1. Charles V was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. When he departed for Germany in 1520, he left Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht to rule Castile. This led to a revolt called the Revolt of the Comuneros by citizens in Castile against Charles V's rule. 2. Philip II inherited a vast empire from his father Charles I. He faced many problems during his reign including wars with France and confrontations with the Turks and English. 3. Spain began to lose its supremacy in the 17th century due to economic crisis, population decline, and an impoverished society. France rose to supremacy under the absolute rule of Louis XIV.

1. The Spanish Empire
Unit 10 - 2º Bil

2. 1- Who was Charles V?

4. Exercise 1 on page 95.
Activity

5. -It was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of
Charles V and his administration between 1520 and 1521. At
its height, the rebels controlled the heart of Castile, ruling
the cities of Valladolid, Tordesillas, and Toledo.
2- What was the Revolt of the
Comuneros?

6. -In 1519, Charles was elected Holy Roman Emperor. He departed
for Germany in 1520, leaving the Dutch cardinal Adrian of
Utrecht to rule Castile in his absence. Soon, a series of anti-
government riots broke out in the cities, and local city councils
(Comunidades) took power.

7. -On April 23, 1521, after nearly a year of rebellion, the
reorganized supporters of the emperor struck a crippling blow
to the comuneros at the Battle of Villalar. The following day,
rebel leaders Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo, and Francisco
Maldonado were beheaded.

8. Exercises 1 and 2 on page 96.
Activities

9. -Vast Empire -> the biggest in that
times.
-Every territory had its own laws and
institutions.
-He was not an absolute king, he had
to ask Parliaments for some issues.
-The Court was itinerant.
-Each territory had a viceroy and a
court to administer justice.
-His revenues came mostly from
taxes.
-He had to ask for loans to finance his
policies as well.
3- What was Charles V's empire like?

10. -Main rival: France.
-The Ottoman Empire: rival in
the eastern boundary ->
religious rivalry.
-Rebellion of the German
Protestant Princes.
-1555 Peace of Augsburg.
-1556 Charles V abdicated:
Ferdinand I became
Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire.
Philip II inherited the rest of
his father possessions.
Problems in the Empire

11. Exercises 1 and 2 on page 97.
Activities

12. 4- What was Philip II's reign like?

13. -Philip II had a vast Empire inherited from
his father, Charles I.
-He was son of Isabella of Portugal, so he
claimed the Portuguese throne when
King Sebastian died in 1578 and after
him his uncle Cardinal Henry in 1580
with no descendants both. Philip II was
one of the possible successors and
fought for the throne, he was crowned
Philip I of Portugal in 1581.
-Portugal had many territories over the
world, so his empire increased.
-Philip II ruled from Madrid, his Court, the
centre of his empire -> Hispanic
Monarchy.
The Hispanic Monarchy

14. -He had two main objectives:
1- Preserve his territories.
2- Defend Catholicism.
-These objectives determined his foreign policy and were the
reason for many of the wars he fought.
Philip II's policies

15. -PROBLEMS DURING HIS REIGN
-War with France.
-Confrontation with the Turks.
-Revolt in the Low Countries -> 80 years war.
-Confrontation with England - Invincible Armada.
-Bankruptcy.
5- What problems did Philip II face?

16. Exercise 1 on page 98 and 1-2 on page 99.
Activities

17. -EXPEDITIONS
.Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire, beginning in
1519.
6- How did Spain organize its empire in
the New World?

18. .And Francisco Pizarro led the conquest of the Inca Empire.

19. .Francisco de Orellana discovered the Amazon rainforest.

20. .López de Legazpi conquered the Philippines leaving from Mexico.

21. .America was considered an extension of Spain at those
times, so the same laws were applied.
.The Council of the Indies was created as a territorial
council to govern it.
.American territory (or the Indies) was divided into two
Viceroyalties: New Spain and Peru governed by viceroys.
.Economically, the American colonies were important
due to:
.precious metals (mining)
.Trade (Casa de Contratación)
.Haciendas (agriculture and stockbreeding)
Organization of the New World

22. Society in America was divided by racial criteria:
Society

23. -CRISIS IN SPAIN
.16th Century -> economic growth
.17th Century -> economic crisis
-THE REIGN OF PHILIP III (1598-1621)
.His favourite was the Duke of Lerma.
.Foreign policy -> pacifist -> peace treaty with England in
1604, and Truce with the United Provinces (12 years)
.Economy -> bankruptcy again in 1607.
.Domestic policy -> Expulsion of Moriscos in 1609
7- Why did Spain lose its supremacy?

