The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe. It summarizes that the Renaissance was a period marking the decline of the Middle Ages and rise of modernity, usually considered to have begun in 14th century Italy. It was characterized by an emphasis on classical learning, discovery, and humanism. The Printing Press invention by Johannes Gutenberg was a major development. The Reformation began as a religious movement led by Martin Luther that established Protestant churches and split Europe into Catholic and Protestant religious blocks, leading to conflicts and intolerance.

1. RENAISSANCE
AND
REFORMATION
UNIT 9

3. What was the Renaissance ?
Renaissance was the period of European history marking the
decline of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world:
usually considered as beginning in Italy in the 14th century.
With this term we refer to the spirit, culture, art, science, and
thought of this period.
Characteristics of the Renaissance are usually considered to
include intensified classical scholarship, scientific and
geographical discovery, a sense of individual human

4. Humanism
Humanism was a cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on
classical studies. It was also a philosophical position that
stresses the autonomy of human reason in contradistinction to
the authority of the Church.
Definitions
1. the denial of any power or moral value superior to that of
humanity; the rejection of religion in favour of a belief in the
advancement of humanity by its own efforts
2. a philosophical position that stresses the autonomy of human
reason in contradistinction to the authority of the Church
3. often capital a cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on
classical studies

5. The Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg - His invention of mechanical movable
type printing started the Printing Revolution and is widely regarded
as the most important event of the modern period.
Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a
process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based
ink; and the use of a wooden printing press.
His truly epochal invention was the
combination of these elements into
a practical system which allowed the
mass production of printed books and
was economically viable for printers and
readers alike.

6. Science
Nicolaus Copernicus - was a Renaissance mathematician and
astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe
which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center.

7. Science
Andreas Vesalius - was an anatomist,physician, and author of
one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani
corporis fabrica. Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of
modern human anatomy.

8. Science
Miguel Servet - was a Spanish theologian, physician,
cartographer, and Renaissance humanist. He was the first
European to correctly describe the function of pulmonary
circulation. He was a polymath versed in many sciences.
Most copies of his book were burned shortly after its publication in
1553 because of persecution of Servet by religious authorities.
Three copies survived, but these remained hidden for decades.

9. Renaissance Art
-Renaissance art is the painting, sculpture and decorative arts of
that period of European history known as the Renaissance,
emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400, in parallel with
developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music and
science. Renaissance art, perceived as a "rebirth" of ancient
traditions, took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity.
-It can be divided into two main periods:
.Quattrocento - 15th Century
.Cinquecento - 16th Century

10. Activities
Exercises 1 and 2 on page 83
Exercises 1 and 2 on page 84.

11. Architecture. The Quattrocento
BRUNELLESCHI

12. Brunelleschi. Pitti Palace

13. Brunelleschi.
Santo Spirito Church

14. Brunelleschi.
San Lorenzo Church.

15. Leon Battista Alberti.
Santa Maria Novella, Florence

16. Alberti.
Rucellai Palace

17. Alberti. Basilica
of Sant'Andrea

18. Architecture. The Cinquecento
ROME. Saint Peter's Basilica

19. Saint Peter's Basilica

20. Venice. Andrea Palladio
Villa Rotonda

21. Activities
Exercise 1 on page 85.

22. Renaissance Painting
The Quattrocento. Florence.
Masaccio. Trinity and The tribute money

23. Piero della Francesca
The Baptism of Christ and
The Flagellation of Christ

24. Sandro Botticelli
Primavera (c. 1482): icon of the springtime renewal of the Florentine
Renaissance.

25. Sandro Botticelli. The Birth of Venus

26. Painting. The Cinquecento.
LEONARDO DA VINCI. Mona Lisa and Last Supper.

27. Michelangelo
Buonarroti.
Sistine Chapel

28. Sistine Chapel

29. Raphael Sanzio.
The Wedding of the Virgin
and The School of Athens.

30. Tiziano Vecellio (Titian). Venice
Cinquecento
The Rape of Europa (1562) and Charles V at Mülhberg

31. Renaissance
Sculpture
The Quattrocento.
Ghiberti.

32. Donatello
Donatello's equestrian statue
of Gattamelata at Padua and
Statue of St. George
in Orsanmichele, Florence.

33. Michelangelo
Pietà and Moses.

34. Michelangelo. David and Tomb
of Lorenzo de Medici.

35. Activities
Exercise 1 on page 87.

36. Leonardo da Vinci, prototype of
humanist.

37. Michelangelo Buonarroti

38. The expansion of the Renaissance

39. Albrecht Dürer
-Example of German Renaissance.

40. Spanish Renaissance
The Gothic style continued to predominate in
Spain until the early 16th Century.
Renaissance in Spain had two possibilities the
Italian tendency, not very extended, and the
spanish own styles, which were two:
Herrerian, and Plateresque.

41. Italian style in Granada
Charles V Palace in the Alhambra

42. Cathedral of Granada

43. Spanish style: Herrerian
The Monastery of El Escorial

45. Spanish style: Plateresque
University of Salamanca, facade.

46. Spanish style: Plateresque
San Marcos, León

47. Painting.
El Greco.

48. Activitites
Exercise 1 and 2 on page 89

49. The Reformation
• It was a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in
the Roman Church ending in the establishment of the
Reformed and Protestant Churches.
• The roots of the Reformation go back to the 14th-century
attacks on the wealth and hierarchy of the Church made by
groups such as the Hussites. But the Reformation is usually
thought of as beginning in 1517 when Martin Luther issued
95 theses criticizing Church doctrine and practice. In
Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Saxony, Hesse, and
Brandenburg, supporters broke away and established
Protestant Churches, while in Switzerland a separate
movement was led by Zwingli and later Calvin.

50. Martin Luther

53. The Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent, 1545

55. Consequences of religious change
-Two religious blocks: Protestans and Catholics.
-Violent religious wars in Europe.
-Intolerance.
-In Spain the Inquisition continued.

57. Activities
Exercises 1 on page 90 and 1 on page 91.