangelo's crowning
achievement in painting.

10. Donatello
1386-1466
Master of sculpture in
both marble and bronze,
•David is the first bronze
since classical time. Lost
wax technique.
•Reflects classical
influence of physical
beauty.
•Humanistic and realistic.
David

11. Durer
1471-1528
German painter and
engraver
Used Science in
perspective and details
German gloom; religious;
inner emotions
Interpreted subjects in
realistic contemporary
terms
Young hare

12. Hieronymus Bosch
1450 –1516
Dutch Painter known for
his use of fantastic imagery
to illustrate moral and
religious concepts and
narratives.
Garden of Earthly Delights:
Duck Feeding man

13. Brunelleschi
1377-1446
Foremost architect and
engineer of the Italian
Renaissance.
He used classical influence
which reflected in the
harmony of shapes
He is perhaps most famous
for engineering the dome of
the Florence Cathedral, but
his accomplishments also
include other architectural
works, sculpture,
mathematics, engineering and
even ship design

14. Gutenberg Press
1444
Movable-type printing
press.
1455 printed complete
version of the Bible.
Helped spread new ideas.
Availability of books
encouraged people to
learn to read.
Books printed in local
vernacular.
Encourages the Protestant
Reformation because
individuals could now read
the Bible for themselves.

15. William Shakespeare
1564-1616
The spread of books
allowed for the written
word to take on an
immortal life through;
literature, plays, poetry.
The First Folio, a collected
edition of his dramatic
works that included all but
two of the plays now
recognized as
Shakespeare's.

16. Miguel de Cervantes
1547-1616
Spanish novelist, poet, and
playwright. His work, Don
Quixote, is considered to be
the first modern European
novel, and regarded amongst
the best works of fiction ever
written.[
His influence on the Spanish
language has been so great
that the language is often
called la lengua de Cervantes.
Don Quixote

17. Scientific Revolution
Influenced by:
• Classical writers (Socratic method)
• Muslim science
• Protestant Reformation
• Era of Exploration.
Methods:
• Careful Observation of the natural world
• Questions about accepted theories
• Answers to practical problems in scientific observation
• Experimentation.

18. Nicolas Copernicus
1473-1543
Used mathematical
calculations proved that the
sun is the center of the
universe
Distances of the planets
from the sun bore a direct
relationship to the size of
their orbits.
Heliocentric idea was
controversial and it was the
start of a change in the way
the world was viewed
Copernicus seen as the
initiator of the Scientific
Revolution.

19. Galileo Galilei
1564-1642
1609: invented the telescope
Proved all objects fall at the
same speed
Supported Copernicus
research and is tried for
heresy at the Inquisition in
Rome
1616 condemned and
threatened with torture
Denies his belief
By 1630, everyone supported
the idea that the sun was the
center of our universe

20. Isaac Newton
1642 –1727
Used the scientific method to
expand the knowledge of the
universe
Principia, which mathematically
explained the workings of the
universe and said everything is
mechanical.
Explained light (colors) and
gravity
Built a reflecting telescope
Invented calculus VIDEO click
the Picture

21. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723
Considered to be the first
microbiologist
He perfected the
microscope in 1670. It had
the magnifying power of
300X
First to observe and
describe single-celled
organisms, muscle fibers,
bacteria, spermatozoa,
and blood flow in
capillaries.

22. Gabriel Fahrenheit
1686-1736
Developed the first mercury
thermometer with a standardized
scale,
The Fahrenheit scale divided the
freezing and boiling points of water
into 180 degrees.
32°F was the freezing pint of water
and 212°F was the boiling point of
water.
0°F was based on the temperature of
an equal mixture of water, ice, and
salt.
The first portable self-registering
thermometer, first designed in 1780, which
recorded the maximum and minimum
temperatures reached. Designed by James
Six (1731-1793)

23. Evangelista Torricelli
1608 –1647
Invented the Barometer in 1643
This instrument measured the
pressure of the earth’s atmosphere.
A glass tube with a height of at least
84 cm, closed at one end, with an
open mercury-filled reservoir at the
base.
Mercury in the tube adjusts until the
weight of the mercury column
balances the atmospheric force
exerted on the reservoir.
Torricelli documented that the height
of the mercury in a barometer
changed slightly each day and
concluded that this was due to the
changing pressure in the atmosphere.
The pressure is the level of the
mercury's height in the vertical
column. 1 atmosphere is equivalent to
about 760 millimeters of mercury.

24. Rene Descartes
1596 - 1650
A French philosopher
Believed that every idea
should be doubted and proven
Believed that God created two
realities: Physical reality and
what people think
People can use their rational
mind to understand the truths
of the physical world. But
cannot totally trust the senses.
Eroded the authority of the Scientific Rationalization
church and established forms “I think, therefore I am”
of government

25. John Locke
1632–1704
Wrote Two Treatises of Government:
1690
Said government was an agreement or
contract between the people and the
ruler
The people allowed the ruler to rule as
long as he ruled fairly
The people had the right to overthrow
the ruler if he did not honor this
contract
The ruler must accept the natural
rights of his subjects: life, liberty and
property

26. Baron de Montesquieu
1689 –1755
He is famous for his
articulation of the theory
of separation of powers
Thought government
worked best when the
power of the ruler was
limited.
Government worked best
when divided into three
parts: legislative,
executive, and judicial.

27. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1712 –1778)
Made contributions to political and
moral psychology, active composer
and music theorist, pioneer of modern
autobiography, a novelist, and a
botanist.
Appreciation of the wonders of nature
and his stress on the importance of
feeling and emotion made him an
important influence on and anticipator
of the romantic movement
Believed people should participate
directly in the government they elect;
champion of democracy.
Contracts between subjects and rulers
should not be severed for trivial
reasons.