24. Activity 1 on page 101.
+
Homework: to hand in (deadline next Tuesday 21th May) ->
make a timeline including the events on the reigns of Philip
III, Philip IV and Charles II.

25. -THE EARLY YEARS OF PHILIP IV'S REIGN
.He ruled from 1621 to 1665.
.He chose as his favourite the Count-Duke of
Olivares.
.Foreign policy -> 1621 Truce ended, so war
began again with the United Provinces. In 1618 the Thirty Years
War began, and he was the leader of the Catholics. In 1634
he won the Battle of Nördlingen.
.Domestic policy -> two main objectives:
.Share military expenses among all the territories
.Increase the king¡s power
These reforms met hard opposition.
8- What were the reigns of Philip IV and
Charles II like?

26. The Thirty
Years War
(1618-1648)

27. -The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties
signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and
Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War
(1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty
Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch
Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the
independence of the Dutch Republic.
-The Peace of Westphalia treaties involved the Holy Roman
Emperor, Ferdinand III, of the House of Habsburg, the
Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of France, the Swedish
Empire, the Dutch Republic, and the Princes of the Holy
Roman Empire.
Peace of Westphalia, 1648

29. -CATALONIA -> Revolts began in 1640 against the centralist
policy in the Hispanic Monarchy.
It was suppressed in 1652 by the king forces.
-PORTUGAL -> The rebellion began also in 1640 but the
portuguese succeeded and expelled Philip IV's representatives
declaring its independence with king John IV of Portugal,
officially recognized by Spain in 1668 by the Treaty of Lisbon.
The revolts of Catalonia and Portugal

30. -Charles II was named king with just 4 years
old, so he need a Regent, she was his
mother, Mariana of Austria, until he had
14, in 1675.
-However he was an ill king, and can not
rule, so several favourites governed in his
place.
-He died in 1700 with no heirs, and a war of
succession began in Spain. This was the end
of the Hapsburg dynasty in Spain.
-A new Royal House occupied the throne in
Spain, the Bourbon dynasty (french origin).
The reign of Charles II

31. Exercises 1 and 2 on page 102, and 1 on page 103.
Activities

32. -POPULATION DECLINE
The 17th Century was critical for demography in Europe
for several reasons:
.Bad harvests .Migrations
.The plague .Wars
9- Why was there a crisis?

34. -ECONOMIC RECESSION
Several reasons led to economic crisis as well:
.Severe crisis in agriculture. Prices went up.
.Craftsmanship declined as a consequence of
the competitive northern markets.
.Trade declined. Northern countries had the
supremacy.
.Spanish kings had to declare bankruptcy
often.
-AN IMPOVERISHED, UNPRODUCTIVE SOCIETY
.Inactive life promoted by the nobles was a bad
example.
.Differences between social classes were increasing,
so there were more poor people than before.

35. Exercises 1, 2 and 3 on page 104.
Activities

36. -FRENCH SUPREMACY
Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or
the Sun King, was a monarch of the
House of Bourbon who ruled as King of
France. His reign as king, of 72 years
and 110 days, is the longest in French
and European history.
Louis began his personal rule of France
in 1661 after the death of his chief
minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin.
He continued his predecessors' work of
creating a centralized state governed
from the capital. He is an example of
absolute monarch.
10- What was the situation in Europe?

37. -Absolute monarchy is a monarchical form of government
in which the monarch exercises ultimate governing
authority as head of state and head of government; his or
her powers are not limited by a constitution or by the law.
-Louis XIV's foreign policy was aimed at increasing France's
power in two ways:
.Extending its frontiers.
.Creating a colonial empire.
-In this way, he came into conflict with many European
countries.
-The king increased his power at the expense of the
nobles, the Church and Parliament.

38. -They replaced Spain and Portugal in the control of trade.
The bourgeoisie was important in both due to this growth
of trade.
-They were Parliamentary states, a system of government
in which the power to make and execute laws is held by a
parliament. In a parliamentary system, the head of state is
normally a different person from the head of government.
-The United Provinces was a Republic. Each province had
its own Parliament, and they met for common matters in
the Estates General.
-England became a Parliamentary monarchy after two
revolutions. The Declaration of Rights limited the king's
power.
England and the United Provinces

39. Exercises 1 and 2 on page 105.
You need your Terms ready!
Activities